英語論文SCI寫作的萬能句型.doc

1、文獻簡介1. Recently investigators have examined the effects of X on Y.2. In the past two decades a number of researchers have sought to determine3. Previous studies have reported4. A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies5. Smith (1984: 217) shows how, in the past, rese

2、arch into X was mainly concerned with6. Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) showed that7. The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with8. Recent evidence suggests that9. Several attemps have been made to10. A number of researchers have reported11. Xs were r

3、eported in the first models of Y (e.g., Smith, 1977; Smith, & Patel, 1977).12. What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate howStudies of X show the importance of .強調(diào)研究領(lǐng)域存在的問題1. However, these rapid changes are having a serious effect2. However, a major problem w

4、ith this kind of application is3. Lack of X has existed as a health problem for many years.Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks:4. However, research has consistently shown that first year students have not attained an adequate understanding of5. There is increasing

5、 concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged6. Despite its long clinical success, X has a number of problems in use.7. Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of強調(diào)研究領(lǐng)域存在的爭議1. To date there has been little agreement on what2. More recently, literature has emerged that offers con

6、tradictory findings about .3. One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in4. In many Xs a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning5. The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century.6. Debate continues about the best strategies for the ma

7、nagement of7. This concept has recently been challenged bystudies demonstrating強調(diào)研究領(lǐng)域的知識差距1. So far, however, there has been little discussion about2. Little is known about X and it is not clear what factors3. However, far too little attention has been paid to4. In addition, no research has been fou

8、nd that surveyed5. So far this method has only been applied to6. This indicates a need to understand the various perceptions of poverty that exist among7. However, the evidence for this relationship is inconclusive8. What is not yet clear is the impact of X on9. The neurobiological basis of this X i

9、s poorly understood.10. However, much uncertainty still exists about the relation between11. Until recently, there has been no reliable evidence that12. However, there have been no controlled studies which compare differences in .13. Several studies have produced estimates of X (Smith, 2002; Jones,

10、2003), but there is still insufficient data for .14. No previous study has investigated X15. Although extensive research has been carried out on ., no single study existswhich 強調(diào)前人研究的不足之處1. Most studies in the field of X have only focussed on2. Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small

11、 number of areas.3. The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.4. The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about5. Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they .6. However, few writers have been able to draw on any struct

12、ured research into the opinions and attitudes of7. The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.8. The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y.9. Researchers have not treated X in much detail.10. Previous studies of X have not dealt with11. Half of the stud

13、ies evaluated failed to specify whether12. However, much of the research up to now has been descriptive in nature .13. Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which adequately covers14. However, these results were based upon data from over 30 years ago and it is

14、 unclear if these differences still persist.15. X's analysis does not take account of . nor does he examine重申研究目的1. Part of the aim of this project is to develop software that is compatible with X operating system.2. The main purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of3. There are tw

15、o primary aims of this study: 1. To investigate2. To ascertain4. The aim of this research project has therefore been to try and establish what5. The aim of this study is to investigate the differences between6. The main aim of this investigation is to assess the doses and risks associated with7. Thi

16、s thesis intends to determine the extent to whichand whether .8. This thesis will examine the way in which the9. This research examines the emerging role of X in the context of10. This dissertation seeks to explain the development of11. This case study seeks to examine the changing nature of .12. Dr

17、awing upon two stands of research into X, this study attempts to13. The aim of ths study is to shine new light on these debates through an examination of14. The major objective of this study was to investigate15. One purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which these factors were .16. The

18、 objectives of this research are to determine17. This study therefore set out to assess the effect of management by, and theeffect of18. This study systematically reviews the data for, aiming to provide claritysurrounding the role of .研究問題/假設(shè)1. The central question in this dissertation asks how2. In

19、 particular, this dissertation will examine six main research questions:3. The hypothesis that will be tested is that4. The key research question of this study was thus whether or not5. This study aimed to address the following research questions:6. Another question is whether介紹方法、數(shù)據(jù)的來源1. This disse

20、rtation follows a case-study design, with in-depth analysis of2. Thisstudy was exploratory and interpretative in nature.3. The approach to empirical research adopted for this study was one of a qualitative, semi- structured interview methodology.4. By employing qualitative modes of enquiry, I attemp

21、t to 川uminate theThis work takes the form of a case-study of the5. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this investigation.6. Qualitative and quantitative research designs were adopted to provide both descriptive, interpretive and empirical data.7. A holistc approach is utilised, i

