定語從句全掌握

1、定語從句全掌握. 概念：(1) 定語從句：在主從復(fù)合句中用作定語的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊接在先行詞(antecedent)后面。(2) 先行詞：被定語從句修飾的成份。先行詞可以為一個(gè)詞，短語，或整個(gè)主句。(3) 引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系詞的作用：1) 引導(dǎo)定語從句，連接主句和從句，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)連詞；2) 必在從句中作某個(gè)句子成份（可以做主語，賓語，表語，定語，狀語）常用的關(guān)系代詞: that（在從句中作主語，賓語，表語；可指人或物）, which（在從句中作主語，賓語，表語或定語；只可指物）, who（主格，在從句中作主語，在口語或非正式用法中作賓語；只可指

2、人），whom（賓格，在從句中作賓語；只可指人），whose（屬格，在從句中作定語，可指人或物）, as (在從句中作主語，賓語，表語; 可指人或物, 通常指代事); but (文語, 置于否定詞之后=that/whonot, "沒有不", 在從句中作主語，賓語)常用的關(guān)系副詞（在從句中只作狀語）: when(時(shí)間狀語), why（原因狀語）, where（地點(diǎn)狀語）, how（方式狀語）(4) 句子成分：主語-謂語動(dòng)詞前;賓語-介賓或及物動(dòng)詞的賓語；表語-be動(dòng)詞后或系動(dòng)詞后；狀語-時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語、原因狀語，etc.例如:1.The student who answe

3、red the question was John. (Who 做關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾先行詞student, who在從句中用作主語.)2.I know the reason why he was so angry. (Why做關(guān)系副詞, 修飾先行詞reason, why在從句中作原因狀語.)3.The boy (whom) you are talking to is my brother. (Whom做關(guān)系代詞,修飾先行詞boy, whom在從句中作賓語.)4. I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea. (Whos

4、e做關(guān)系代詞, 修飾先行詞room, whose在從句中用作定語,可代之以of which)定語從句三步：第一找出先行詞；第二看先行詞在定語從句中的語法功能（做主語、賓語或狀語）；第三選擇合適的關(guān)系詞。. 幾個(gè)關(guān)系代詞的基本用法：一、that: 可指人或物；在定語從句中作主語，賓語，表語。(指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于who或 whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which)(一般不用于非限制性定語從句; 不可置于介詞后作賓語) 如：1. A letter that/which is written in pencil is difficult to read. (主語)2. Do you know the gentl

5、eman that/who spoke just now?3. You can take anything ( that) you like. （賓語）4. What is the question (that/which) they are talking about?5. Here is the man ( who/whom/that ) you want to see.6. She's no longer the girl ( that) she used to be before.（表語）7. Our hometown is no longer the one (that) i

6、t used to be.= Our hometown is not the same as it used to be.= Our hometown is different from what it used to be.= Our hometown is not what it used to be.二、which: 指物；在定語從句中作主語，賓語，表語，定語。如：1. The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.（主語）2. The book (which/that) I bought yesterday is

7、 very interesting.（賓語）3. The factory in which his father works is far from here.4. He was proud, which his brother never was. （表語）5. Tom spent four years in college, during which time he learned French.（定語）6. He may be late, in which case we ought to wait for him.三、who, whom, whose:who: 主格, 在從句中作主語，

8、在口語或非正式用法中作賓語; 只可指人whom: 賓格，在從句中作賓語; 只可指人whose: 屬格，在從句中作定語，可指人也可指物。1.I like the students who/that work hard. （主語）2.All who heard the story were amazed. (代詞如he, they, any, those, all, one等后多用who.)3.Chaplin, for whom life had once been very hard, was a success as an actor. （賓語）4.He's a man from wh

9、om we should learn. = He's a man (whom/who/that) we should learn from.比較：He is the student whom you think to be worthy of your praise.He is the student who you think is worth praising.5. A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.（指人）I'd like a room whose window faces south. （指物）=I&#

10、39;d like a room of which the window faces south. =I'd like a room the window of which faces south.There is a teapot shaped like a Chinese duck, out of whose mouth tea is supposed to come 關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語:關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中用作介詞賓語時(shí), 介詞可放于從句之首, 也可放于從句之末. 但以放于句首較為正式.（介詞前置，必須注意不影響動(dòng)詞詞組的含義。關(guān)系代詞who 和 that 用作介詞賓語時(shí), 介詞

11、必須放在句末.） 如:1. This is the book for which you asked. =This is the book (that/which) you asked for.2.Do you know the person with whom I shook hands？= Do you know the person (whom/who/that) I shook hands with?3. The beginning of agriculture was a big step in human progress with which nothing could comp

