不同文體的寫作

1、不同文體的寫作一. 教學(xué)內(nèi)容：不同文體的寫作書面表達(dá)旨在測(cè)試學(xué)生的英語書面表達(dá)能力。高考的書面表達(dá)是一種指導(dǎo)性寫作。試題對(duì)寫作的目的，對(duì)象，體裁及字?jǐn)?shù)等都有明確的規(guī)定。提供給學(xué)生的材料形式為文字，圖畫或圖表。試題要求學(xué)生根據(jù)所給的情景和要表達(dá)的意義，寫出一篇 100 字左右的文章。高考中常見的文體為記敘文、說明文、議論文和應(yīng)用文等。（一）記敘文：記敘文是以敘述人物的經(jīng)歷或事物的發(fā)展變化過程為主的一種文體。它分為記人和記事兩種。記敘文的幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)為：1. 時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件，這幾個(gè)要素在寫作時(shí)要交代清楚。2. 人稱：記敘文一般可以有第一人稱和第三人稱兩種敘事方式：第一人稱是作者以當(dāng)事人的口吻，

2、把文章中的事情以“我”的所見所聞的方式來敘述，第三人稱是寫作者從旁觀者的角度來敘述，反映事件中的不同人的感受和見解。3. 記敘文的線索一般為時(shí)間，即按照事件的發(fā)展順序來寫。以可以按照地點(diǎn)的線索來寫，即以地點(diǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)移為順序。4. 重點(diǎn)突出，層次分明，詳略得當(dāng)。5. 注意文章的完整性。6. 所用的時(shí)態(tài)通常為一般過去時(shí)。例： NMET 2004 遼寧卷下面四幅圖片描述的是星期天上午在中山公園里發(fā)生的一件事。請(qǐng)根據(jù)圖片所提供的信息用英語為你校的“英語園地”寫一篇文章。注意：1. 短文必須包括所有圖片的主要內(nèi)容，短文的內(nèi)容要連貫，完整。 2. 短文單詞數(shù) 100左右。 3. 參考詞匯：貨攤 stand 搶

3、奪 snatch 逮捕 arrest寫作步驟：1. 審題：理解圖意，將幾幅圖連成一個(gè)完整的故事。2. 列出要點(diǎn)：地點(diǎn)：公園的冰激凌貨攤旁。人物：一名年輕婦女，一個(gè)小偷和一個(gè)老人。事件：年輕婦女的包被搶，人們追趕，老人用傘將其絆倒，警察逮捕搶劫者，婦女和人們感謝老人。3. 將要點(diǎn)擴(kuò)展成文，注意上下文的連接，用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞，副詞。4. 通讀一遍，改錯(cuò)。Possible Version：One Sunday morning, there were some people in ZhongshanPark. At a stand, a woman was buying an ice cream when

4、 a young man behind her snatched her handbag away. She shouted, “Stop the thief! Hes snatched my bag!” Hearing this, a few people began to run after him. There was an old man sitting quietly on a bench nearby. As the snatcher was running past him, the old man quickly picked up his umbrella and put i

5、t between the snatchers legs. The young man fell down on the ground hard. Soon two policemen came in a police car and arrested him. The woman thanked the old man, and the people around praised the old man for his cleverness. （二）議論文：在近幾年的高考中，議論文的比重占得越來越多，議論文的出題形式可以多種多樣，有看圖寫作、圖表、表格、書信等各種類型，但文體實(shí)際上是議論文，

6、而有時(shí)是夾敘的議論文。議論文的寫作要點(diǎn)是：1. 觀點(diǎn)鮮明，文章一定有一個(gè)明確的中心論點(diǎn)。2. 層次分明，一個(gè)中心論點(diǎn)通常有幾個(gè)分論點(diǎn)支持，不同層次之間要分明，過渡清晰自然。3. 最后一段一般要總結(jié)全文，得出一個(gè)符合邏輯的結(jié)論，突出中心思想。4. 一般采用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。5. 語言簡(jiǎn)潔有力，一般不采用口語。例：2005年全國(guó)高考英語(福建卷)目前，學(xué)校存在少數(shù)學(xué)生考試作弊現(xiàn)象。某英文雜志社擬對(duì)此現(xiàn)象向中學(xué)生征文，標(biāo)題是“My opinion on Cheating in Examinations”，請(qǐng)根據(jù)下列提示用英語寫一篇征文稿。內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)如下：主要原因考試偏多，偏難不用功，懶惰取悅老師，父母?jìng)€(gè)人看

