高中英語(yǔ)句子成分和句子類型講解及配套練習(xí)

1、英語(yǔ)句子成分解析一、句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)；次要成分有表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。（一）主語(yǔ)：主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在 there be 結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問(wèn)句（當(dāng)主語(yǔ)不是 疑問(wèn)詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語(yǔ)可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語(yǔ)從句等表示。例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become mo。 re and more popular. （名 詞）Weoften spea

2、k English in class.（代詞）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（動(dòng)名詞）The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. （主語(yǔ)從句）It is necessary to master a for

3、eign language . （it 作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)為后面的不定式）（二）謂語(yǔ)：謂語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ)，一般放在主語(yǔ)之后。謂 語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成如下：1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如： He practices running every morning.2、復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如：You maykeep the book for two weeks.He has caught a bad cold.（2）由系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如： We are students .（三）表語(yǔ)：表語(yǔ)用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它

4、一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, grow,turn, seem等）之后。表語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞 及表語(yǔ)從句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is anAmerican.（名詞）Is it yours?（代詞）The weather has turned cold .（形容詞）The speech is exciting.（分詞）Three times seven is twenty one ?（數(shù)詞）His job is to teach English .（不定式）His hobby （

5、愛(ài)好）is playing football .（動(dòng)名詞）The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語(yǔ)）Time isup. The class is over.（副詞）The truth is that he has never been abroad .（表語(yǔ)從句）（四）賓語(yǔ)：賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展覽）yesterday. （名詞）The heavy rain preventedmefrom coming to school on time.（代詞）How

6、 many dictionaries do you have? I havefive .（數(shù)詞）They helped the 01d with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞）He pretended not to see me .（不定式短語(yǔ)）I enjoy listening to popular music .（動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)）I think （that ） he is fit for his office. （賓語(yǔ)從句） 賓語(yǔ)種類：（1）雙賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ) +直接賓語(yǔ)），例如： Lend me your dictionary , please.（2）復(fù)合

7、賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ) + 賓補(bǔ)），例如：They elected him their monitor .（五）賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：英語(yǔ)中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句充當(dāng)。例如： His father named him Dongming （名詞）They painted their boat white .（形容詞）Let the fresh airin_.（副詞）You mustn' t force him to lend h

8、is money to you.（不定式短語(yǔ)）We saw her entering the room .（現(xiàn)在分詞）We found everything in the lab in good order .（介詞短語(yǔ)）We will soon make our city what your city is now. （從句）（六）定語(yǔ)：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句稱為定語(yǔ)。定語(yǔ)可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is abeautiful city. （形容詞）China is adeveloping country; America is a developed country. （分詞

9、）There are thirtywomenteachers is our school.（名詞）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞）Our monitor is always the firstto enter the classroom .（不定式短語(yǔ)）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語(yǔ)）（七）狀語(yǔ)：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子

10、，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語(yǔ)?？捎梢?下形式表不：Light travels most quickly .（副詞及副詞性詞組） He has lived in the city for ten years .（介詞短語(yǔ)） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短 語(yǔ)）He is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語(yǔ)）Wait a minute .（名詞）Once you begin , you must continue.（狀語(yǔ)從句）狀

11、語(yǔ)種類如下：How about meeting again at six ?（時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）Last night she didn ' t go to the dance party because of the rain .（原因狀語(yǔ)）I shall go there if it doesn ' t rain .（條件狀語(yǔ)）Mr Smith lives on the third floor .（地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）She put the eggs into the basketwith great care .（方式狀語(yǔ)）She came in with a dictionary in h

12、er hand.（伴隨狀語(yǔ)）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的狀語(yǔ)）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)） She works very hard though she is 01d.（讓步狀語(yǔ)）I am taller than he is .（比較狀語(yǔ)）（八）同位語(yǔ)：一個(gè)名詞（或其它形式）對(duì)另一個(gè)名詞或 代詞進(jìn)行解釋或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明,這個(gè)名詞（或其它形式）就是同位語(yǔ)。如：1） Mr. Smith, our new teacher ,is ver

13、y kind to us.我們的新老師史密斯先生對(duì)我們很好。our new teacher 是主語(yǔ)Mr.Smith的同位語(yǔ)，指同一人。2） Yesterday I met Tom,a friend of my brothers'.昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友湯姆。a friend of my brothers'是代詞詞Tom的同位語(yǔ)，指同一人。二、簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句（一）句子種類兩種分類法1、按句子的用途可分四種：1） 陳述句（肯定、否定）： He is six years old; She didn ' t hear of you before.2）疑問(wèn)句（一般、特殊

