嵌入式系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)在只能工業(yè)自動(dòng)化中的應(yīng)用

1、Embedded Systems Design in IntelligentIndustrial AutomationLuca Ferrarini,1 Jose L. Martinez Lastra,2 Allan Martel,3 Antonio Valentini,4 and Valeriy Vyatkin51 Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy2 Department of Production Engineering, Tampere Univers

2、ity of Technology, 33101 Tampere, Finland3 O 3 neida Inc., 135 Dunbarton Court, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1K 4L64 O 3neida Europe, 42 rue de l'Eglise, 1150 Brussels, Belgium5 Department of Electricaland Computer Engineering, University ofAuckland, Private Bag 92019,Auckland 1142, New ZealandCorre

3、spondence shouldbe addressed to Valeriy Vyatkin,Received 16 January 2008; Accepted 16 January 2008Copyright ? 2008 Luca Ferrarini et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any me

4、dium, provided the original work is properly cited.Industrial automation (IA) is the vast area of embedded computing devoted to industrial applications. Apart from many tailored solutions(numerical controllers, hardware controllers, etc.) the scene is dominated by programmable logic controll rs, wid

5、ely known by the abbreviation PLC, which represent the most wide-spread class of embedded computing platforms. In the past, the progress in embedded technologies has determined qualitative breakthroughs in the performance of automation systems, their affordability and efficiency of thir design.Intel

6、ligent industrial automation (IIA) has appeared as a branch ofresearch and development, answering the challenges of flexible and adaptive manufacturing, which require mass customization instead of mass production. It stipulates the use of information and communication technology (ICT) methods and to

7、ols for creating self-configurable or easily-reconfigurable control systems to automate manufacturing processes.The automation systems need to go beyond being a collection of networking PLCs they should be intelligent in the way that they interact and behave and how they are used by a range of peopl

8、e, from control engineers to maintenance technicians. That is why the newly emerging trends in automation deal with service-oriented architectures, knowledge engineering, and Web-services. Most solutions to safety and predictive maintenance issues are implemented nowadays by such novel embedded solu

9、tions as wireless smart sensor networks.Automation systems research faces the same significant challenges as does the embedded systems world, of which itis an integral part. One of these is the quest for integrated high-level design methods, languages, and tools 1. In the automation domain this has

10、translated into the development of component-based software architectures supporting visual programming, such as the IEC 61499 standard 2 and strategies for controlling distributed applications 3.The challenges of designing these applications using embedded technologies are also contributing to the

11、development of the embedded technologies themselves, in turn giving rise to new challenges.This special issue is organized in collaboration with O3neida 4, the global organization, operating as a network of networks to promote distributed industrial automation based upon open standards.Taking the O3

12、neida perspective of the IA value added chain 5 means that an IA solution, developed or deployed by any organization, must include an analysis of the implications on the company's internalprocesses, on the management of its extended supply chain, all within the context of the complete product li

13、fe cycle.O3neida has recently extended its interest into new research-intensive application areas of IIA, such as(i) energy management,(ii) building automation,(iii) health over Internet protocol (HoIP).O3 neida facilitates collaboration of industrial, academic, and research organizations by providi

14、ng collaborative frameworks within which to conduct national and international research and development projects.It alsohelps withknowledge transferby supportingnewpublicationinitiatives,such as this specialissue, or a seriesofindustrialautomationbooks, recentlylaunched withtheInstrumentation Societ

15、y of America.O3 neida also works to develop and promulgate the international standards required to promote interoperable intelligent solutions in automation. For example, the joint paper 3 demonstrates collaboration of O3neida members from 9 organizations worldwide, in the work, aiming at the improv

16、ement of the IEC 61499 standard.Finally, O3neida has recently opened O3neida Europe, its second international node focused on European industrial automation activities. O3neida Asia is expected to be formed later this year.This special issue is a fine example of the collaboration environment, create

17、d by O3neida and enthusiastically supported by its members.The papers, selected for this special issue, cover a wide spectrum of the automation research, concerning topics such as extending the capabilities of embedded computing platforms, or using them to the benefit of automating demanding manufac

18、turing systems. These papers can be divided onto three thematic groups.The first group refers to the high-level system engineering in flexibleand reconfigurable manufacturing, implementing the idea of system-level languages in the IIA domain, which naturally leads to the new generation of embedded c

