新概念英語(yǔ)第三冊(cè)語(yǔ)法精粹(終稿)

1、新概念三冊(cè)語(yǔ)法精粹第一章定語(yǔ)從句1.定語(yǔ)從句：由關(guān)系代詞who,whom,whose,that,which;關(guān)系副詞when,where,why 引導(dǎo)。（下面十個(gè)句子請(qǐng)讀5遍并脫口譯出?。㊣.Thedeathnoticestellusaboutpeoplewhohavediedduringth eweek.2.Theman（whom）youspoketojustnowismyfriend.3.Thebuildingwhoselightsareonisbeautiful.4.Pleasefindaplacewhichwecanhaveaprivatetalkin.5.Thekneeisthejo

2、intwherethethighbonemeetsthelargebone ofthelowerleg.6.Hestillremembersthedaywhenhewenttoschool.7.Itisnoneedtellingusthereasonwhyyoudidn'tfinishitintime.8.Hehasthreesons,twoofwhomdiedinthewar.9.Mr.Smith,whosewifeisaclerk,teachesusEnglish.10.IntheSundaypapertherearecomics,whichchildrenenjoy.2.只能用t

3、hat和who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句A. all,nothing,anything,afew,one 做先行詞指物時(shí)B.先行詞前有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，后面常跟that而不是which.C .先行詞前有 theonly,thefirst,thelast,thenext,thevery 等詞 修飾時(shí)，弓i導(dǎo)詞只能用that。D.當(dāng)先行詞是anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody 時(shí)，后面要用 who金 whom ； Allthatglittersisnotgold.閃光的并非都是金子。 ?3.as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句有兩種形式：A.引導(dǎo)

4、限制性語(yǔ)從句。在此類定語(yǔ)從句中，as常與主語(yǔ)中作為其先行詞的 such,thesame 或 as 聯(lián)用構(gòu)成，“suchas, ”"thesameas 和"“as.as句型，可代替先行詞。例如：Wehopetogetsuchatoolasheisusing.我們希望得至U他正在用的那種工具。B . as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，作用與 which相同，as 作為關(guān)系代詞代替整個(gè)主句。?（這是語(yǔ)法考試的一個(gè)考點(diǎn)。）注意區(qū)別:as引導(dǎo)的從句用于句首、句中或句后，而 which引導(dǎo)的定 語(yǔ)從句不能放在句首。例如：Asisreported,aforeigndelegationwillv

5、isitthecity.據(jù)報(bào)道，一個(gè)外國(guó)代表團(tuán)將訪問(wèn)這個(gè)城市。（二）:狀語(yǔ)從句超級(jí)作文聯(lián)接詞及詞組，全部拿下！原因：because,since,nowthat （既然）as,for,thisreason.結(jié)果：sothat,so,therefore,consequently,soasto,asaresult.時(shí)間：after,before,when,while,as,until,assoonas,since,bythetime,on ce,lately,presently,shortlyafter,currently,atpresent,nowadays.條件：if,onlyif.,once,

6、unless,intheevent（that）,incase（that）,providedth at,ontheconditionthat,etc.島讓步:though,although,eventhough（if）,nomatterwhat/how/when鄧hatever/however/whenever.目的：inorderthat,inorderto,to,比較：than,as.as,bycomparison （相比較）,bycontrast （相對(duì)照）.（三）:名詞性從句王睥要點(diǎn)：通常由that或疑問(wèn)詞導(dǎo)出。1 .Howsomemammalscametoliveintheseaisn

7、otknow. （主語(yǔ) 從句）2 .Theattorneytoldhisclientthattheyhadlittlechanceofwinnin gthecase.（賓語(yǔ)從句）3 .Theproblemiswhatwe'lldonext. （表語(yǔ)從句）4 .Wehavenoideathathehascomeback.（同位語(yǔ)從句）同位語(yǔ)（Appositive ）:同位語(yǔ)是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，也是各類考試中的一個(gè)考點(diǎn)，同時(shí)，在寫(xiě)作中正確運(yùn)用同位語(yǔ)可以使你的句型更加簡(jiǎn)潔 得彳本。新概念英語(yǔ)第三冊(cè)第一課有這樣一個(gè)句子：WhenreportscameintoLondonzoothatawil

