高三一輪復(fù)習(xí)--非謂語動(dòng)詞用法總結(jié).

1、非謂語動(dòng)詞用法總結(jié)一非謂語動(dòng)詞區(qū)別簡表 類別區(qū)別to dodoingdone含義主動(dòng)被動(dòng)同位或?qū)碇鲃?dòng)或（正在）進(jìn)行被動(dòng)或完成成分（名詞）主語、賓語、表語（不定式）定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語（動(dòng)名詞）主語、賓語、表語、定語（表用途）(現(xiàn)在分詞)定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語（過去分詞）作定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語、表語（多表狀態(tài)）否定（not）to do(not)doing(not)done時(shí)態(tài)一般：to do進(jìn)行：to be doing完成：to have done完成進(jìn)行:to have been doing一般:doing進(jìn)行:本身完成:having done（只作狀語）完成進(jìn)行:無一般：done進(jìn)行：無完成：本身 語態(tài)

2、一般被動(dòng)：to be done 進(jìn)行被動(dòng)：無完成被動(dòng)：to have been done完成進(jìn)行被動(dòng):無一般被動(dòng):being done 進(jìn)行被動(dòng):本身完成被動(dòng):having been done完成進(jìn)行被動(dòng):無本身作用作目的狀語、條件狀語、原因狀語、結(jié)果狀語 作時(shí)間狀語、條件狀語、原因狀語、結(jié)果狀語、方式狀語、伴隨狀語、讓步狀語作時(shí)間狀語、條件狀語、原因狀語、方式狀語、伴隨狀語、讓步狀語二不定式的用法 不定式不可作謂語，但它可以有自己的賓語、狀語，構(gòu)成不定式短語，在句中可以作主語、賓語、表語、定語（表用途）、狀語或補(bǔ)足語。高考對不定式的考查主要有不定式的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、作用、否定、省略、連詞不定式等

3、。1.作主語不定式作主語表示具體的動(dòng)作，通常指一件已知的事或目的。不定式作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 eg:To say is a thing,to do is another.(說是一回事，做是另外一回事。)（2）不定式短語較長時(shí)，通常放在謂語之后，用it作形式主語。eg:It is important to learn English well.(學(xué)好英語是重要的。)It is necessary for us to do the job well.(我們做好這項(xiàng)工作是必要的。)It is a great honor to be invited to give a speech here.(

4、被邀請?jiān)谶@兒發(fā)表演講是一個(gè)極大的榮幸。)2.作賓語（1）常只用不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞有：want,wish,hope,long,expect,desire,intend,decide,ask,promise,aim,offer,agree,plan,learn,choose,refuse,fail,manage,pretend等。 eg:He refused to help me.(他拒絕幫助我.)She has agreed to come tomorrow.(他已同意明天來.)(2) 不定式較長時(shí)，作賓語，也可用it代替，放在后面。 eg;I find it difficult to do t

5、he job well.(3) “特殊疑問詞不定式to do結(jié)構(gòu)”具有名詞特征，可作賓語。eg:She didnt know whether to go or not. They havent decided when and where to build the school.（4）不定式可作介but,except,besides“除之外”的賓語，介詞前有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do的任何一種形式，后邊的不定式就無to,否則必帶to。eg:I want to do nothing but play the computer games。 I have no choice but to wait。3.動(dòng)詞不定

6、式作表語（1）不定式作表語放在be和其他系動(dòng)詞后，說明主語的內(nèi)容。同樣，“特殊疑問詞不定式”具有名詞特征，也可作表語。eg:My job is to sweep the floor. His goal was to enter the key university of Beijing.The first question is how to find a better way to learn English well. (2)不定式作主語時(shí)，表語也必須為不定式，結(jié)構(gòu)必須保持一致。eg:To see is to believe.(3)如果主語部分的謂語動(dòng)詞或非謂語動(dòng)詞是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do的某種形式

7、，那么作表語的不定式可以省去to.eg:The first thing to do is find her. The only thing he could do was tell the truth.4.不定式作定語不定式作定語常放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。eg:I have something important to tell you.(不定式與被修飾名詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系。) His wish to be an artist has never come true.( 不定式與被修飾名詞構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系。) He is the right man to do the job. ( 不定式與被修飾名