22、ntegrating literary, numanistic and archeological material to establish8. The research data in this thesis is drawn from four main sources: .9. The study was conducted in the form of a survey, with data being gathered via10. Five works will be examined, all of which .表明局限性1. Due to practical constra

23、ints, this paper cannot provide a comprehensive review ofIt is beyond the scope of this study to examine theThe reader should bearin mind that the study is based on a small sample of2. Another potential problem is that the scope of my thesis may be too broad. A full discussion of X lies beyond the s

24、cope of this study.概況研究框架1. The overall structure of the study takes the form of six chapters, including this introductory chapter.2. My thesis is composed of four themed chapters.3. Chapter Two begins by laying out the theoretical dimensions of the research, and looks at how4. The third chapter is

25、concerned with the methodology used for this study.5. The fourth section presents the findings of the research, focusing on the three key themes that have been identified in analysis.6. Chapter 6 analyses the results of interviews and focus group discussions undertaken during the course of this rese

26、arch,7. The final chapter draws upon the entire thesis, tying up the various theoretical and empirical strands in order to8. Finally, the conclusion gives a brief summary and critique of the findings,9. and includes a discussion of the implication of the findings to future researchinto this area.10.

27、 Finally, areas for further research are identified.解釋關(guān)鍵術(shù)語1. While a variety of definitions of the term X have been suggested, this dissertation will use the definition first suggested by Smith (1968) who saw it as2. Throughout this paper the term X will refer to/will be used to refer to3. In this d

28、issertation the acronym/abbreviation XYZ will be used.4. According to(2000) X can be defined as follows; " X is one of"5. The term X is a relatively new name forcommonly referred to as .驗證一項研究的弱點1. the main weakness of the study is the failure to address how2. the study fails to consider t

29、he differing categories of damage that .3. the research does not take into account pre-existingsuch as4. the author offers no explanation for the distinction between X and Y.5. Smith makes no attempt to differentiate between various different types of X.6. Jones fails to fully acknowledge the signif

30、icance of7. the paper would appear to be over ambitious in its claims8. the author overlooks the fact that X contributes to Y.9. what Smith fails to do is to draw a distinction between 10. another weakness is that we are given no explanantion of how 11. no attempt was made to quantify the associatio

31、n between X and Y.強調(diào)此前研究的不充分1. Most studies in the field of X have only focused on 2. Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.3. The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.4. The experimental data are rather controversial, and there i

32、s no general agreement about 5. Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they 6. However, few writers have been able to draw on any structured research into the opinions and attitudes of 7. The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.8. The existing accounts fail to resolve the co

33、ntradiction between X and Y.9. Researchers have not treated X in much detail.10. Previous studies of X have not dealt with 11. However, these studies used non-validated methods to measure 12. Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether 13. However, much of the research up to now has been

34、 descriptive in nature 14. Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which adequately covers 15. However, these results were based upon data from over 30 years ago and it is unclear if these differences still persist.提供有建設(shè)性的意見1. A better study would examine a larg

35、e, randomly selected sample of societies with 2. A much more systematic study would identify how X interacts with other variables that are believed to be linked to 介紹其他人的評論1. However, Jones (2003) points out that 2. Many analysts now argue that the strategy of X has not been successful. Jones (2003)

36、, for example, argues that 3. Non-government agencies are also very critical of the new policies.4. The X theory has been / vigorously / strongly challenged in recent years by a number of writers.5. Smith's analysis has been criticised by a number of writers. Jones (1993), for example, points ou

37、t that 6. Smith's meta-analysis has been subjected to considerable criticism.7. The most important of these criticisms is that Smith failed to note that 8. Jones (2003) is probably the best known critic of the X theory. He argues that 9. The latter point has been devastatingly critiqued by Jones

38、 (2003).10. Critics have also argued that not only do social surveys provide an inaccurate measure of X, but the11. Critics question the ability of poststructuralist theory to provide 12. More recent arguments against X have been summarised by Smith and Jones (1982):13. Jones (2003) is critical of t

39、he conclusions that Smith draws from his findings.如何介紹引用1. In the final part of the Theses, Marx writes: "Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the point "2. Sachs concludes: "The idea of development stands today like a ruin in the intellectual landsca

40、pe." (Sachs, 1992a: 156).3. As Smith argues: "In the past, the purpose of education was to" (Smith ,2000:150).4. As Carnoy (2004: 215) states: "there are many good reasons to be sceptical".描述其他作者想法的參考文獻1. According to Smith (2003), preventative medicine is far more cost effe

