名師指導(dǎo)：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)精講

1、名師指導(dǎo)：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)精講概念“語(yǔ)態(tài)”表示主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系。英語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者Eg. Cats eat fish.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者Eg. Fish is eaten by cats.在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者有時(shí)用by短語(yǔ)表示出來.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be+ (及物動(dòng)詞的) 過去分詞 ”構(gòu)成。人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化是通過be 的變化表現(xiàn)出來，現(xiàn)在以do為例說明被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在各種時(shí)態(tài)中的構(gòu)成。時(shí)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am/is/are done一般過去時(shí)was/were done現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/are being

2、done過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were being done一般將來時(shí)shall/will/be going to be done過去將來時(shí)would be done現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has been done過去完成時(shí)had been done注：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：must/can/may/should+be+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 Eg: The car mustnt be stopped here. This job must be finished on time.Can this chair be taken out of the room?三、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法不知?jiǎng)幼鲌?zhí)行者時(shí),常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

3、.eg. My bike was stolen yesterday. This car is made in American.2. 不必要說出動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者時(shí),常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).eg. Rome was not built in a day.3. 為了突出強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).Eg. Thousands of beaches are polluted (污染). The glass was broken by Mike.四、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(一)步驟: 1把原主動(dòng)句中的賓語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ).2把動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)形式,即 “be + 過去分詞” . 注意 be動(dòng)詞要按新的主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)

4、進(jìn)行變化,時(shí)態(tài)要和原來的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致.3原來主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句中的主語(yǔ),如果需要,就放在by后面以它的賓格形式出現(xiàn). 如果沒有必要就可以省略.其他的成分 (定語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ)) 不變, 句式也不能變.如：Bell invented the telephone in 1876. The telephone was invented by Bell in 1876. All the people laughed at him. He was laughed at by all people.(二)類型： 1主動(dòng)句中有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) He saw her in the shop yesterday.

5、She was seen in the shop yesterday. 2主動(dòng)句中有二個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) Jim gave me a book. I was given a book by Jim. A book was given to me by Jim. 常見的帶雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有: give, afford, pass, lend, offer, return, tell, send, show, teach, buy等。3主動(dòng)句中含有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)句子的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) Mother told me not to be late. I was told not to be late by mother

6、.I saw mother planting flowers in the garden. Mother was seen planting flowers in the garden.注意：make，let等使役動(dòng)詞及see，hear，watch，notice, feel 等感官動(dòng)詞后的不定式須省去to，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中, 該省去的to必須加上。如：He let her go at last. She was let to go at last. We heard him sing in his room just now. He was heard to sing in his room jus

7、t now. They made him work 12 hours a day. He was made to work 12 hours a day4短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)是一個(gè)整體，不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。如： I can take good care of the baby. The baby can be taken good care of.We should take care of the old people . The old people should be taken care of.練習(xí)：This dictionary mustn't _ from t

8、he libraryAtake away Btaken away Care taken away Dbe taken away5不定式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)為“to be 過去分詞”。例如：The radio says a wild animal zoo is to _ in our cityCAbe building Bbuild Cbe built Dbuilt6以疑問代詞開頭的疑問句轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)句時(shí)要注意詞序：應(yīng)將主動(dòng)句中的疑問代詞改為介詞by的賓語(yǔ)，但仍然放在句子開頭。例如：Who has broken the cup？（改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）By whom has the cup b

9、een broken？五、不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況1. “主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)”的句子沒有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。系動(dòng)詞有appear, be, become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等.2. there be 句型沒有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。3.主動(dòng)句中賓語(yǔ)是反身代詞或是each other，one another時(shí)沒有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 如: He taught himself Maths. 他自學(xué)了數(shù)學(xué) We help each other. 我們互相幫助。4.帶同源賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞如die /

10、dead , dream / dream , live / life 等不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 。 如：She dreamed a bad dream last night.5.不及物動(dòng)詞或由不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ),如appear, die, disppear, end(iv.結(jié)束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep slilence, lose heart,take place等沒有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài). 比較： rise, fall, happen是不及物動(dòng)詞