8、dpumahadbeenspot tedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon,theywerenottakenseriously.（當(dāng)倫敦動(dòng)物園接到報(bào)告說(shuō)，在倫敦以南45英里處發(fā)現(xiàn)一只美洲獅時(shí)，這些報(bào)告并沒(méi)有受到重視。）在這里，awildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon 就是 同位語(yǔ)從它本來(lái)應(yīng)該放在"reports后面，這里卻被放在亍謂語(yǔ)成分cameintoLondonzoo 的后面，目的是讓句型顯得更為 穩(wěn)重。I .簡(jiǎn)單記憶：同位語(yǔ)從句，就是對(duì)某些名詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋 的句子。Iwasgreatlysho

9、ckedwhenIheardthenewsthathisfatherdiedy esterday.（that引導(dǎo)的句子解釋了 news的內(nèi)容，注意：that不做任 何成分）Wehavetofacethefactthattheweatherisunexpectedlybad.（that引導(dǎo)的句子解釋了 fact的內(nèi)容）II .聯(lián)想記憶：?能接同位詞從句的名詞有：belief （信仰），fact, idea , doubt ,rumor （謠言）,evidence （證據(jù)）,conclusion （結(jié)論）,suggestion （建議）,problem , order, answer , disc

10、overy （發(fā)頊）explanation （解釋）,principle （原則）,possibility （可能性）,truth , promise （承諾）,report （報(bào)告）,statement （聲明）,knowledge（知識(shí)），opinion （觀點(diǎn)），likelihood （KT能在）大聲朗讀三遍，背下即可。III .王牌要點(diǎn)：同位語(yǔ)一般由that引導(dǎo)，但也可以用關(guān)系代詞which,who,what 和關(guān)系副詞 when,where,why,how 或 whether?Therearousethequestionwhetherwecouldwinthegame.?Ihaven

11、oideahowtoexplainit.一些介詞詞組后面也能引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。（非常經(jīng)典之功能句式，可用于四六級(jí)和托福作文，不妨一試?。?ontheassumption （在前提下）,?ontheground （由于原因）,?ontheconditionthat （在條體下）,?withtheexception （有例外）?owingtothefact （由于事實(shí)）；?ontheunderstanding （基于理解）；?Theyoungladypromisedtomarrytheoldmanontheconditio nthatheboughtheravilla.?那位年輕的女士答應(yīng)嫁給那位

12、老頭，條件是他給她買一幢別墅。IV .分隔式同位語(yǔ)從句為了使句型平衡不至于頭重腳輕，有時(shí)同位語(yǔ)從句可以放到句子的末尾，（讀兩遍此定義，然后看倒句：）Anideacametohimthathemightwritetohertoaskmoreinforma tionaboutthematter.IgotinformationfrommyfriendthattherewillbeamarvelousAm ericanmovie"Titanic".V .同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句之區(qū)別簡(jiǎn)單記憶：定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞that或which在句子中用作主 語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，而同位語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞 that只

13、起連接主句和從句之 作為不用作任何成分。示例：I'vegotananswerthatAisright.（同位語(yǔ)從句，that 不做成分）I'vegotananswerthatsurprisedmealot.（定語(yǔ)從句，that 做定VI.王牌重點(diǎn)：可以充當(dāng)同位語(yǔ)的詞組或短語(yǔ)。1）名詞短語(yǔ)。（使句型更為簡(jiǎn)潔）BillClinton,thepresidentofAmerica,cametoChinatopayanoffi cialvisitin1998.LuXun,oneofthegreatestessayistsinChina,playedanoverwh elminglyimp

14、ortantroleinChineseliteraturehistory.2）動(dòng)名詞詞組亦可用作同位語(yǔ)：別忘了加逗號(hào)。（使句型更為流向）I'mcrazyaboutthegame,playingbaseball.Goingtoconcert,thatsoundsagreatidea.3）不定式短語(yǔ)。（陌生只是掌握的開(kāi)始）Theproblemwhattodonextremainsunsolved.Herclaimtohavefinishedhisworkisnothingbutawhitelie.4）形容詞詞組。（有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)）Alltheworkers,youngorold,shouldb