41、ctive, and therefore better adapted to the developing world.2. This view is supported by Jones (2000) who writes3. Smith argues that her data support O'Brien's (1988) view thatAs Smithreminds us,4. Elsewhere, Smith has argued that參考文獻：相關(guān)文獻概覽1. A considerable amount of literature has been pub

42、lished on X. These studies .2. There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of3. The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with4. The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.5. What we know about X is largely based u

43、pon empirical studies that investigate how6. During the past 30 years much more information has become available on7. In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on8. A large and growing body of literature has investigated參考文獻：以往研究或?qū)W術(shù)活動相關(guān)文獻1. Many historians have argued that(e

44、g. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith,1994)2. Numerous studies have attempted to explain .(for example, Smith ,1996; Kelly, 1998; Johnson, 2002)? 3. Recent evidence suggests that(Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001)4. Recently, in vitro studies have shown that T.thermophylusEFTu can(Patel etal., 1

45、997;Jones et al., 1998).5. Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) have shown that6. Several attempts have been made to(Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001)7. Several studies have revealed that it is not just X that acts on(Smith, 1996;Jones 8. Several biographies of Harris have been publi

46、shed. Smith presents anaccount,whilst Jones .9. Several studies investigating X have been carried out on10. Data from several sources have identified the increased morbidity and mortality associated with obesity11. Previous studies have reported(Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1992).12. Previous

47、research findings into X have been inconsistent and contradictory (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999, .13. A number of studies have found that(Smith , 2003; Jones, 2004).14. Twenty cohort study analyses have examined the relationship between15. At least 152 case-control studies worldwide have examined the rel

48、ationship between16. Other studies have considered the relationship17. The relationship between X and Y has been widely investigated (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987,18. The causes of X have been widely investigated (Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994).19. The geology of X has been addressed in severa

49、l smallscale investigations and20. Xs have been identified as major contributing factors for the decline of many species (1).21. X has also been shown to reverse the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids in murine- induced arthritis (11).22. It has been suggested that levels of X are independ

50、ent of the size of the Y (Smith et al., 1995) It has conclusively been shown that X and Y increase Z (Smith et al., 1999; Jones, 2001 23. It has been demonstrated that a high intake of X results in damage to(Smith,1998;文章重點：當(dāng)前理論存在的問題、局限性1. One question that needs to be asked, however, is whether2. A

51、 serious weakness with this argument, however, is that3. One of the limitations with this explanation is that it does not explain why.4. One criticism of much of the literature on X is that5. The key problem with this explanation is that6. The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction betw

52、een X and Y.7. However, there is an inconsistency with this argument.8. Smith's argument relies too heavily on qualitative analysis of9. It seems that Jones' understanding of the X framework is questionable. Smith's interpretation overlooks much of the historical research10. One major cr

53、iticism of Smith's work is that .11. Many writers have challenged Jones' claim on the grounds that12. X's analysis does not take account of . nor does he examine文章重點：研究方法存在的問題、局限性1. Another problem with this approach is that it fails to take X into account.2. Perhaps the most serious dis

54、advantage of this method is that .3. Difficulties arise, however, when an attempt is made to implement the policy.4. Nevertheless, the strategy has not escaped criticism from governments, agencies and academics.5. One major drawback of this approach is that6. The main limitation of biosynthetic inco

55、rporation, however, is7. However, this method of analysis has a number of limitations.8. However, approaches of this kind carry with them various well known limitations.9. All the studies reviewed so far, however, suffer from the fact that10. However, there are limits to how far the idea of/concept

56、of X can be taken.11. However, such explanations tend to overlook the fact that12. However, one of the problems with the instrument the researchers used to measure X was描述實驗方法：強調(diào)一個特殊的方法1. Article references were searched further for additional relevant publications.Articles were searched from Januar

57、y 1965 until April 2008.2. Publications were only included if3. X was prepared according to the procedure used by Patel et al. (1957).4. The synthesis of X was done according to the procedure of Smith (1973).5. X was synthesised using the same method that was detailed for Y, using6. This compound was prepared by adapting the procedure used by Zhao et al. (1990).7. For this study the X was used to explore the subsurface8. An alternative method for making scales homogenous is by using .描述實驗方法：描述樣品的特性1. The initial sample consisted of 200 students of