7、法作弊不對(duì)，影響校規(guī)要誠(chéng)實(shí)，努力學(xué)習(xí)其他看法注意：1. 短文必須包括所有內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，可適當(dāng)發(fā)揮； 2. 短文標(biāo)題與開頭已為你寫好，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)； 3. 詞數(shù)：100左右； 4. 參考詞匯：作弊 cheat (v.)寫作思路：1. 首先審題，確定要點(diǎn)本文的中心論題是：My pinions on Cheating in Examinations ，所以首先要提出中心論題，點(diǎn)題。2. 接下來從兩方面來討論這個(gè)問題，可以分做兩段，現(xiàn)分析這種現(xiàn)象的產(chǎn)生原因，然后很自然地過渡到自己的看法。在講述自己看法時(shí)要有鮮明的觀點(diǎn)及支持觀點(diǎn)的論據(jù)。3. 最后對(duì)自己的觀點(diǎn)做簡(jiǎn)短的總結(jié)，點(diǎn)題。Possible Versio

8、n：My opinions on Cheating in ExaminationsIt is known to us all that some students cheat in examinations at school. As students, we often take examinations at school, but sometimes we have too many examinations which are too difficult for us. On the other hand, some of us are lazy and dont work hard

9、at their lessons. So when taking examinations, they sometimes cheat in order to get better results to please their parents and teachers.In my opinions , it is wrong to cheat in examinations because it breaks the rules of schools. We students should be honest and try to get good results by studying h

10、ard instead of cheating in examinations. Whats more, we should improve our study methods and get well prepared for examinations.In a word, it is wrong to cheat in examinations.（三）說明文：說明文是以簡(jiǎn)明的文字介紹事物的形狀、性質(zhì)、構(gòu)造、變化、功用、特征等的文章。寫好說明文的關(guān)鍵是抓住事物的特征，說明事物的順序要有一定的邏輯性。說明文常見的順序有時(shí)間順序、空間順序、邏輯順序等。例： NMET 2004 江蘇假設(shè)你是李曉華

11、，住在江城。你的加拿大筆友Bob來信談到了你所居住的城市，并希望了解你家鄉(xiāng)江城的情況。請(qǐng)你用英語寫一封回信?；匦疟仨毎ㄏ卤碇械膬?nèi)容：自然情況位于長(zhǎng)江邊，風(fēng)景優(yōu)美，適合居住成就經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展迅速新建了不少工廠、住房、道路等存在問題水，空氣污染交通擁擠對(duì)江城發(fā)展的看法自己擬定注意：1. 回信中不能使用“江城”以外的地名。2. 詞數(shù)：100左右。信的開頭與結(jié)尾已為你寫好，不計(jì)入詞數(shù)。3. 參考詞匯：經(jīng)濟(jì) economy n.Dear Bob, Its very kind of you to write me and let me know about our beautiful city. Now Id

12、 like to tell you something about my hometown Jiangcheng.Yours, Xiaohua寫作思路：1. 首先確定這是一篇描述地方的說明文。2. 確定寫作要點(diǎn)：根據(jù)所給信息，大體可以分為三個(gè)部分城市簡(jiǎn)介，可以按照地理位置、自然環(huán)境、城市面貌和變化發(fā)展這樣的邏輯順序?qū)懀酉聛韺懩憧吹降膯栴}，最后寫你的一些看法和建議。3. 各層次之間注意使用恰當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞，讓過渡自然，結(jié)構(gòu)合理。比如： however, in my opinion 等。Possible Version：Dear Bob, Its very kind of you to write m

13、e and let me know about our beautiful city. Now Id like to tell you something about my hometown Jiangcheng.The city stands on the bank of the Changjiang river. It is a beautiful place for people to live in. Its economy has been developing rapidly in the past ten years. New factories, houses, and roa