14、、選擇、反意）： Do they like skating? Howold is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can ' t she?3）祈使句:Be careful, boys; Don ' t talk in class4）感嘆句：How clever the boy is!2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：1）簡(jiǎn)單句：只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)（或并列主語(yǔ)）和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)（或并列謂語(yǔ)）。e. g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American bo

15、ys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2）并列句：由并列連詞（and, but, or等）或分號(hào)（；）把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起構(gòu)成。e. g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）復(fù)合句：含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句（主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句）、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句等。e. g. The foreign vi

16、sitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.（二）簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型1、主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞 + 表語(yǔ)：e. g. He is a student.2、主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞：e. g. We work.3、主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ)：e. g. Henry bought a dictionary.4、主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+雙賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ) + 直接賓語(yǔ)）：e. g. My father bought me a car.5、主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ) +賓補(bǔ)）：e. g. Tom made the baby laugh.

17、注：其他各種句子都可由這一種基本句型擴(kuò)展、變化或省略而構(gòu)成。王語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表語(yǔ)：在這一句型中，動(dòng)詞是系動(dòng)詞，劃線部分為表語(yǔ)。1. Mr. Brown is an engineer.（名詞作表語(yǔ)）2. Gradualy he became silent.（形容詞作表語(yǔ)）3. She remained standing for a hour. （ 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ) ）4. The question remained unsolved.（過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ) ）5. The machine is out of order.（介詞短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)）6. The television was on. （ _副詞作表語(yǔ)）7.

18、 His plan is to keep the affair secret. （ 動(dòng)詞不定式作表語(yǔ) ）8. My job is repairing cars. （ 動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)）9. The question is what you want to do. （ 從句作表語(yǔ)，即：表語(yǔ)從句 ）注意：在下面的句子中，形容詞作表語(yǔ)，在表語(yǔ)的后面常常接不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。I ' m happy to meet you. They are willing to help.We are determined to follow his example.主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：在這一句型中，動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞及不及物的動(dòng)詞

19、詞組。在有的句子中，不及物動(dòng)詞可以有狀語(yǔ)修飾。1. The sun is rising.2. I ' ll try.3. Did you sleep well ? （well做狀語(yǔ)，修飾不及物動(dòng)詞sleep）4. The engine broke down.注意：在此句型中，有少數(shù)不及物動(dòng)詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義，表達(dá)主語(yǔ)本身所具有的特性，不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。1. The book sells well.2. The window won ' t shut.3. The pen writes smoothly. 4. Cheese cuts easily.主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)：在此句型中，動(dòng)詞為及物動(dòng)

20、詞，劃線部分為賓語(yǔ)。1. Do you know these people （them） ?（名詞或代詞作賓語(yǔ)）2. I can ' t expressmyself in English.（ 反身代詞作賓語(yǔ)）3. He smiled a strange smile.（同源賓語(yǔ)）4. We can ' t affordto pay such a price.（ 不定式彳賓語(yǔ) ）5. Would you mind waiting a few minutes?（動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ) ）6. I hope that I have said nothing to pain you. （ 從句作賓

21、語(yǔ)，即： 賓語(yǔ)從句 ）注意：并不是所有的及物動(dòng)詞都可以接上述各種情況作賓語(yǔ)，不同的動(dòng)詞有不同的用法，所以，在學(xué) 習(xí)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，一定要掌握其用法。主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)：在此句型中，動(dòng)詞可以稱作雙賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，在英語(yǔ)中，這樣的動(dòng)詞并不多，在學(xué)習(xí)中遇到時(shí)，要牢記。后面的賓語(yǔ)為間接賓語(yǔ)和直接賓語(yǔ)，其中，間接賓語(yǔ)在前，一般表人，直接賓語(yǔ)在后，一般表物。這類句型有三種情況。第一種情況，間接賓語(yǔ)可以改為由to引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)。1. He handed me a letter. He handed a letter to me.2. She gave me her telephone number. She gave her

