初中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納

1、般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法1）經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻腮度的時(shí)間狀語連用。時(shí)間狀語：every ，sometimes, at ，on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2）客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3）表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必?cái)?。注?此用法如果出現(xiàn)在 賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時(shí)，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例:Columbus proved tha

2、t the earth is round.4）現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。I don ' t want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。再如:Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back.第二句中的 now 是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的

3、動(dòng)作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。2. 一般過去時(shí)的用法1）在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。時(shí)間狀語有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 等。Where did you go just now?2）表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。When I was a child, I often played football in the street.Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welc

4、ome.3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth " 到時(shí)間了 ""該了"It is time sb. did sth." 時(shí)間已遲了 ""早該了"It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺了。would （had） rather sb. did sth.表示'寧愿某人做某事I ' d rather you came tomorrow.4） wish, wonder, th

5、ink, hope 等用過去時(shí)，作試探性的詢問、請(qǐng)求、建議等。I thought you might have some.我以為你想要一些。比較：一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。Christine was an invalid all her life.（含義:她已不在人間。）Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含義:她現(xiàn)在還活著）Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含義:達(dá)比太太已不再住在 肯塔基州。）Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentuck

6、y for seven years.（含義:現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去）注意：用過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語氣。1）動(dòng)詞 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。Did you want anything else?I wondered if you could help me.2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would.Could you lend me your bike?3. used to / be used toused to + do:"過去常常"表示過去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。Mother used not to

7、be so forgetful.Scarf used to take a walk.（過去常常散步）be used to + doing: 對(duì)已感到習(xí)慣，或"習(xí)慣于"，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。He is used to a vegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking a walk.（現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于散步）典型例題Your phone number again? I quite catch it.- It ' s 69568442.A. didn ' t B. couldn ' t C. don ' t D

8、. can ' t答案A.本句雖沒有明確的時(shí)間狀語，但從語意上看出，在聽的時(shí)候沒有聽懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，因此應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。4. 一般將來時(shí)1) shall用于第一人稱，常被 will所代替。will在陳述句中用于各人稱，在爭(zhēng)求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱。Which paragraph shall I read first.Will you be at home at seven this evening?2) be going to + 不定式，表示將來。a.主語的意圖，即將做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow?b.計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。The play

9、 is going to be produced next month 。c.有跡象要發(fā)生的事Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.3) be +不定式表將來，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。We are to discuss the report next Saturday.4) be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing.注意：be about to 不能與tomorrow, next week等表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語連用。5. be going to

10、 / will用于條件句時(shí)， be going to 表將來will表意愿If you are going to make a journey, you' d better get ready for it a s soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.6. be to 和 be going tobe to表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事。be going to 表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。I am to

11、play football tomorrow afternoon.（客觀安排）I ' m going to play football tomorrow afternoon.（ 主觀安排 ）7. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來1）下列動(dòng)詞：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return 的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來。這主要用來 表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.2）倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，

12、如 ：Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.3）在時(shí)間或條件句中。When Bill comes （ 不是 will come）, ask him to wait for me.I ' ll write to you as soon as I arrive there.4）在動(dòng)詞 hope, take care that, make sure that 等后。I hope they have a nice time next week.Make sure th

13、at the windows are closed before you leave the room.11.用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型1）It is the first / second time,電部hah的從句部分，用 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。It is the first time that I have visited the city.It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is the that結(jié)構(gòu)，that從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).This is the best film that I' ve （ever） seen.這

14、是我看過的最好的電影。This is the first time （that） I' ve heard Ihmising.一次聽他唱歌。典型例題-Do you know our town at all?-No, this is the first time I here.A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming答案B. This is the first time后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選 B。（2） -Have you been to our town before?-No, it ' s the first time I he

15、re.A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無論何時(shí)，反意詞為 never ,此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。This is thelargest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause的句型中， 從句要用完成時(shí)。注意:非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可 以持續(xù)的。（錯(cuò)）I have received his letter for a month.（）I have

16、n ' t received hisetter for almost a month.12 .比較 since 和 forSince用來說明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來說明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here since I was born.My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.I have known Xiao Li since she