15、etreatedequally.Youngman,shortortall,shouldhavetherighttotaketheopportu nity.VII.同位語(yǔ)的引導(dǎo)詞。（重要！這是中高級(jí)寫(xiě)作中不可缺少 的引導(dǎo)成分）引導(dǎo)詞用來(lái)表示同位語(yǔ)與它所說(shuō)明的同位成分之間的關(guān)系：1. . namely,thatitis,thatistosay （也就是說(shuō)）,inotherwords （換 句話說(shuō)）,or,forshort 表示等同關(guān)系。2. suchas,say,sotospeak（譬如說(shuō)）,including （包括）,forinstance （或 forexample（e.g./eg ）,表示

16、舉例和歹U舉3. especially,mostly,chiefly,orbetter,inparticular,particularly表示突出重點(diǎn)，（在高難度閱讀中表示后面的部分為更重要或更突出的部分，是出題的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)。）（四）:虛擬語(yǔ)氣（四）:虛擬語(yǔ)氣虛擬語(yǔ)氣用來(lái)表達(dá)不可能或難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，通常分為基本的三種形式。1 .與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬：If+did/were+,wouldshouldcould?+do （動(dòng)詞原形）mightIfIwereyou,Iwouldgoabroadatonce.（Iamnotyou.）Ifheknewitnow,hecouldhelpme.

17、（Hedoesn'tknowitnow.）2 .與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬：If+haddone+,would（might）havedone.IfIhadknownyourtelephonenumberyesterday,Iwouldhavep honedyou.?（Ididn'tknowyourtelephonenumber.）Ifyouhadcomeherealittleearlierjustnow,youmighthavemeth er.?（Youdidn'tcomehereearlier.）3 .與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的虛擬：（1）If+should+v.,.would+v.

18、（可能性很小）（譯作_萬(wàn)一”）Ifitshouldraintomorrow,youcouldstayathome.IfIshouldfail,whatshouldIdo?（2）If+did/wereto+v.,would+v.?（完全不可能）Ifthesunweretoriseinthewest,Iwouldlendyouthemoney.Ifyoufinisheditin3minutes,Iwouldgiveyoumycar.4 .金牌特殊重點(diǎn)：！ ！簡(jiǎn)單聯(lián)想記憶:F列動(dòng)詞后的 賓語(yǔ)從句”中需要用虛擬形式，即should+動(dòng) 詞原形，shoud在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中要省略（TOEFL語(yǔ)法考點(diǎn)）。止匕

19、類常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有：?order,ask,decide,demand,require,recommend,suggest（建議）insist （堅(jiān)決要求）,advise,etc.?例句：Hesuggestedthatwe（should）helpthemwithEnglish.?Theteacherorderedthatthehomework（should）befinishe dwithinhalfanhour.F列名詞后的同位語(yǔ)從句中要用“should動(dòng)詞原形”（should可省去）的虛擬。?suggestion,?order,?request,?demand,?importance,?pr op

20、osal.?Hemadeasuggestionthatwe（should）haveafancydressp arty.?Ithinkitisathingofimportancethatit（should）bedonesoon.tis/wasimportant/necessary/natural/essential/advisable/strange/surprising,ect.+that+ 主語(yǔ) +should+v.?Itisstrangethatyoushouldsaysuchathing.?Itwasimportantthatyoushouldtellmealltheinformatio

21、n. wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，asif后的狀語(yǔ)從句中，須用下列的?主+wish+（that）+ 主+did/were （指現(xiàn)在）?haddone （指過(guò)去）?would+v.（指將來(lái)）?IwishthatImetmyunclenow.?IwishIhadmetmyuncleyesterday.?IwishIcouldmeetmyuncletomorrow. Itis（high）timethat.+did/were.?Itistimethatyouwenttobed. wouldratherthat.+did/were.?Iwouldratherthatyouwerenotherenow. wo