12、are until our information age.4.In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.Is this the factory to which you paid a visit last week?Is this factory the one to which you paid a visit last week?5.This is the girl whom they are looking after. (介詞after與look構(gòu)成固定詞組

13、，不可前置。再如：look at, look for, look after, take care of等)四、as 的用法:(as 引導(dǎo)定語從句, 在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語)(1) 如為限制性的，多用于the same as ; the same as；such as ; as many/much as；so as等結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：1. I have the same book as you (have). 我有一本和你的一樣的書。 Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been. (關(guān)系代詞as和指示代詞same連

14、用, 在從句中用作表語, 先行詞是same.)2.-Why didn't you mention that in face of the police just now?- I thought it was such a minor detail as was hardly worth mentioning. We will only discuss such problems as have something to do with our own interests.Don't do such things as you are not sure about. There

15、is no such place as you dream of in all this world.比較：I live in the same house that he used to live in. I'm wearing the same shirt as you wore yesterday.比較：Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. （定語從句） Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.（結(jié)果狀語從句）(2) 如為非限制性的，多單獨(dú)引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語從句，這種定語從句可置于句首

16、，句中或句尾，譯為"正如，這一點(diǎn)"。（動(dòng)詞常為know, see, expect, point out, etc.）1. As we all know, smoking is harmful to one's health . (as 作賓語)=As is known to all, smoking is harmful to one's health . （as 作主語）=It's known to all that smoking is harmful to one's health .或:Smoking is harmful to on

17、e's health , as we all know .（as 作賓語）或: Smoking, as we all know, is harmful to one' health.2.He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent. (賓語, 先行詞是前面整個(gè)句子)五、but的用法:but用作關(guān)系代詞, 其意思相當(dāng)于who/thatnot, "沒有不", 如：1.There is not one of us but wishes to help you.2.There is no tree but bears s

18、ome fruit.3.There are very few but admire his talents. 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句:When 指時(shí)間，在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語。其先行詞是表時(shí)間的名詞（如：time, day, week, tear, month, etc.）1. He came last night when I was out.2. We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather would be better.注意：先行詞為"時(shí)間名詞"，可用when引導(dǎo)定語從句，when在定語從句

19、中作狀語；還可以用which或that 引導(dǎo)，which或that在從句中作主語或賓語。比較: 1.I still remember the day when /on which my brother joined the army.（作狀語）Next month, when you will be in your hometown, is just around the corner.2. I still remember the days which/that we spent together. （作賓語） Next winter which/that you'll spend

20、in Harbin, I'm sure, will be exciting.3. I shall never forget the day when Shen Zhou was launched, which has a great effect on my life.There are occasions when joking is not permissible.Where 指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。其先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，如：place, school, factory, room, etc. 如:1. This is the place where I was bor

21、n. 2. I live in the room where /in which he used to live. 注意：先行詞是"地點(diǎn)名詞"，定語從句可用where引導(dǎo)，還可用which或that引導(dǎo)，which/that 在從句中作主語或賓語。 比較: 1. This is the factory where /in which he worked last year. （作狀語）The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and

22、safely. I think you have got to the point where a change is needed, or you would fail.Government reports, legal papers and most business letters are the main situations where English is used. He's got himself into a dangerous situation where he's likely to lose control of the plane.The small

23、 mountain village where we spent our holiday last month lies in what /the place which is now part of Hubei.2. This is the park which/that they visited last year. （作賓語）Not having been there before, he simply had no idea about the place, which everyone says is worth visiting. Why 指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。先行詞為r

24、eason 時(shí)，可用for which指代；當(dāng)關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語或賓語時(shí)，則用which或that 引導(dǎo)。如：1.The reason why / for which / (that) he didn't attend the meeting was that he was ill.（作狀語）2. I don't believe the reason (that/which) he gave me. （作賓語） Have you asked him the reason that may explain his success? （作主語）Ex.) He was late .

