上海工程技術(shù)大學(xué)管理信息系統(tǒng)復(fù)習(xí)

1、MISRevisionChapterl?Growinginterdependencebetweenabilitytouseinformationtechnologyandabilitytoimplementcorporatestrategiesandachievecorporategoals?Businessfirmsinvestheavilyininformationsystemstoachievesixstrategicbusinessobjectives:OperationalexcellenceNewproducts,services,andbusinessmodelsCustomer

2、andsupplierintimacyImproveddecisionmakingCompetitiveadvantageSurvival利用信息技術(shù)和能力，實(shí)現(xiàn)公司戰(zhàn)略和實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)目標(biāo)的能力之間日益相互依存商業(yè)公司大量投資于信息系統(tǒng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)六個(gè)戰(zhàn)略業(yè)務(wù)目標(biāo)：1. 卓越運(yùn)營(yíng)新產(chǎn)品，服務(wù)和商業(yè)模式客戶和供應(yīng)商的親密關(guān)系改善決策競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)生存?Informationsystem:- SetofinterrelatedcomponentsCollect,process,store,anddistributeinformationSupportdecisionmaking,coordination,andc

3、ontrol?Informationvs.dataDataarestreamsofrawfactsInformationisdatashapedintomeaningfulform信息系統(tǒng)：-設(shè)置相互關(guān)聯(lián)的組成部分-收集，處理，存儲(chǔ)和分發(fā)信息-支持決策，協(xié)調(diào)和控制?信息與數(shù)據(jù)-數(shù)據(jù)是原始事實(shí)流-信息是數(shù)據(jù)的形成有意義的形式1. ?ThreeactivitiesofinformationsystemsproduceinformationorganizationsneedInput:CapturesrawdatafromorganizationorexternalenvironmentProces

4、sing:ConvertsrawdataintomeaningfulformOutput:Transfersprocessedinformationtopeopleoractivitiesthatuseit信息系統(tǒng)的三項(xiàng)活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的信息組織需要輸入：從捕獲的組織或外部環(huán)境的原始數(shù)據(jù)處理：原始數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換成有意義的形式輸出：傳輸處理的信息來(lái)使用它的人或活動(dòng)InformationSystemsAreMoreThanComputersUsinginformationsystemseffectivelyrequiresanunderstandingoftheorganization,management,a

5、ndinformationtechnologyshapingthesystems.Aninformationsystemcreatesvalueforthefirmasanorganizationalandmanagementsolutiontochallengesposedbytheenvironment.利用信息系統(tǒng)需要有效的組織，管理和信息技術(shù)塑造系統(tǒng)的理解。一個(gè)信息系統(tǒng)，為公司作為一個(gè)組織和管理解決方案被環(huán)境所帶來(lái)的挑戰(zhàn)創(chuàng)造價(jià)值。Q:ComplementaryAssets?Inordertoobtainmeaningfulvaluefrominformationsystems,orga

6、nizationsmustsupporttheirtechnologyinvestmentswithappropriatecomplementaryinvestmentsinorganizationsandmanagement.?Thesecomplementaryassetsincludenewbusinessmodelsandbusinessprocesses,supportiveorganizationalcultureandmanagementbehavior,appropriatetechnologystandards,regulations,andlaws.?Newinformat

7、iontechnologyinvestmentsareunlikelytoproducehighreturnsunlessbusinessesmaketheappropriatemanagerialandorganizationalchangestosupportthetechnology.為了從信息系統(tǒng)中獲得有意義的價(jià)值，企業(yè)必須支持他們的技術(shù)投資，在組織和管理的適當(dāng)補(bǔ)充投資。這些互補(bǔ)性資產(chǎn)，包括新的業(yè)務(wù)模式和業(yè)務(wù)流程，支持組織文化和管理行為，相應(yīng)的技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，法規(guī)和法律。新的信息技術(shù)投資，不太可能產(chǎn)生高回報(bào)，除非企業(yè)做出適當(dāng)?shù)墓芾砗徒M織變革，以支持該技術(shù)。UsingInformationSy

8、stemstoAchieveCompetitiveAdvantage?BusinessvaluechainmodelViewsfirmasseriesofactivitiesthataddvaluetoproductsorservicesHighlightsactivitieswherecompetitivestrategiescanbestbeapplied?Primaryactivitiesvs.supportactivitiesAteachstage,determinehowinformationsystemscanimproveoperationalefficiencyandimpro