22、uldsoonerthat.+did/were.?Iwouldsoonerthatyougotupearlier.?Iwouldsoonerthatyouwerenotmybrother.（五）:代替與省略英語(yǔ)中，為了避免不必要的重復(fù)，經(jīng)常用 so,not,to,do,does 代替前面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞或相關(guān)內(nèi)容。如：HetranslatedthearticlebetterthanIdid.（did 代替 wroteit）? Doyouthinksheisclever? Ithinkso.（so 代替 sheisclever）（1）從上兩例中看出，do/does/did代替動(dòng)詞。（2）"s

23、o與not"代替某個(gè)詞、短語(yǔ)、句子等，通常用于 hope,think,believe,expect,suppose,beafraid,fear,imagine,etc?E.g. Isitcorrect? I'mafraidnot.（notcorrect）（3）"to"用作不定式，常跟隨下列動(dòng)詞： want,mean,hope,expect,refuse,seem,intend,be,afraid,etc.- ?E.g.Iaskedhimtogototheparty,butherefusedto.（gotothe party）（4）"doso,do

24、that,doit"用來(lái)代替動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞，而不能代靜態(tài)動(dòng) 詞。?Eg. HegaveupstudyingEnglish.? Whydidhedoso?（=giveupstudyingEnglish）? Thedishtastesnice.? Yes,soitdoes.（tastesnice）一 ？（此句不能用 itdoesit 或 itdoesso,因 taste 屬靜態(tài) 動(dòng)詞。（5）為使語(yǔ)言精煉，避免不必要的重復(fù)，對(duì)話中常用省略形式。?E.g. Heisthinkingofbuyingacar? Ishe?（這里，"thinkingofbuyingacar 被省略了。）? W

25、illhecomebackintime?Perhaps.（省略了 hewillcomebackintime.）（六）:倒裝根據(jù)語(yǔ)法要求，把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞置于主語(yǔ)前，稱為完全倒裝，把 助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞置于主語(yǔ)前，稱為部分倒裝。1 .副詞如：in,out,down,there,here,off,over,away,etc. 句子 倒裝。（完全倒裝，但主語(yǔ)不能是代詞）?Downjumpedthemurdererfromthetenthf100r.?IncameMissGreen.?（特別注意：當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞時(shí)不倒裝。）?Awayshewent!（她走了!）?Hereyouare!（你在這兒！）2 . o

26、nly+副詞（介詞短語(yǔ)）位于句首，句子要倒裝。?Onlythendidherealizethathewasmistaken.?Onlybyworkinghardcanwesucceedindoinganything.3 . well,so,often,such,few,little放于句首，句字形成倒裝。?Sofinewastheweatherthatweallwentoutlyinginthesun.?WelldidIknowhimandwelldidheknowme.4 .否定詞或具有否定意義的詞及詞組用在句首時(shí)，句子須 倒裝。止匕類詞有：neither , nor, hardly , s

27、carcely , rarely , seldom , not, never , notonly , barely , atnotime , nowhere 等。?e.g. Jackcouldnotswim.? NeithercouldTom.?NeverhaveIseensuchagoodmovie.5 . as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，須倒裝。（準(zhǔn)確地說(shuō)，是將需要 強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞提到as的前面。）?Richasheis,hespendsacentoncharity.?Tryashedoes,heneverseemsabletodotheworkbeautifu lly.6 .在表示祝愿的句子中。?May

28、youmakegreaterprogress!（愿你取得更大進(jìn)步?。? .在虛擬條件句中，連詞 if省略時(shí)，句型要倒裝，即將 were,had,should 等詞提至U句首。?WereIyou,Iwouldgoabroadtotakeadvancedstudy.?我要是你，就出國(guó)進(jìn)修了。?Shouldhecometomorrow,hewouldhelpustosettlethepr oblem.?他要是明天來(lái)的話，他會(huì)幫我們解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的。?Weretheyherenow,theycouldhelpus. =Iftheywereherenow,theycouldhelpus.?Hadyouco

29、meearlier,youwouldhavemethim =?Ifyouhadcomeearlier,youwouldhavemethim.?Shoulditrain,thecropswouldbesaved.=?Wereittorain,thecropswouldbesaved.注意：在虛擬語(yǔ)氣的從句中，動(dòng)詞be'的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)一律用"were", 不用was ,即在從句中be用were代替。IfIwereyou,Iwouldgotolookforhim.?如果我是你，就會(huì)去找他。Ifhewerehere,everythingwouldbeallright.如果他在這