25、That's because he got up late. .He got up late. That's why he was late.(表語從句) (the reason) why/for which he was late. (定語從句)當(dāng)先行詞為way時(shí)，定語從句常用that, in which,或how引導(dǎo)，that?？梢允÷?。way后的定語從句 的引導(dǎo)詞不用時(shí)較多。但如果關(guān)系詞在句中作主語或賓語時(shí)，則用which或that 引導(dǎo)。如:1. This is the way (that) /in which I do such things.比較: Please d

26、o the experiment in the way （that/which）I have shown you. 限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：1. 形式上，非限制性定語從句往往用逗號(hào)隔開。2. 語法上，非限制性定語從句一般不用that.3. 語義上，限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系緊密，起限定作用，如果去掉了這個(gè)定語從句，整個(gè)句子就不完整或者會(huì)改變意思；而非限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系不是很緊密，對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)充說明或描述的作用。1).This is the book I like best. 這就是我最喜歡的那本書。2).Beijing, which has been China'

27、;s capital for more than 800 years , is rich in cultural and historic relics. 北京是中國(guó)八百年之久的古都，它有著豐富的文化和歷史遺產(chǎn)。4. 翻譯時(shí)，限制性定語從句可譯為一句（較短的一般譯為"的"字結(jié)構(gòu)）；而非限制性定語從句可譯為兩句。（見上句翻譯）比較: He has a sister, who is a musician. He has a sister who is a musician.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞，指人時(shí)用who, whom, whose , 指物時(shí)用which , wh

28、ose; 關(guān)系副詞when，where, why, etc.1. He studied hard at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life.2. Tom's father, who arrived just now, is a famous scientist.3. They set up a separate state of their own, where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.4. He was proud

29、, which his brother never was. . 幾個(gè)易混淆的關(guān)系代詞的比較:(A) that & which:在定語從句中，which 和that 在指代事物時(shí)，一般可以互換使用，但并非在任何情況下都是這樣，這里介紹宜用that, 而不宜用which 的情況.(1) 先行詞為不定代詞，如all, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等。如：1.We should do all that is useful to the people .2.There's nothing th

30、at can be said about it .3.Do you mean the one that was bought yesterday? (2) 先行詞被only, any, few, little, no, just, very, one of等詞修飾時(shí)。如：1.The only thing that we could do was to wait.2.That's the very word that is wrongly used.3.The last place (that) we visited was the chemical works.4. You can t

31、ake any (=whichever) seat that is free.5. I hope the little that I can will be of some help to them.6.比較 *This is one of the best novels that were published last year. *This is the only one of the best novels that was published last year.(3) 先行詞是序數(shù)詞時(shí)或被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。如：1.When we talk about Wuxi, the first th

32、at comes into mind is Tai Lake.2.This is the third film that has been shown in our school this term.(4) 先行詞是最高級(jí)或被最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。如：1.This is the best that can be done now.2.The most important thing that should be done right now is how to stop him from going on.(5) 先行詞既有人又有物，用which和who都不適合，這時(shí)宜用that. 如：1.The w

33、riter and his novel that you have just talked about is really well known .2.The rider and his bike that had run over an old woman were held up by the police.(6) 被修飾詞為數(shù)詞時(shí). 如：1.Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water .Now you can see the two that are still alive .(7) 如果有兩個(gè)從句，其中一個(gè)關(guān)

34、系代詞已用which ,另一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞宜用that，以避免語言的單調(diào)或重復(fù)。如：1.Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.(8) 疑問詞是who或which，關(guān)系代詞宜用that，以避免重復(fù)。如：1. Which is the book that you like best?2. Who is the man that is standing at the gate?(9) 主句是There be 結(jié)構(gòu)，修飾其主句的定語從句宜用that 作關(guān)系代詞. 如：1. There

35、is still a seat in the corner that is still free.(10) 被修飾成分為表語時(shí)，或者關(guān)系代詞本身是定語從句的表語時(shí)，該關(guān)系代詞宜用that . 如：1. That's a good book that will help you a lot.2. My home village is no longer the place ( that ) it used to be .定語從句中宜用which而不宜用that 的情況:(1) 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞的前面有介詞時(shí). 如：1.A zoo is a park in which many kinds of

36、 animals are kept for exhibition.2.Is this the room in which Mr. White lives?(2) 在非限制性定語從句中. 如：1.Crusoe's dog, which was are now very old, became ill and died .2.More and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming very popular in our country. (which指代主句)(3) 在一個(gè)句子中有兩個(gè)定語從句，其中一個(gè)定

37、語從句的關(guān)系代詞用了that, 另一個(gè)宜用which . 如：1. Let me show you the novel，that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us. 2. At the station I bought some magazines that might help me to pass the time on the train and which I could pass on to others when I finished them.(4) 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞后面帶有插入語時(shí). 如：1. Here

38、9;s the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.(5) 先行詞本身是that, 宜用which . 如：What's that which she is looking at?(6) 先行詞是those+復(fù)數(shù)名詞. 如：A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best.(B) who & that:who 和 that 指代人時(shí)，有些情況宜用who, 而不宜用that (1) 先行詞為anyone,