19、ontrol devices beyond PLCs. In particular, the paper by Ferscha et al. proposes a higher-level design methodology for flexible manufacturing systems with distributed control. The work by Ferrarini et al. applies metamodeling and model-driven architectures techniques for reconfigurable control of man

20、ufacturing systems. New programming architectures and methodologies for such controllers, in particular the novel IEC 61499 architecture, are discussed by Gerber et al. and Dubinin et al. Thus, Gerber et al. investigate migration from the currently dominating PLC architecture of IEC 61131-3 to IEC 6

21、1499. Dubinin et al. propose a formal syntacticmodel of IEC 61499,needed to address theissueof its executionsemantics.Thesecond groupof papersaddressesthe solutionsenablingintelligentnetworking,whichprogressesfromsimpledeviceconnectivity to provision of web-services and the use of service-orientedre

22、source-constrainedembedded platforms. Macia-P ' erez et al. dealwith the problem of managing control applications and embedded services in automated equipments through a specialized reference frame of IT services. Collado et al. address the problem of implementing an XML parser on embedded devic

23、e. The growing popularity of XML makes this work very relevant to many automation applications. Thramboulidis et al. propose the use of service-oriented architectures (SOA) as an integration technology to“glue ”different applications, usedin the design of intelligent automation systems. Lopez Orozco

24、 et al. deal with ' performa nee of the FIPA age nt-based protocols, which provide a higher-level communication language for intelligent automation nodes.The third group of papers represents the important area of verification and validation of embedded automation systems. Vyatkin et al. propose

25、a visual specification languageto be used in formal verification of modular automation systems.The works included in this special issue certainly cannot represent the whole body of relevant research. They rather highlight some exciting application areas of advanced embedded technologies. We hope thi

26、s special issue will facilitate joint research between the industrial automation and the embedded systems research communities.Luca FerrariniJose L. Martinez LastraAllan MartelAntonio ValentiniValeriy VyatkinREFERENCES1 T. A. Henzinger and J. Sifakis,“The discipline of embedded systemsdesign, ” Comp

27、uter, vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 32FO, 2007.2 “Functionblocks for industrial-process measurement and controlsystems part1: architecture, ” International ElectrotechnicalCommission, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005.3 C. Sunder, A. Zoitl, J. H. Christensen, et al., “Usabilityand interoperability of IEC 61499 based

28、 distributed automation systems,”inProceedings of the 4th IEEE Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN '06), pp. 31437, Singapore, August 2006.4 OOONEIDA, ..5 V. V. Vyatkin, J. H. Christensen, and J. L. M. Lastra,“OOONEIDA:an open, object-oriented knowledge economy for intelligen

29、t industrial automation, ”IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 4 -7, 2005.嵌入式系統(tǒng)在智能工業(yè)自動(dòng)化設(shè)計(jì)AntonioLuca Ferrarini,1 Jose L. MartinezLastra,2AllanMartel,3Valentini,4 and Valeriy Vyatkin51電子與信息系，20133米蘭，米蘭，意大利2生產(chǎn)工程，坦佩雷理工大學(xué)，坦佩雷 33101部，芬蘭3奧奈達(dá)公司，135丹巴頓郡法院，渥太華，安大略省，加拿大 k1k 4164奧奈達(dá)公

30、司歐洲，42 rue de I'eglise ， 1150布魯塞爾，比利時(shí)5電氣與計(jì)算機(jī)工程系，奧克蘭大學(xué)，專用袋 92019 1142 ，奧克蘭，新西 、人瓦列里維亞特金于 2008年1月16日向發(fā)出邀請2008年1月16日接受。費(fèi)拉里尼等人享有著作權(quán)。這是一個(gè)開放存取論 文知識(shí)共享署名許可下發(fā)布，允許無限制地使用，分配，和在任何媒體上復(fù)制， 提供原來的工作是正確的引用。工業(yè)自動(dòng)化（IA）是嵌入式計(jì)算投入工業(yè)應(yīng)用的廣區(qū)。除了許多量身定制的解決方案（數(shù)值控制器，硬件控制器等）現(xiàn)場可編程邏輯控制器通過RS為主，廣泛被簡稱PLC，它代表的嵌入式計(jì)算平臺(tái)的最廣泛的類。在過去，在嵌入式 技術(shù)的