30、兒，一切都會(huì)好的。典型例題todothework,Ishoulddoitsomeotherday.?A.IfwereI B.Iwere ?C.WereI ?D.WasI答案C.在虛擬條件狀語(yǔ)中如果有were,should,had這三個(gè)詞，通常將if省略，主語(yǔ)提前，變成were,should,had+主語(yǔ)的形 式。但要注意，在虛擬條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，省略連詞的倒裝形式 的句首不能用動(dòng)詞的縮略形式。如我們可說(shuō)WereInottodo.,而不能說(shuō) Weren'tItodo.8 .百分特例重點(diǎn)：?Muchaswemayprideourselvesonourgoodtaste,weare nolon

31、gerfreetochoosethethingswewant.9 ? （NCEBookIIILesson26 ）?盡管我們?yōu)樽约旱慕^好鑒賞力感到自豪，但我們已經(jīng) 無(wú)法自由地選擇我們所需要的東西了。（七）:形容詞定義：形容詞是用來(lái)修飾名詞的詞，描述名詞的性質(zhì)、外觀、特點(diǎn)等。功能：形容詞可以做定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)助語(yǔ)。分類：主要分為兩類：描繪性形容詞和限定性形容詞。苗繪性形容詞主要用來(lái)描繪大、小、新舊、顏色、質(zhì)量等。艮定性形容詞主要用來(lái)限定所修飾詞的數(shù)量、距離及范圍 所屬等。1.當(dāng)形容詞修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，必須與冠詞連用： alovelygirl,?thenaughtyboy2二形容詞可與系動(dòng)詞連用，做

32、表語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性狀。常 用系動(dòng)詞有： be, become , seem , appear , feel , look, taste , smell , sound ,remain , go, turn, keep , stay,etc.Thedishtastesdelicious.Themusicsoundssweet.Themilkwentbad.小心陷阱?feel , smell , taste , look , keep有時(shí)可以用作實(shí) 義動(dòng)詞，并可以用副詞修飾。Helookedmeupanddowncarefully.Itastedthesoupslowlytoseewhetheri

33、twassalty.3 .形容詞用作后置定語(yǔ)。（簡(jiǎn)單理解：一般的形容詞修飾 名詞時(shí)放在名詞前面，但有些形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)放在名詞的后 面）arivernavigable （條可通航的河）sightvisible可見(jiàn)的景愛(ài)personresponsible （負(fù)責(zé)人） 注意：responsibleperson （有thebestwaypossible （盡可能好的辦法） thenumbernecessary（必要的數(shù)量）thepeoplepresent （在場(chǎng)的人）4 .只能作表語(yǔ)的形容詞1 .某些表示健康狀況的形容詞。well （身體好的）,ill （病的）,faint （虛弱的）,poorly

34、 （身 體不好的）示例：Hismotherhasbeenillforalongtime.特別注意：sick是個(gè)特例。它既可做表語(yǔ)，又可做定語(yǔ)。Heissickforacoupleofdays.（他病兩三天了）Heisasickperson.（他是個(gè)病人。）2 .某些以a-開(kāi)頭的形容詞。如：afraid （害怕的）,alone （獨(dú)自的）,alive （活著的）,asleep （睡著的）,awake （醒著的）,aware （意識(shí)到的）Theoldmanisaloneinthehouse.（老人一個(gè)人在家。）Theteacherisalivewithenthusiasm.（這位老師熱情洋溢。）H

35、eisasleepinhismother'sarms.（他在母親的懷抱中睡著了。）Ihavebeenawareofthedifficulty.（我已經(jīng)意識(shí)到了 困難。）（八）:副？詞定義：副詞用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞（系動(dòng)詞除外），形容詞，其它副詞或整個(gè)句子。功能：表示時(shí)間、方式、程度、范圍等。分類：寸間及頻度副詞：before , frequently , always , usuallyfe點(diǎn)副詞： here , northward , anywhere , above , below方式副詞：rapidly , quickly , clearly , hard , well 等照度副詞：qu