8、詞構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系。) The little girl was unhappy because she had no friends to play with. ( 不定式與被修飾名詞構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系。)（注：若不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞，其后須加上相應(yīng)的介詞。)5.不定式作狀語不定式作狀語主要是表示目的、條件、原因和結(jié)果，可位于句首或句末，但句首時(shí)通常用逗號(hào)隔開。eg:We set off early that morning to catch the first bus.（目的） To get a good result,she worked very hard.（目的） I feel it an hon

9、or to be invited to the party.(條件) She was very happy to get the first prize.(原因) He worked hard only to fail.(結(jié)果)(注：1.不定式常用在so as 或in order后,與它們一起作謂語，表示目的，但so as引起的不定式不可置于句首。eg:In order to avoid mistakes,check your homework. 2.不定式表目的常和only連用，往往表示出乎意料的意想不到的不愿得到的結(jié)果。eg:He hurried to the station only t

10、o find the train had left.)3“形容詞enough不定式”和“too形容詞或副詞（不表情感）不定式” 也可作結(jié)果狀語。 eg:He is old enough to go to school. He is too weak to raise the stone.但“too表情感形容詞（pleased,ready,glad,willing,anxious等）to do”表示肯定意義，too前面可用only,but等詞修飾。eg:They were (only) too anxious to leave.(他們只是太急于離開了。) She is (only) too pl

11、eased to go home.(她非常高興可以回家了。)6.不定式作補(bǔ)語不定式作補(bǔ)語表示動(dòng)作的完成。賓語與作補(bǔ)語的不定式之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。（1）后接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)的常見動(dòng)詞有：want,wish,expect,prefer,like,hate,ask,beg,request,require,beg,get,advise,persuade,invite,order,remind,permit,allow,send,callon,wouldlike/love,arrange for,depend on等。eg:She wanted me to arrive there early. Our h

12、eadmaster call on us to work hard.（2）動(dòng)詞不定式可作感官動(dòng)詞（五看二聽一感覺）即：see,look at,watch,observe,notice，hear,listen to，feel）和使讓動(dòng)詞（let,make,have等）后面的賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，不定式符號(hào)to要省略，但如果句子變被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，必須帶to.表示動(dòng)作的完成。eg:He made them climb the hill. They were made to climb the hill.(3)動(dòng)詞不定式可作形容詞的補(bǔ)足語動(dòng)詞不定式可作形容詞的補(bǔ)足語，句型為：(一)主語系動(dòng)詞表語（adj為convenie

13、nt/easy/expensive/difficult/hard/impossible/pleasent等）to do.(注：to do常用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)，其中do為vt,主語為to do的賓語。)（二）主語find/think/consider/believe等賓語adjto do.(注：其中to do常用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)，其中do為vt,主語為to do的賓語。)eg: He is easy to fool. The woman is easy to work with. He found the job is difficult to work out.（）“特殊疑問詞不定式to do”具有名詞特

14、征，可作賓補(bǔ)。(謂語動(dòng)詞多為show,know,teach,tell等。)eg:Ill tell you how to get there7不定式作評注性狀語或插入語不定式可以作評注性狀語或插入語,放在句子前面、中間或末尾。常見的有to be frank,to be honest,to tell the truth,to begin with，to start with,to be short等。eg:To begin with,I think you are wrong.三動(dòng)名詞用法動(dòng)名詞具有動(dòng)詞和名詞的特點(diǎn)，有一般式和完成式，有主動(dòng)式和被動(dòng)式，可作主語、賓語、表語和定語.否定形式在其前面加

15、not.（1）動(dòng)名詞作主語動(dòng)名詞作主語表示抽象動(dòng)作，指一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗(yàn)。eg:Driving a car on the crowded road is boring. Reading is my hobby.（2）常只用動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞有：admit,avoid,appreciate,consider,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,imagine,keep,mind,miss,practise,risk,resist,suggest等。eg:I cant imagine marrying her.She managed to escape being