31、進(jìn)步?jīng)Q定了質(zhì)的突破，自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)的性能，他們的能力和他們的設(shè)計(jì)效率。智能工業(yè)自動(dòng)化（IIA ）的出現(xiàn)為研究和發(fā)展提供一個(gè)分支，是對于靈活性 和適應(yīng)性制造的挑戰(zhàn)，這不是需要大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)和大規(guī)模定制。 它規(guī)定利用信息和 通信技術(shù)（ICT）創(chuàng)建自配置或容易重構(gòu)控制系統(tǒng)的自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)過程的方法和工 具。自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)是需要超越一個(gè)集網(wǎng)絡(luò) PLC應(yīng)在其相互作用和行為以及它們是如何通過一系列的人從控制工程師的維修技師的使用的方式， 。這就是為什么新 興的自動(dòng)化趨勢交易是面向服務(wù)的體系結(jié)構(gòu)、知識(shí)工程、和 Web服務(wù)。安全性 和預(yù)測性維護(hù)問題解決方案是最新的嵌入式解決方案，是通過無線智能傳感器網(wǎng) 絡(luò)來實(shí)現(xiàn)。嵌入式系統(tǒng)的

32、世界中的自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)的研究同樣面臨重大挑戰(zhàn)，這是不可或缺的一部分。其中一個(gè)高層次的綜合設(shè)計(jì)方法，語言和工具的追求，1 。在自動(dòng)化領(lǐng)域中這已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)化為基于組件的軟件架構(gòu)，支持可視化編程技術(shù)的發(fā)展，如 IEC 61499 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)2 和策略控制的分布式應(yīng)用程序3 。采用嵌入式技術(shù)不僅促進(jìn)了嵌入式技術(shù)本身的發(fā)展設(shè)計(jì)這些應(yīng)用所面臨的 挑戰(zhàn)，也帶來新的挑戰(zhàn)。這個(gè)特殊的問題是協(xié)同奧奈達(dá)4，全球機(jī)構(gòu)舉辦的，作為網(wǎng)絡(luò)推廣基于開 放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的分布式工業(yè)自動(dòng)化網(wǎng)絡(luò)運(yùn)行。使用IA增值鏈的奧奈達(dá)角度 是指一個(gè)IA的解決方案，開發(fā)或由組織部 署，必須包括對公司部流程的影響進(jìn)行分析， 其擴(kuò)展的供應(yīng)鏈的管理，所有的完 整的產(chǎn)品生命周期

33、的環(huán)境。奧奈達(dá)為最近成為新的研究密集型應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的IIA而擴(kuò)展了其利益，如i. 能源管理，ii. 樓宇自動(dòng)化，iii. 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)協(xié)議醫(yī)療（HOIP ）。奧奈達(dá)通過提供協(xié)同的框架進(jìn)行的國家和國際研究和發(fā)展項(xiàng)目從而促進(jìn)工 業(yè)、學(xué)術(shù)和研究機(jī)構(gòu)合作。如這個(gè)特殊的問題，美國儀器儀表學(xué)會(huì)最近推出的一系列工業(yè)自動(dòng)化的書籍，它也有助于知識(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移通過支持新的出版計(jì)劃。奧奈達(dá)還制定并頒布了一系列的有關(guān)促進(jìn)自動(dòng)化可互操作的智能解決方案的國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。例如，聯(lián)合文3 表明奧奈達(dá)成員合作來自全球9個(gè)組織，在工作 中，針對IEC 61499 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的改進(jìn)。最后，奧奈達(dá)最近開設(shè)了奧奈達(dá)歐洲，其第二國際節(jié)點(diǎn)集中在歐洲工業(yè)自動(dòng) 化活動(dòng)。奧奈達(dá)亞洲預(yù)計(jì)將于今年晚些時(shí)候形成。這個(gè)特殊的問題是協(xié)同環(huán)境的一個(gè)很好的例子， 得到了奧奈達(dá)和其成員的熱 情支持。這篇論文選擇這個(gè)特殊的問課題，它廣泛的涵蓋了自動(dòng)化研究的有關(guān)課題， 如擴(kuò)展嵌入式計(jì)算平臺(tái)的能力，或使用它們的自動(dòng)化要求的制造系統(tǒng)的好處。 這 些論文可分為三個(gè)專題組。第一組是指在柔性和可重構(gòu)制造高級(jí)的系統(tǒng)工程，在實(shí)施IIA域系統(tǒng)級(jí)語言 的想法，這自然會(huì)導(dǎo)致新一代的嵌入式控制設(shè)備將超越PLC。特別是，通