36、ite , much , nearly , just, enough , perfectly ,only 等疑問(wèn)副詞：how , why , when , where 等例：Hewalkedoutoftheroomslowly.- Shelooksverybeautiful.WestudyEnglishverycarefully.Evenachildcandoitbetter.Perhapsshewilltelephoneyoutomorrow.金牌要點(diǎn)：幾個(gè)重要副詞的使用：1 .enough :修飾形容詞或副詞，須置于被修飾詞后；而修飾 名詞時(shí)放在修飾詞的前面。?Heisoldenought

37、ogotoschool.?Ihaveenoughmoneytobuythistypeofbicycle.2 .too :位于形容詞或副詞前。?Sheistooeagertoseeme.3 .very :置于所修飾的形容詞、副詞前。?Heisveryhandsomeandmanygirlsliketospeakwithhim.4 .much :修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞及副詞比較級(jí)。?Thesubjecthasbeentalkedtoomuch.?Herdressismuchmorebeautifulthanmine.5 .still:依舊；仍然”用于肯定句、否定句中。?Hestillrememberst

38、hedaystheyspenttogether.?Istillcannotcatchhiswords.6 .yet:位于疑問(wèn)句末尾時(shí)意思是巴經(jīng)"；用于否定句時(shí)意思是還”。?Haveyouemptiedthedustbinyet?Ihaven'tdonethatyet.7 .only:根據(jù)句意靈活運(yùn)用。（請(qǐng)翻譯下面三個(gè)句子！）?Onlyhecantellyouhowtodoit.?Hecanonlytellyouhowtodoit.?Hecantellyouhowtodoitonlytoday.8.hardly,scarcely,seldom,never本身為否定意義副詞，注意

39、?Hardlyhadweleftthestationwhenitbegantorain.你知道嗎？幾個(gè)易混淆的副詞：1 .easy:standeasy（=comfortably）?easily:Itcan'tbesolvedeasily.2 .clear:Thebulletwentclearthroughthewindow.（=directly）?clearly:Clearly,hedoesn'tknowanythingaboutit.（=obviously）3 .high:Hecanjumpveryhigh. （高地）?highly:Wethinkhighlyofthegoo

40、dteacher.（高度地）4 .just:Wehavejustknowthenews. （剛剛）?justly:Hewasjustlypunished.（公正地）5 .hard:Youmustthinkhard.（努力地）?hardly:Hehardlyknowsaboutit.（幾乎不）6 .pretty:Heisnotprettysureaboutit.（三曰常）?prettily:Thegirlisprettilydressed.（漂亮地）7 .near:Helivesneartheschool.（附近）?nearly:Inearlymissedthebus.（幾乎）8 .late:D

41、on'tcomelatenexttime.（遲至 U）?lately:Ihaven'treadnovelslately.（最近）9 .formally:Youshouldbedressedformallyatthemeeting.（正式地）?formerly:Formerly,hewasthemanagerofthecompany.10 .free （免費(fèi)地）freely （自由地）11 .most （最）?mostly（大部分）12 .sharp （準(zhǔn)時(shí)地）?sharply （嚴(yán)厲地）（九）:冠詞不定冠詞“a用來(lái)表示可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式，用于輔音音素 前，an用于元音音素前。如

42、：aperson,aday;anhour,anoldman.I.定冠詞用法如下：（英語(yǔ)剛啟蒙時(shí)你就知道冠詞了，可你真正掌握了嗎？再背一遍又何妨？ ?。? .用于雙方都知道的名詞前：Pleasecleantheclassroom .2 .用于單數(shù)名詞前，表示一類人或物：Thehorseisausefulanimal.（馬是有用的動(dòng)物）Thisisaveryhardjobfortheteacher.（對(duì)于老師這是一項(xiàng)很難的工作。）3 .用于世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的東西前：thesun,thespring.4 .用于方位名詞前：Peopleinthewestlikecoffeeverymuch.5 .用于樂(lè)

43、器名詞前：playtheviolin.6 .用于計(jì)量單位前：Gasolineiss01dbythega110n.7 .形容詞最高級(jí)和序數(shù)詞前：Thisistheeasiestwaytoworkouttheproblem.?Hecametoseemeforfirsttime.8 .用于江河湖海山脈名稱前： thePacific , theThames , theRockyMountains9 .雜志、報(bào)刊名稱前：theTimes , theOverseasDigest10 .用于建筑物、和組織前：theWhiteHouse,theMinistryofEducation11 .用于姓氏復(fù)數(shù)前，表