16、 punished.以下動(dòng)詞詞組后面只接動(dòng)名詞作賓語：give up,belong to,look forward to,keep on,insist on,be busy,get down to,be devoted to,have difficulty/trouble(in),have a good/wonderful time (in)等。eg:Im looking forward to hearing from you soon. He gave up smoking three years.(3)動(dòng)名詞可作表語動(dòng)名詞可作表語，一般為主語的內(nèi)容.表示一般性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。在概念上可以和

17、主語劃等號(hào)。把主語和表語倒過來，句子的基本含義不變。eg:His hobby is painting.(4)動(dòng)名詞可作定語動(dòng)名詞可作定語，表示所修飾事物的功能或用途。eg:He often studies in the reading room.四現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞具有動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，在句中作定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語和表語。1作定語現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，單個(gè)v-ing放在被修飾的名詞前；如果短語作定語，則放在所修飾詞的后面。v-ing作定語和被修飾詞之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作正在同時(shí)進(jìn)行或經(jīng)常性發(fā)生。eg:the falling leavesthe leaves which are falling t

18、he rising sunthe sun which is rising I saw him go into the house facing south.2作狀語動(dòng)詞-ing或其短語作狀語時(shí)，可以表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、讓步、方式、伴隨等。表示時(shí)間關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞-ing短語可由連詞while或when引出。eg:Hearing the news,they got excited.(時(shí)間)Having finished his homework,she was playing on the playground.(原因)Studying hard,you are sure to get the

19、 first prize.(條件)3作補(bǔ)語現(xiàn)在分詞作補(bǔ)語表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，賓語與作補(bǔ)語的現(xiàn)在分詞之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。后面常接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有感官動(dòng)詞（五看二聽一感覺see,look at,watch,observe,notice,hear,listen to,feel）使讓動(dòng)詞（have,get）以及其他類動(dòng)詞leave,keep,catch,set等。表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。eg:I saw them playing games on the playground yesterday. Dont leave him waiting outside the room.作表語現(xiàn)在分詞作表語相當(dāng)于形容

20、詞，常表示主語所具有的特征，含有主動(dòng)意味。大多數(shù)使動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞通?？勺鞅碚Z，常見的有：interesting,amusing,boring,tiring,pleasing,exciting,moving,disappointing,surpring,encouraging等。eg:His story was very moving. The speech is really boring.作評注性狀語或插入語可以作評注性狀語或插入語,放在句子前面、中間或末尾。注：“連詞+doing短語”一般情況下，分詞作狀語時(shí)，只能根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系而不能根據(jù)語法特征來判定它是時(shí)間狀語、條件狀語或讓步狀語等。因此

21、，有時(shí)會(huì)遇到很難判斷其歸屬的情形。但如果在其前加上when,if,once,since等連詞，就會(huì)很清楚地表明狀語的性質(zhì)。對于這種結(jié)構(gòu)，也可作另外的解釋，即在連詞與現(xiàn)在分詞之間省略了主語和be動(dòng)詞。五過去分詞過去分詞既有副詞的特征又有動(dòng)詞的特征，在句中可作定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語、表語等成分。（1）作定語過去分詞作定語，它和被修飾詞之間是被動(dòng)、完成關(guān)系，單個(gè)過去分詞作定語放在前，過去分詞短語作定語放在后。其中及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞表示完成或被動(dòng)概念，不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞只表示完成概念，沒有被動(dòng)的意味。eg:the risen sun the sun which has risen fallen leave

22、sleaves which has fallen This is the house built several years ago.This is the house which was built sveral years ago.(2)作狀語過去分詞在句中作狀語，說明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景或情況。它和被修飾詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。它在句中可以作時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式、讓步和伴隨狀語。eg:Tired out,they stopped to have a rest.(原因) Taken around the city,we were impressed by the citys new look. Th

23、ough warned of the danger ,he still went skating on the thin ice. (3)作補(bǔ)語及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作補(bǔ)語，和賓語之間構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系。不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)表狀態(tài)和完成。(1)可以帶過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有感官動(dòng)詞（五看二聽一感覺），使役動(dòng)詞have,get,make等，以及其他類動(dòng)keep,leave,like,want,wish等。eg:I cant get the car going. I had my leg broken last week. （4）作表語過去分詞作表語表示被動(dòng)意義，主語常是人，一般用來表示感受和狀態(tài)，可以