9、vecustomerandsupplierintimacyUtilizebenchmarking,industrybestpractices企業(yè)價(jià)值鏈模型瀏覽次數(shù)事務(wù)所作為一系列的增值產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的活動(dòng)那里的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)策略才能最好地應(yīng)用亮點(diǎn)活動(dòng)主要活動(dòng)與輔助活動(dòng)在每個(gè)階段，確定信息系統(tǒng)如何能夠提高運(yùn)營(yíng)效率，改善客戶與供應(yīng)商的親密關(guān)系利用標(biāo)桿，行業(yè)最佳實(shí)踐BusinessProcessesandInformationSystems?Businessprocesses:- Workflowsofmaterial,information,knowledgeSetsofactivities,stepsMayb

10、etiedtofunctionalareaorbecross-functional?Businesses:Canbeseenascollectionofbusinessprocesses?Businessprocessesmaybeassetsorliabilities業(yè)務(wù)流程：的材料，信息，知識(shí)工作流程活動(dòng)組，步驟可連接到功能區(qū)或跨功能商家：可以看作是收集業(yè)務(wù)流程業(yè)務(wù)流程可能是資產(chǎn)或負(fù)債Chapter2TypesofInformationSystems?TransactionprocessingsystemsPerformandrecorddailyroutinetransactionsne

11、cessarytoconductbusiness?Examples:salesorderentry,payroll,shippingAllowmanagerstomonitorstatusofoperationsandrelationswithexternalenvironmentServeoperationallevelsServepredefined,structuredgoalsanddecisionmaking事務(wù)處理系統(tǒng)執(zhí)行和記錄必要進(jìn)行業(yè)務(wù)的日常交易例如：銷(xiāo)售訂單錄入，工資單，發(fā)貨允許管理者監(jiān)控業(yè)務(wù)，并與外部環(huán)境的關(guān)系狀態(tài)服務(wù)運(yùn)營(yíng)水平預(yù)定義的服務(wù)，結(jié)構(gòu)化的目標(biāo)和決策?Managem

12、entinformationsystemsServemiddlemanagementProvidereportsonfirm'scurrentperformance,basedondatafromTPS-ProvideanswerstoroutinequestionswithpredefinedprocedureforansweringthemTypicallyhavelittleanalyticcapability管理信息系統(tǒng)擔(dān)任中層管理人員提供對(duì)公司目前的業(yè)績(jī)報(bào)告的基礎(chǔ)上，從TPS數(shù)據(jù)解答常規(guī)問(wèn)題與預(yù)定義的程序，他們回答一般沒(méi)有什么分析能力?Decisionsupportsyste

13、msServemiddlemanagementSupportnon-routinedecisionmaking?Example:WhatisimpactonproductionscheduleifDecembersalesdoubled?OftenuseexternalinformationaswellfromTPSandMISModeldrivenDSS?Voyage-estimatingsystems-DatadrivenDSS?Intrawest'smarketinganalysissystems決策支持系統(tǒng)擔(dān)任中層管理人員支持非例行決策例如：什么是對(duì)生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃的影響，如果月銷(xiāo)售額

14、增加了一倍？經(jīng)常使用外部信息以及從TPS和MIS模型驅(qū)動(dòng)的決策支持系統(tǒng)航程估算系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動(dòng)的決策支持系統(tǒng)Intrawest酒店的市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷(xiāo)分析系統(tǒng)Chapter3?Businessintelligence-Classofsoftwareapplications-Analyzecurrentandhistoricaldatatofindpatternsandtrendsandaiddecision-makingUsedinsystemsthatsupportmiddleandseniormanagement?Data-drivenDSS?Executivesupportsystems(ESS)商業(yè)

15、智能軟件應(yīng)用類(lèi)分析當(dāng)前和歷史數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)律和趨勢(shì)，并幫助決策用于支持中高級(jí)管理系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動(dòng)的決策支持系統(tǒng)行政支持系統(tǒng)(ESS)BusinessIntelligenceintheEnterprise- ?BusinessintelligenceInfrastructureforcollecting,storing,analyzingdataproducedbybusinessDatabases,datawarehouses,datamarts- ?BusinessanalyticsToolsandtechniquesforanalyzingdataOLAP,statistics,models,d