44、某某夫婦，某某一家人" theSmiths theGreens12 .用于形容詞前，表一類人 /物：therich,theblind13 .用于English , Chinese , French等名詞前，表全體國(guó) 民"theEnglsh , theChineseII.以下情況不用冠詞：1 .三餐前 breakfast , lunch , supper , .Haveyouhadlunch ?2 .體育運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目前 playchess , .Ihavenointerestintennis.3 .在由by引出的交通工具前byair （乘飛機(jī)），bycar4 .在稱呼或職位前He

45、hasbeenelectedpresidentofthecommittee.5 .習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)前 atschool , daybyday , attable （在吃飯）, gotochurch （做禮拜）.（十）:反意疑問(wèn)句1 . 一般用法：?Heisastudent,isn'the?Heisn'tastudent,ishe?（1） "haveto,hadbetter,usedto 要用下列方式反問(wèn)：?Hehastofinishthework,doesn'the?Theyusedtosmoke,didn't/usedn'tthey?You'

46、dbettergetupimmediately,hadn'tyou?（2） “has,have乍為助動(dòng)詞和實(shí)意動(dòng)詞，反問(wèn)形式不同。?Wehavedoneallthework,haven'twe?Youhavesometime,don'tyou?金牌要點(diǎn)如下：2 . seldom,barely,hardly,scarcely,few,little 語(yǔ)意本身是否 定，因此反意問(wèn)句應(yīng)為肯定形式。?Sheseldomcomestovisitus,doesshe?Hehardlyknewit,didhe?3 .當(dāng)主句為祈使句，反意問(wèn)句提出要求，命令應(yīng)用"willyou

47、?Doitatonce,willyou?但如表示邀請(qǐng)，勸告，反意問(wèn)句用 "won'tyou "?Haveacupoftea,won'tyou?4 .否定祈廟句應(yīng)用"willyou反問(wèn)。?Don'topenthewindow,willyou?5 , “ Let'颯語(yǔ)當(dāng)其為肯定形式，"shallwe提'出反問(wèn)?Let'splaybasketball,shallwe?當(dāng)其為否定形式，"allright,ok提出反問(wèn)?Let'snotgototheparty,allright?喊口為"l

48、etus.其反問(wèn)竊式應(yīng)為"willyou提出請(qǐng)求 ?Letusgohome,willyou?6 .當(dāng)“think,suppose,consider,believe被Wtcj主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，其后帶有賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)問(wèn)句應(yīng)與從句保持一 致。?Idon'tthinkthatheisanhonestman,ishe?（H一）:獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)此獨(dú)立形式只是一個(gè)小短語(yǔ)，而不是主謂完整的簡(jiǎn)單句，又 稱之為獨(dú)立分詞構(gòu)句。當(dāng)分詞意義上的主語(yǔ)不是主句的主語(yǔ)時(shí)， 必須在分詞前保留意義上的主語(yǔ)，否則語(yǔ)意不通。（定義有點(diǎn) 費(fèi)解，多看幾遍）?示例：Beingillinbed,Ican'tgoto

49、school.Motherbeingillinbed,Ican'tgotoschool.（1）獨(dú)立主結(jié)構(gòu)形式可用以表時(shí)間，理由，條件，伴隨狀 態(tài)等?Helayonthegrass,thesunshininguponhim.=Helayonthegrass,andthesunwasshininguponhim.?Weatherpermitting,I'llstarttomorrow.=Ifweatherpermits,I'llstarttomorrow.?Schoolbeingover,theboyswenthome.=Whenschoolwasover,theboysw

50、enthome.?Thesunhavingset,wearrivedatthestation.=Afterthesunhadset,wearrivedatthestation.王牌重點(diǎn)：當(dāng)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)表示&般人"，如：we,one,you時(shí)，主語(yǔ)可省略，此用法常用于下列表達(dá)方式中：generallyspeaking 一般來(lái)說(shuō)strictlyspeaking 嚴(yán)格地說(shuō)talkingof.談至Uspeakingof.說(shuō)至Ujudgingfrom.由來(lái)判斷takingallthingsintoconsideration把切者1考慮在內(nèi)considering.考慮至U 示例:?