14、ds have been built. More schools and hospitals are available for its people. However, there are still some problems, such as water and air pollution and heavy traffic in rush hours. In my opinion, Jiangcheng should develop its economy scientifically. I would also think that the growth of its populat

15、ion should be brought under control so that well have a better hometown in future.Yours, Xiaohua（四）應(yīng)用文：包括書信、通知、便條等。（1）書信寫作：在我們的日常生活中，我們經(jīng)常給朋友、父母、親戚等寫信，這些信件都屬于私人信件。私人書信是寫給親朋好友的，不僅是互通信息的工具，也是交流感情的渠道。書信寫作是高考中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的一種題型。寫作時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下要點(diǎn)：1. 寫好開頭，提一提來信里談到的各項(xiàng)事情，順筆寫來。2. 一般先答復(fù)對(duì)方的問題，然后再談自己想要說的話。3. 結(jié)束信時(shí)要向?qū)Ψ奖硎居焉苹蛴H切的問候。

16、 4. 語言要自然、平實(shí)、簡(jiǎn)潔。Useful Expressions：1. Im very pleased to hear from you yesterday.2. Im sorry Ive taken so long to answer your last letter.3. We were all so pleased to hear you will be coming to visit us.4. Look forward to hearing from you soon.5. Please write back soon.6. Do write to us when you hav

17、e time.7. We hope to hear from you soon.8. Give my best wishes to the family.例：NMET 2005北京卷美國(guó)中學(xué)生Jeff將要來你所在的紅星中學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)中文，經(jīng)協(xié)商安排住在你家。假設(shè)你是李華，請(qǐng)給Jeff寫一封信，按照下圖順序介紹他來中國(guó)后的生活安排。注意：1. 信的開頭已為你寫好。2. 字?jǐn)?shù)不少于60。Dear Jeff,Im Li Hua from BeijingHongxingSchool. Im very happy to learn that youre going to stay with my family

18、 while you re in Beijing.寫作要點(diǎn)：1. 審清圖意信的內(nèi)容包括以下幾點(diǎn)：住宿、上學(xué)、就餐和課后活動(dòng)。2. 信可以分為三段來寫，力求結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，思路完整。3. 注意語言親切自然，避免使用過于書面的語言，比如過多的從句或過于華麗的詞匯。Possible Version：Dear Jeff, Im Li Hua from BeijingHongxingSchool . Im very happy to learn that youre going to stay with my family while youre in Beijing. While you are here,

19、 well provide you with a room of your own with a bed, a desk, a couple of chairs and a TV. Youll also have your own bathroom. Our school is quite close to our home, so we could go to school together by bike. At noon well eat at the school dining hall. Im sure youll like the delicious Chinese food th

20、ere, and enjoy talking with friends over lunch. Classes in our school usually finish at 4:00 in the afternoon. You can then join other students in playing games or swimming. It will be a lot of fun. If you have any questions or requests, please let me know. Well try our best to make your stay here i

21、n Beijing a pleasant experience.Best wishes,Li Hua（2）通知的寫作通知是一種安排活動(dòng)或布置工作時(shí)使用的文體，包括了口頭通知和書面通知?？陬^通知是當(dāng)面向有關(guān)人員口授有關(guān)活動(dòng)的信息，而書面通知是以布告的形式把事情通知給有關(guān)人員。通知的要素是時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，對(duì)象，事件具體內(nèi)容，注意事項(xiàng)等。通知的語言應(yīng)該是簡(jiǎn)潔明了，直截了當(dāng)。還應(yīng)該注意要有一定的邏輯順序。注意：1）口頭通知一般都會(huì)將下列詞句放在開頭Ladies and gentlemenBoys and girlsMay I have your attention , please?I have something important to tell you.結(jié)尾時(shí)會(huì)以以下句子結(jié)束：Thats all. Thank you.2）書面通知在正文之前的正中位置寫Notice字樣，結(jié)尾要寫明時(shí)間及發(fā)出通知的單位。例：廣播通知：你校學(xué)生會(huì)將為來訪的美國(guó)朋友舉辦一個(gè)晚會(huì)，要在