16、atamining?BusinessintelligencevendorsCreatebusinessintelligenceandanalyticspurchasedbyfirms商業(yè)智能基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，用于收集，存儲(chǔ)，分析業(yè)務(wù)產(chǎn)生的數(shù)據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)，數(shù)據(jù)集市業(yè)務(wù)分析工具和技術(shù)，用于分析數(shù)據(jù)OLAP,數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，模型，數(shù)據(jù)挖掘商務(wù)智能廠商創(chuàng)建商業(yè)智能和分析了企業(yè)購(gòu)買(mǎi)TypesofInformationSystemsEnterpriseApplicationArchitectureEnterpriseapplicationsautomateprocessesthatspanmultiplebusi

17、nessfunctionsandorganizationallevelsandmayextendoutsidetheorganization.信息系統(tǒng)的類(lèi)型企業(yè)應(yīng)用架構(gòu)企業(yè)應(yīng)用程序自動(dòng)跨越多個(gè)業(yè)務(wù)功能和組織水平，并可能延長(zhǎng)該組織以外的進(jìn)程。1 ManagementStructureforInformationSystemsProjects:_Corporatestrategicplanninggroup.2 :_ISsteeringcommittee.3 :_ProjectManagement.1 :_ProjectTeam_信息系統(tǒng)項(xiàng)目管理架構(gòu):_企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃GROUP_:_IS指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)。

18、2 :項(xiàng)目Management_。:_項(xiàng)目組_EnterpriseSystems?EnterpriseSystemsAlsocalledaenterpriseresourceplanning(ERP)systems”SuiteofintegratedsoftwaremodulesandacommoncentraldatabaseCollectsdatafrommanydivisionsoffirmforuseinnearlyalloffirm'sinternalbusinessactivitiesInformationenteredinoneprocessisimmediatelyav

19、ailableforotherprocesses企業(yè)系統(tǒng)?企業(yè)系統(tǒng)-也被稱(chēng)為企業(yè)資源規(guī)劃(ERP)系統(tǒng)”-集成軟件模塊套件和一個(gè)共同的中央數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)-從公司的許多部門(mén)用于收集在幾乎所有的公司的內(nèi)部業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)的數(shù)據(jù)-在一個(gè)過(guò)程中輸入的信息，可立即用于其他進(jìn)程TypesofInformationSystems- ?Supplychainmanagement(SCM)systemsManagefirm'srelationshipswithsuppliersShareinformationabout?Orders,production,inventorylevels,deliveryofproduc

20、tsandservicesNetworkoforganizationsandprocessesfor:?Procuringrawmaterials?Transformingthemintoproducts?Distributingtheproducts信息系統(tǒng)的類(lèi)型?供應(yīng)鏈管理(SCM)系統(tǒng)-管理與供應(yīng)商的公司的關(guān)系-關(guān)于股票信息?訂單，生產(chǎn)，庫(kù)存水平，提供產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)-網(wǎng)絡(luò)的組織和流程：?采購(gòu)原材料?轉(zhuǎn)化成產(chǎn)品?配送產(chǎn)品SupplyChainManagementSystems?InformationandsupplychainmanagementInefficienciescutintoaco

21、mpany'soperatingcosts?Canwasteupto25%ofoperatingexpenses-Just-in-timestrategy:?Componentsarriveastheyareneeded?Finishedgoodsshippedafterleavingassemblyline-Safetystock?Bufferforlackofflexibilityinsupplychain-BullwhipeffectInformationaboutproductdemandgetsdistortedasitpassesfromoneentitytonextacr

22、osssupplychain供應(yīng)鏈管理系統(tǒng)?信息與供應(yīng)鏈管理-效率低下切成公司的運(yùn)營(yíng)成本?會(huì)浪費(fèi)高達(dá)營(yíng)運(yùn)開(kāi)支25%-剛剛在時(shí)間策略：?在需要時(shí)到達(dá)的組件?離開(kāi)裝配線后，制成品運(yùn)-安全庫(kù)存?緩沖區(qū)缺乏供應(yīng)鏈的靈活性-牛鞭效應(yīng)有關(guān)產(chǎn)品需求信息被扭曲，因?yàn)樗鼈鬟f從一個(gè)實(shí)體到下一個(gè)跨越供應(yīng)鏈TypesofInformationSystems?Customerrelationshipmanagementsystems:Provideinformationtocoordinateallofthebusinessprocessesthatdealwithcustomersinsales,marketing,