11、；raise, seat是及物動(dòng)詞。The price has been risen.(×) The price has raised.(×) The price has risen.() The price has been raised.()The accident was happened last week.(×) Please seat.(×)The accident happened last week.() Please be seated.()但有的不及物動(dòng)詞與介詞搭配后，則有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài). 如：The nurse looked after

12、the baby carefully.The baby was looked after by the nurse carefully. 6.不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch, agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等. 如:This key fits the lock. 7.當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是不定

13、式時(shí),不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).如She likes to swim.() To swim is liked by her.(×)六、主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義1.動(dòng)詞 (表示主語(yǔ)的屬性特征) + 副詞 (well/ badly/easily/smoothly),用主動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)義。這些動(dòng)詞有read, write, sell, wash, clean, wear, lock, open, cook, shut, dry, eat, drink，iron, look, cut, draw, feel等） 如: 1) Meat cuts easily. 肉容易切。2) His new book sell

14、s well. 他的新書很暢銷。3) The car drove easily. 這車很容易開。4) Your pen writes quite smoothly. 你的鋼筆寫起來很滑爽。練習(xí):（1）The books _ well A. were sold B. sell C. have sold D. are being soldThis kind of cloth _ easily A. has washed B. was washed C. washes D. is washed2.不定式在某些形容詞后作狀語(yǔ),且和句子的主語(yǔ)(或賓語(yǔ))構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí),用主動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)義。有difficul

15、t, easy, hard, fit, pleasant, good, comfortable, light, heavy, safe,如: 1) .The question is easy to answer. 這問題容易回答。2). " Can you pass the test?" " Oh. It's hard to say."“你能考及格嗎？”“喔，很難說?！?3). That box seems heavy for him to carry.那盒子好象他搬起來很重。練習(xí):(1).The fish is not fit _(eat)(2

16、).We find English is hard _ (learn)(3).The article is difficult _ (understand).3.不定式作后置定語(yǔ),與被修飾的名詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,又和該句主語(yǔ)(或賓語(yǔ))構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系時(shí),用主動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)義。 如:1. I have a lot of homework _(do)2. Ill give him some books _ (read)4表示狀態(tài)特征的連系動(dòng)詞+adj./n.,用主動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)義。 (look,sound,feel,smell,taste, prove, appear,make,.)如：1) This shirt

17、 feels much softer than that one.這件襯衫比那件襯衫摸起來柔軟得多。2)That food smells terrible.那食品難聞。3)These oranges taste nice.這些桔子味道很好。4) The news proved (或 turned out ) true. 這消息被證明是真實(shí)的。5 表示“開始、結(jié)束、運(yùn)動(dòng)”的動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)義。(begin,open,start,stop,end,finish,shut, move,run,.)如：The shop opens at 6 am. every day6. 作“需要”講的want/n

18、eed/require后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，用主動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)義；當(dāng)然也可接不定式的被動(dòng)式作賓語(yǔ)。 如：Your jacket needs washing/to be washed The flowers need watering/to be watered every day.七、被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義be determined, be pleased, be graduated（from）, be prepared（for）, be occupied（in）, get/be married等。如：He was graduated from a famous university. 注意： 表示同

19、某人結(jié)婚，用marry sb. 或get/be married to sb. 均可。如：He married a rich girl. =He got/was married to a rich girl. 特殊結(jié)構(gòu)make sb. heard / understood （使別人能聽見/理解自己） 八、相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講1. let 的用法 （1）當(dāng)let后只有一個(gè)單音節(jié)動(dòng)詞，變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，可用不帶to 的不定式。如：They let the stranger go. The stranger was let go.（2）當(dāng)let 后賓補(bǔ)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)，let 通常不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而用allow或permi

20、t 代替。如：The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.2. 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)整體，不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。如：My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. Such a thing has never been heard of before. 3.與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)相關(guān)的句型有 （1）It is said that. 據(jù)說 It is reported that. 據(jù)報(bào)道 It is believed that. 大家相信 It is hoped that. 大家希望It is well known that. 眾所周知It is thought that. 大家認(rèn)為 It is suggested that. 據(jù)建議 It is taken f