51、Ifwejudgefromhisface,hemustbeill.=Judgingfromhisface,hemustbeill.?Hehaslotsofbooksifweconsiderthatheisyoung.?=Hehaslotsofbooks,consideringthatheisyoung.（2） with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)也是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)形式之一。這種結(jié)構(gòu) 在句中作狀語(yǔ)（表示原因，方式，伴隨等）和定語(yǔ)，作定語(yǔ)時(shí) 緊隨被修飾名詞后。1 . with+名詞+介詞短語(yǔ)：?Thewomanwithababyonherbackismysister.?Theboyrushedintotheroom,w

52、ithhisschoolbaginhishand.2 . with+ 為詞 +adj.?withthedooropen,helefttheclassroom.3 . with+ 名詞 +adv.?Withtheglovesoff,shefeltcold.?Withthelightson,thebuildinglooksbeautiful.4 . with+名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞（主動(dòng)）?with+名詞+過(guò)去分詞（被動(dòng)）?Withtheguideleadingus,wegottothevillage.?Theboywascryingwiththevasebroken.5 . with+詞+一定式?Wit

53、hthehardworktobedone,wehavetoprepareforit.（十二）:平行結(jié)構(gòu)許多句子在描述一個(gè)人或一件物品時(shí)往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)一系列修 飾語(yǔ)；動(dòng)詞的修飾語(yǔ)，即副詞往往也會(huì)幾個(gè)同時(shí)使用，構(gòu)成平 行結(jié)構(gòu)，平行結(jié)構(gòu)要求語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)須保持一致，如：1 .系列動(dòng)詞：?Afterschool,wesang,dancedandplayedthepianointhecl assroom.2 .系列形容詞：?Sheisslim,tall,blondandbeautiful.3 .系列副詞：?Thestudentsarelisteningtomecarefullyandeagerly.?平行結(jié)構(gòu)不僅

54、包括動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞，也包括分詞， 不定式，動(dòng)名詞，名詞短語(yǔ)和句子等的平行用法，務(wù)必提高辨 別力。？(十三):容易混淆的動(dòng)詞在學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，一些初學(xué)者常碰到大量易混淆的同義 詞，下面就幾組常用的動(dòng)詞加以比較。1 .rise , raise , arise , arouse? "rise是不及物動(dòng)詞，過(guò)去式為rose ,過(guò)去分詞為risen ,其基本詞義上升，上漲 Thesunrisesintheeast . Agoodidearoseinmymind."rais星及物規(guī)則動(dòng)詞，舉起，提高”。 Heraisedhisvoicetomakehimselfheard. The

55、boycanraisetheheavystone.“arise,'是不及物動(dòng)詞，過(guò)去式為arose ,過(guò)去分詞arisen ,其語(yǔ)義為出現(xiàn)，發(fā)生 Hiscuriosityaroseduetothequestionhismotherasked.? "arouse是及物動(dòng)詞，過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞為aroused ,其語(yǔ)義為喚醒，引起”?arousesomebodyfromsleep把某人喚醒?arousesuspicion?引起林疑2 .lay , lie , liefay”及物動(dòng)詞，放置，生蛋”，過(guò)去式與過(guò)去分詞為“l(fā)aidI'velaidthebookontheself.Thehenlaysaneggeveryday.lie 及的動(dòng)詞 位于，平躺”，過(guò)去式為“l(fā)a過(guò)去分詞"lainHelayonthefloorandsleptsoundly.BeijingliesinthenorthofChina.lie”及物動(dòng)詞 說(shuō)謊”，它是規(guī)則動(dòng)詞。Heliedtohisteacher.3.sit, seat“ si匹及物動(dòng)詞，過(guò)去式與過(guò)去分詞均為“ sa& ”Hesatintheclassroomreadingnewspaper.“sea汲物動(dòng)詞，使就坐“容納”。Heseatshimselfhere.Heisseatedthere.Heseat