23、andservicetooptimizerevenue,customersatisfaction,andcustomerretention-Integratefirm'scustomer-relatedprocessesandconsolidatecustomerinformationfrommultiplecommunicationchannels信息系統(tǒng)的類(lèi)型?客戶關(guān)系管理系統(tǒng)：-提供信息，以協(xié)調(diào)所有與客戶打交道的銷(xiāo)售，營(yíng)銷(xiāo)和服務(wù)的業(yè)務(wù)流程，優(yōu)化收入，客戶滿意度和客戶保留-整合企業(yè)的客戶相關(guān)的流程，并從多個(gè)溝通渠道整合客戶信息CustomerRelationshipManageme

24、ntSystems- ?KnowingthecustomerInlargebusinesses,toomanycustomersandtoomanywayscustomersinteractwithfirm?Customerrelationshipmanagement(CRM)systemsCaptureandintegratecustomerdatafromallovertheorganizationConsolidateandanalyzecustomerdataDistributecustomerinformationtovarioussystemsandcustomertouchpoi

25、ntsacrossenterpriseProvidesingleenterpriseviewofcustomers客戶關(guān)系管理系統(tǒng)?了解客戶-在大型企業(yè)，客戶太多，太多的方式與客戶互動(dòng)公司?客戶關(guān)系管理(CRM)系統(tǒng)-捕獲和來(lái)自全國(guó)各地的企業(yè)整合客戶數(shù)據(jù)-鞏固和分析客戶數(shù)據(jù)-分發(fā)客戶信息的各種系統(tǒng)和客戶接觸點(diǎn)的跨企業(yè)-為客戶提供單一企業(yè)視圖TypesofInformationSystems?Knowledgemanagementsystems(KMS)-Supportprocessesforacquiring,creating,storing,distributing,applying,int

26、egratingknowledge?Howtocreate,produce,distributeproductsandservicesCollectinternalknowledgeandexperiencewithinfirmandmakeitavailabletoemployeesLinktoexternalsourcesofknowledge信息系統(tǒng)的類(lèi)型篆口識(shí)管理系統(tǒng)(KMS)-獲取，創(chuàng)建，存儲(chǔ)，分發(fā)，應(yīng)用，整合知識(shí)支持流程洌何創(chuàng)建，生產(chǎn)，銷(xiāo)售的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)-收集內(nèi)部知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，在公司，并使其員工使用-鏈接到知識(shí)的外部來(lái)源Chapter9EnterpriseSystems?Enterpr

27、iseSystemsAlsocalledaenterpriseresourceplanning(ERP)systems”SuiteofintegratedsoftwaremodulesandacommoncentraldatabaseCollectsdatafrommanydivisionsoffirmforuseinnearlyalloffirm'sinternalbusinessactivitiesInformationenteredinoneprocessisimmediatelyavailableforotherprocesses企業(yè)系統(tǒng)也被稱(chēng)為企業(yè)資源規(guī)劃(ERP)系統(tǒng)”集成

28、的軟件模塊套件和一個(gè)共同的中央數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)從公司的許多部門(mén)用在幾乎所有的公司的內(nèi)部業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)中收集數(shù)據(jù)在一個(gè)過(guò)程中輸入的信息，立即可用于其他進(jìn)程:Howdocustomerrelationshipmanagementsystemshelpfirmsachievecustomerintimacy?Customerrelationshipmanagement(CRM)systemsintegrateandautomatecustomer-facingprocessesinsales,marketing,andcustomerservice,providinganenterprise-wideviewofc

29、ustomers.Companiescanusethisknowledgewhentheyinteractwithcustomerstoprovidethemwithbetterserviceortosellnewproductsandservices.Thesesystemsalsoidentifyprofitableornonprofitablecustomersoropportunitiestoreducethechurnrate.?Themajorcustomerrelationshipmanagementsoftwarepackagesprovidecapabilitiesforbo

30、thoperationalCRMandanalyticalCRM.Theyoftenincludemodulesformanagingrelationshipswithsellingpartners(partnerrelationshipmanagement)andforemployeerelationshipmanagement.如何客戶關(guān)系管理系統(tǒng)幫助企業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)客戶的親密關(guān)系？溶戶關(guān)系管理(CRM)系統(tǒng)集成和自動(dòng)化面向客戶的流程在銷(xiāo)售，營(yíng)銷(xiāo)和客戶服務(wù)，為客戶提供的企業(yè)級(jí)視圖。當(dāng)他們與客戶進(jìn)行互動(dòng)，為他們提供更好的服務(wù)或推銷(xiāo)新產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的公司可以利用這方面的知識(shí)。這些系統(tǒng)還找出有利可圖的或非贏