17、was a little girl.My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.注意:并非有for作為時(shí)間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。I worked here for more than twenty years.（我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。）I have worked here for many years.（現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。）小竅門：當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)+一段時(shí)間，這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，我們用下面的公式轉(zhuǎn)化，很容易就能排除 非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中的誤使。

18、1)() Tom has studied Russian for three years.=Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2)(錯(cuò))Harry has got married for six years.=Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.顯然， 第二句不對(duì)， 它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has bee

19、n married for six years.13 . since的四種用法1) since +過去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past six)I have been here since 1989.2) since + 一段時(shí)間 + agoI have been here since five months ago.3) since + 從句Great changes have taken place since you left.Considerable time has elapsed since we have been h

20、ere.4) It is + 一段時(shí)間+ since從句It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.被動(dòng)語態(tài)的幾種類型1)主語句中有一個(gè)賓語的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，如：He saw her in the shop yesterday.She was seen in the shop yesterday.2)主語有兩個(gè)賓語的被動(dòng)語態(tài)Li Lei gave me a chemistry book.I was given a chemistry book by Li Lei.A chemistry book was given to me by L

21、i Lei.3)主動(dòng)句中含 賓語補(bǔ)足語 的句子的被動(dòng)語態(tài)若賓語補(bǔ)足語是不帶to的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，該不定式前要加"to"。此類動(dòng)詞為感官動(dòng)詞：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watchThe teacher made me go out of the classroom.-> I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).We saw him play football on the playgrou

22、nd.-> He was seen to play football on the playground.若賓語補(bǔ)足語是帶to的不定式，那么被動(dòng)語態(tài)仍保留to:Mother told me not to be lateI was told not to be late by mother.5）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be +過去分詞，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)。Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.6）表示"據(jù)說"或"相信”的詞組believe, consider, declare,

23、expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand、.It is said that 據(jù)說It is reported that據(jù)報(bào)道It is believed that大家相信It is hoped that大家希望It is well known that眾所周知It is thought that大家認(rèn)為It is suggested that 據(jù)建議It is taken granted that 被視為當(dāng)然It has been decided that大家決定It must be remember that 務(wù)必

24、記住的是It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.14.延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞1）用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷；瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié)果，不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語連用。He has completed the work.他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。（表結(jié)果）I ' ve known him since then.我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。（表經(jīng)歷）2）用于till / until從句的差異 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句，表示"做直到"瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句，表示"到，才He didn ' t come back

25、 until ten o ' clock.他到10點(diǎn)才回來。He slept until ten o ' clock.他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。典型例題1. You don ' t need to describe her. I her several times.A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet答案B.首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。2.-1 ' m sorry to keep you wai ting.-Oh, not at a

26、ll. I here only a few minutes.A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be答案A.等待的動(dòng)作由過去開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn).不定式作賓語1）動(dòng)詞+不定式afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought pl

27、an prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake 舉例：The driver failed to see the other car in time.司機(jī)沒能及時(shí)看見另一輛車。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。2）動(dòng)詞+不定式；動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wi

28、sh I like to keep everything tidy.我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜歡你年使每件東西都保持整潔。I want to speak to Tom.我想和湯姆談話。I want you to speak to Tom.我想讓你和湯姆談話。3）動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+ todecide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tellPlease show us

29、 how to do that.請(qǐng)演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ?。There are so many kinds of tape- recorders on sale that I can ' t make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機(jī)，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。注意:疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。The question is how to put it into practice.問題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。2.不定式作補(bǔ)語1）動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式（to do）advise allow appoint believe cause challenge

30、command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn例句：a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.父親不讓我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠?。b. We believe him to be guilty.我們相信他是有罪的。Find的特殊用法：Find后可用分詞做賓補(bǔ)，或先加形式賓語，再加形容詞，最后加帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。find后也可帶一個(gè)從句。此類動(dòng)詞還有 get, have。I found him lying on the ground.I found it important to learn.I found that to learn English is important.春天的風(fēng)是有靈性的， 依著風(fēng)的