39、 anybody, those, all, one, ones, they, he, people時(shí). 如：1.The person I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works well.2.Anyone who (=Whoever) failed to come to the meeting yesterday must give his reason .3.Those who are not fit for their work should leave office at once4.I don't lik

40、e the ones (= those ) who talk big.5.Persons who are quarrelsome are despised.(2) 在There be 結(jié)構(gòu)中，修飾主語的定語從句宜用關(guān)系代詞who 指代人. 如：1.There is a gentleman who wants to see you .2.There are several students in our class who are still not sure about the use of attributive clauses.(3) 當(dāng)先行詞有較長(zhǎng)的后置定語時(shí). 如：1. I met a

41、 foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese very well.(4) 一個(gè)句子中帶有兩個(gè)定語從句，其中一個(gè)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞是that ,另一個(gè)則宜用who, 以免重復(fù). 如：1. The student that was praised at yesterday's meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard .(C) as & which: as & which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：(1)

42、 位置的不同：which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句只置于所限制的 句子后；as 位置較靈活，也就是說as可置于所限制的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后。如：1. He was late again, which made his teacher very angry.2. Jack, as you know, is an honest man. 或Jack is an honest man , as you know. 或As you know, Jack is an honest man.(2) 先行詞的不同：as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，其先行詞多為一個(gè)句子；which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，其先行詞

43、可以是一個(gè)詞，一個(gè)短語或一個(gè)句子。1. He was proud, which his brother never was. （先行詞是一個(gè)詞） She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.（先行詞是一個(gè)短語） He was proud, which I dislike very much.（先行詞是一個(gè)句子）2. He is an honest man, as is known to all. He was a foreigner, as I know from his accent.(3)

44、as 一般譯為"正如""就像"，"這一點(diǎn)"as we all know；as you know; as is known to all; as you see; as we can see; as has been expected; as we have imagined.附: 關(guān)系代詞的省略:1. This is the fastest train there is to Beijing.2. He asks for the latest book there is on the shelf.3. - What did the f

45、ootball player you were talking to want? - He would like to read or listen to an account of everything there is going on in the world.強(qiáng)化練習(xí)：1. Is this the factory _ you visited the other day?A. thatB. whereC. in whichD. the one2. Is this factory _ some foreign friends visited last Friday?A. thatB. wh

46、ereC. whichD. the one3. Is this the factory _ he worked ten years ago?A. thatB. whereC. whichD. the one4. The wolves hid themselves in the places _ couldnt be found.A. thatB. whereC. in whichD. in that5. The freezing point is the temperature _ water changes into ice.A. at which B. on that C. in whic

47、h D. of what6. The reason is _ he is unable to operate the machine.A. becauseB. whyC. thatD. whether7. Ill tell you _ he told me last week.A. all whichB. thatC. all thatD. which8. That tree, _ branches are almost bare, is very old.A. whoseB. of whichC. in whichD. on which9. I have bought the same dr

48、ess _ she is wearing.A. as B. that C. which D. what10. Were talking about the piano and the pianist _ were in the concert we attended last night.A. which B. whom C. who D. that11. Anyone _ this opinion may speak out.A. that againstsB. that againstC. who is againstD. who are against12. Didnt you see

49、the man _?A. I nodded just now B. whom I nodded just now C. I nodded to him just now D. I nodded to just now13. Is there anything _ to you?A. that is belongedB. that belongsC. that belongD. which belongs14. - “How do you like the book?”- “Its quite different from _ I read last month.”A. thatB. which

50、C. the oneD. the one what15. Mr. Zhang gave the textbook to all the pupils except _ who had already taken them.A. the onesB. onesC. someD. the others16. The train _ she was traveling was late.A. which B. where C. on which D. in that17. Its the third time _ late this month.A. that you arrived B. when

51、 you arrived C. that youve arrived D. when youve arrived18. May the fourth is the day _ we Chinese people will never forget.A. which B. when C. on which D. about which19. Is it in that factory _ “Red Flag” cars are produced?A. in which B. where C. which D. that20. He must be from Africa, _ can be se

52、en from his skin.A. that B. as C. who D. what21. He has two sons, _ work as chemists.A. two of whomB. both of whomC. both of whichD. all of whom22. I, _ your good friend, will try my best to help you out.A. who is B. who am C. that is D. what is23. I dont like _ you speak to her.A. the wayB. the way

53、 in thatC. the way whichD. the way of which24. The two things _ they felt very proud are Jims gold watch and Dellas hair.A. about which B. of which C. in which D. for which25. Do you know which hotel _?A. she is staying B. she is staying in C. is she staying D. is she staying in26. Who can think of a s