31、利性的客戶或機(jī)會(huì)，以降低客戶流失率。沖要的客戶關(guān)系管理軟件套件提供了兩種操作型CRM和分析型CRM的功能。它們通常包括模塊，用于管理與銷(xiāo)售合作伙伴(合作伙伴關(guān)系管理)和員工關(guān)系管理的關(guān)系。OrganizationsandInformationSystems?Informationtechnologyandorganizationsinfluenceoneanother-Complexrelationshipinfluencedbyorganization's?Structure?Businessprocesses?Politics?Culture?Environment,and?Man

32、agementdecisions組織和信息系統(tǒng)?信息技術(shù)和組織的相互影響-復(fù)雜的關(guān)系，通過(guò)組織的影響?吉構(gòu)?#務(wù)流程彼治沒(méi)化那境和希理決策OrganizationsandInformationSystems?Whatisanorganization?-Technicaldefinition:?Stable,formalsocialstructurethattakesresourcesfromenvironmentandprocessesthemtoproduceoutputs?Aformallegalentitywithinternalrulesandprocedures,aswellasas

33、ocialstructure-Behavioraldefinition:?Acollectionofrights,privileges,obligations,andresponsibilitiesthatisdelicatelybalancedoveraperiodoftimethroughconflictandconflictresolution組織和信息系統(tǒng)?什么是組織？-技術(shù)的定義：?穩(wěn)定的，正式的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)，需要從資源，環(huán)境和處理它們產(chǎn)生的輸出?一個(gè)正式的法律實(shí)體與內(nèi)部規(guī)則和程序，以及一個(gè)社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)-行為的定義：?的權(quán)利，特權(quán)，義務(wù)和責(zé)任的集合，是精心一段時(shí)間，通過(guò)沖突和解決沖突的平衡?

34、Featuresoforganizations?Useofhierarchicalstructure?Accountability,authorityinsystemofimpartialdecisionmaking?Adherencetoprincipleofefficiency?Routinesandbusinessprocesses?Organizationalpolitics,culture,environmentsandstructures組織特點(diǎn)采用層次結(jié)構(gòu)問(wèn)責(zé)，權(quán)力公正決策系統(tǒng)堅(jiān)持效率原則程序和業(yè)務(wù)流程組織政治，文化，環(huán)境和結(jié)構(gòu)UsingInformationSystemstoA

35、chieveCompetitiveAdvantage?Whydosomefirmsbecomeleadersintheirindustry?MichaelPorter'scompetitiveforcesmodelProvidesgeneralviewoffirm,itscompetitors,andenvironmentFivecompetitiveforcesshapefateoffirmTraditionalcompetitorsNewmarketentrantsSubstituteproductsandservicesCustomersSuppliers利用信息系統(tǒng)獲得競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)

36、獲什么有的企業(yè)成為其所在行業(yè)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者？邁克爾欲特的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力模型-提供公司，它的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手，以及環(huán)境的一般看法-堅(jiān)定的五種競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力量塑造命運(yùn)傳統(tǒng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手新的市場(chǎng)進(jìn)入者替代產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)客戶供應(yīng)商PORTERSCOMPETITIVEFORCESMODELTheFirmCompetitorsSubstitutepraduchSuppliersCustomersInPorter'competitiveforcesmodel,thestrategicpositionofthefirmanditsstrategiesaredeterminednotonlybycompetitionwithitstradi

37、tionaldirectcompetitorsbutalsobyfourotherforcesintheindustrysuppliers.senvironment:newmarketentrants,substituteproducts,customers,and新的市場(chǎng)進(jìn)入者，替代產(chǎn)品，客戶和供應(yīng)商：在波特的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力模型，該公司及其戰(zhàn)略中的戰(zhàn)略地位不僅受到其傳統(tǒng)的直接競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，同時(shí)也被其他四大勢(shì)力在行業(yè)中的環(huán)境所決定Newmarketentrants的。?Fourgenericstrategiesfordealingwithcompetitiveforces,enabledbyusing

38、IT-Low-costleadership-ProductdifferentiationFocusonmarketnicheStrengthencustomerandsupplierintimacy為應(yīng)對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力量四種通用的策略，通過(guò)使用它啟用低成本的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)產(chǎn)品差異化專(zhuān)注于利基市場(chǎng)加強(qiáng)客戶和供應(yīng)商的親密關(guān)系Chapter10E-commerceandtheInternet?Whye-commerceisdifferent-8uniquefeaturesUbiquity?Internet/Webtechnologyavailableeverywhere:work,home,etc.,anytime.