24、用作表語的常見的過去分詞有：astonished,delighted,disappointed,excited,experienced,exhausted,frightened,interested,puzzled,qualitied,satisfied,upset等,有些過去分詞作表語實(shí)際上已經(jīng)構(gòu)成固定短語。如：be interested in,be satisfied with,be covered with,be dressed in,be seated,be locked等。能用這些分詞作表語的系動(dòng)詞有be,get,remain,stay等。eg:The door remained l

25、ocked. We were greatly encouraged when we heard the speech.六非謂語動(dòng)詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)非謂語動(dòng)詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)為“名詞或代詞非謂語動(dòng)詞” 或“with名詞/代詞非謂語動(dòng)詞”。在語法上是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的短語，不是句子（即：非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語與主句主語不一致，須保留之后所構(gòu)成的結(jié)構(gòu)）?？煞旁诰涫谆蚓湮?。(一) 名詞或代詞非謂語動(dòng)詞（1）名詞/代詞不定式名詞或代詞通常為動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，與不定式構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，可位于句首或句末。eg:He will send me 100 first,the rest to follow in a year.(2) 名

26、詞/代詞現(xiàn)在分詞名詞或代詞通常為現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。eg:Time permiting,we finish the work.(表?xiàng)l件) Spring coming on,the trees turns green.(表時(shí)間)（3）名詞/代詞過去分詞名詞或代詞通常為過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者。與過去分詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系或系表關(guān)系。eg: The sigal given,the bus started. Their strength exhausted,they sank down one by one.(表原因)（二）with名詞/代詞非謂語動(dòng)詞

27、（1）with名詞/代詞不定式不定式和賓語之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生。eg:With nothing to do,they went out for a walk.（表原因） (2)with名詞/代詞現(xiàn)在分詞賓語和動(dòng)詞-ing之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示的動(dòng)作和謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。eg:The boy slept with the light burning.（表伴隨）(3) with名詞/代詞過去分詞不定式和賓語之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。eg:They stayed inside with the door locked.（表伴隨）七非謂語動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別問題（一）動(dòng)詞后接to do不定

28、式還是doing動(dòng)名詞的情況：（1）只能接to do不定式的動(dòng)詞有：want,wish,hope,long,expect,desire,intend,decide,ask,promise,aim,offer,agree,plan,learn,choose,refuse,fail,manage,pretend等。（2）常只用動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞有：admit, avoid, appreciate, consider dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practise, risk,resist, su

29、ggest等。（3）動(dòng)詞后二者都可跟，意義不同的有：remember to do sth 記起要做某事 remember doing sth 記起做過某事forget to do sth 忘記要做某事 forget doing sth 忘記做過某事regret to do sth 后悔要做某事 regret doing sth 后悔做過某事go on to do sth 接著做另外一件事 go on doing sth 接著做同一件事stop to do sth 停下來開始做另外一件某事 stop doing sth 停止做正在做的某事try to do sth 盡力做某事 try doing

30、 sth 試著做某事mean to do sth 打算（意欲，企圖）做某事 mean doing sth 意味著做某事cant help （to） do sth 不能幫忙做某事 cant help doing sth 情不自禁地做某事 （4）動(dòng)詞后二者都可跟，意義相同的有：begin,start,like,love,prefer,hate等。但是區(qū)別在于：后接動(dòng)名詞時(shí)表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作，后接不定式時(shí)表示的是具體的特定的動(dòng)作。eg:I like playing football,but I dont like play now.重點(diǎn)提示：在下列情況下begin和start后只接不定式：.主語是物不是人。eg:Spring came on and the snow began to melt.二者用于進(jìn)行時(shí) eg:Its begin to rain.二者后接表示心理活動(dòng)或狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞。 eg:I began to realize how stupid I was.二者后接不定式的被動(dòng)式。 eg:The new type of computer began to be developed i