39、Globalreach?Thetechnologyreachesacrossnationalboundaries,aroundEarthUniversalstandards?Onesetoftechnologystandards:InternetstandardsRichness?Supportsvideo,audio,andtextmessages電子商務(wù)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)必什么電子商務(wù)是不同的-8獨(dú)特的功能無(wú)處不在?互聯(lián)網(wǎng)/Web技術(shù)隨處可見(jiàn)：工作，家庭等等，隨時(shí)隨地。全球覆蓋?亥技術(shù)達(dá)到跨越國(guó)界，地球繞通用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)八組技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：互聯(lián)網(wǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)豐富度妝持視頻，音頻和文本消息?8uniquefeatures(

40、cont.)Interactivity?ThetechnologyworksthroughinteractionwiththeuserInformationdensity?LargeincreasesininformationdensitythetotalamountandqualityofinformationavailabletoallmarketparticipantsPersonalization/Customization?Technologypermitsmodificationofmessages,goodsSocialtechnology?Thetechnologypromot

41、esusercontentgenerationandsocialnetworking?8個(gè)獨(dú)特的功能(續(xù))互動(dòng)性?該技術(shù)的工作原理，通過(guò)與用戶的交互信息密度?大增加信息密度，總量和信息提供給所有市場(chǎng)參與者的質(zhì)量個(gè)性化/定制?技術(shù)允許的郵件，貨物的修改社會(huì)技術(shù)?該技術(shù)促進(jìn)用戶生成內(nèi)容和社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)E-commerce:BusinessandTechnology?Typesofe-commerce?Business-to-consumer(B2C)?Business-to-business(B2B)?Consumer-to-consumer(C2C)?Mobilecommerce(m-commerce

42、)電子商務(wù)：商業(yè)與技術(shù)?電子商務(wù)的類(lèi)型?企業(yè)對(duì)消費(fèi)者(B2C)?企業(yè)對(duì)企業(yè)(B2B)初肖費(fèi)者對(duì)消費(fèi)者(C2C)孵動(dòng)商務(wù)(m-商務(wù))?E-commercerevenuemodelsAdvertisingSalesSubscriptionFree/FreemiumTransactionFeeAffiliate電子商務(wù)的收入模式廣告銷(xiāo)售訂閱免費(fèi)/免費(fèi)增值交易費(fèi)加盟Chapter12DecisionMakingandInformationSystems?BusinessvalueofimproveddecisionmakingImprovinghundredsofthousandsof"sm

43、all"decisionsaddsuptolargeannualvalueforthebusiness?Typesofdecisions:Unstructured:Decisionmakermustprovidejudgment,evaluation,andinsighttosolveproblemStructured:Repetitiveandroutine;involvedefiniteprocedureforhandlingsotheydonothavetobetreatedeachtimeasnewSemistructured:Onlypartofproblemhasclea

44、r-cutanswerprovidedbyacceptedprocedure決策與信息系統(tǒng)?改進(jìn)決策的商業(yè)價(jià)值-改善數(shù)以十萬(wàn)計(jì)的“小”的決定加起來(lái)大型年度價(jià)值為企業(yè)?類(lèi)型的決策：-非結(jié)構(gòu)化：決策制造商必須提供的判斷，評(píng)價(jià)和洞察力來(lái)解決問(wèn)題-結(jié)構(gòu)：重復(fù)和常規(guī)；涉及定程序處理，以便他們不必每次都被當(dāng)作新-半結(jié)構(gòu)化：只有部分的問(wèn)題有被接受的過(guò)程提供明確的答案?The4stagesofthedecisionmakingprocessIntelligence?Discovering,identifying,andunderstandingtheproblemsoccurringintheorganizationDesign?IdentifyingandexploringsolutionstotheproblemChoice?ChoosingamongsolutionalternativesImplementation?Maki