22、telephone number to me.第二種情況，間接賓語(yǔ)可以改為由for引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)。3. She sang us a folk song. She sang a folk for us.4. She cooked us a delicious meal. She cooked a delicious meal for us.第三種情況，直接賓語(yǔ)可以由賓語(yǔ)從句充當(dāng)。5. Tell him I ' m out.6. Can you inform me where Miss Green lives ?主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：在此句型中的動(dòng)詞，叫做可以跟復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，在英語(yǔ)中，這樣

23、的動(dòng)詞也不多。后面的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是說(shuō) 明賓語(yǔ)的情況的，賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)一起被稱作復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。這個(gè)句式是英語(yǔ)中比較復(fù)雜的一個(gè)句式，因?yàn)?復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成內(nèi)容較多。下面句子中劃線部分為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。1. He found his new job boring 形容詞作賓補(bǔ)）2. The called their daughter Mary. （ 名詞作賓補(bǔ)）3. This placed her in a very difficult position. （ 介詞短語(yǔ)作賓補(bǔ) ）4. We went to here house but found her out. （ 副詞作賓補(bǔ)）5. What do you

24、 advise me to do?（不定式彳賓補(bǔ)）6. We thought him to be an honest man. （tobe作賓補(bǔ)）7. He believed them to have discussed the problem. （ 不定式的完成式作賓補(bǔ)）8. He believed her to be telling the truth. （ 不定式的進(jìn)行式作賓補(bǔ) ）9. Did you notice him come in?（不帶 to 的不定式作賓補(bǔ)）10. I saw her chatting with Nancy. （ 現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)）11. He watched

25、the piano carried upstairs. （ 過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)）注意：在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中，可以出所it作形式上的賓語(yǔ)，把真正的賓語(yǔ)放在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的后面。在此結(jié)構(gòu)中，賓語(yǔ)常常是動(dòng)詞不定式或賓語(yǔ)從句。1. He felt it his duty to mention this to her.分析：it是形式賓語(yǔ)，his duty是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，to mention this to her是真正的賓語(yǔ)。2. I think it best that you should stay with us.分析：it是形式賓語(yǔ)，best是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，that you should stay with us

26、是真正的賓語(yǔ)。3. there be句型是一種特殊的句子，真正的主語(yǔ)在后面，含義為“有"謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)保持一致：There is a television in the sitting room.有兩個(gè)或更多的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞一般和最近的一個(gè)保持一致：There are two girls and a boy dancingin the hall.主語(yǔ)的后面有時(shí)有修飾語(yǔ)：There are a lot of difficulties facing us. There were many thingsto be done（ 此處也可以使用 to do）.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 be 可以有時(shí)態(tài)的變化:T

27、here will be a concert in the park tonight. There was little change in him.謂語(yǔ)也可以有不定式構(gòu)成的復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)。There used to be a cinema here.There seems to be something the matter with her.Is there going to be any activity tonight?there be句式變疑問(wèn)句，把 be提前；變反意疑問(wèn)句也要借助there 。Is there any hope of getting the job?There is no

28、thing wrong with your watch, is there ?there be 句型中也可以植用諸如：live , follow , come, stand , sit , exist等不及物動(dòng)詞：Once upon a time , there lived a fisherman on the island.There came a knock at the door.At the top of the hill there stands an old temple.用于非謂語(yǔ)的情況下，有時(shí)用不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)there to be或動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)there b

29、eing ：You wouldn' t wan t there to be another war.（不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) ）The teacher was satisfied with there being no mistakes in his homework.（動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) ）There being nothing else to do , we went home.（ 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)）（三）并列句的分類并列句基本概念：并列復(fù)合句是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上并列而又獨(dú)立的簡(jiǎn)單句構(gòu)成。兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句常由并列連接詞連在一起； 但有時(shí)不用連接詞，只在兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句之間用一逗號(hào)或分號(hào)。等連接。e. g.1

30、、表示連接兩個(gè)同等概念，常用 and, not only but also，neither nor，thenThe teacher ' s name is Smith, and the student ' s name is John.2、表示選擇，常用的連詞有or, either or ，otherwise 等。e. g. Hurry up, or you ' ll miss thetrain.3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連（副詞）詞有 but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e. g. Hewas a little man with t

31、hick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有 so, for, therefore 等。e. g. August is the time of the year forrice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.主從復(fù)合句：1、概念：主從復(fù)合句由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成。主句為句子的主體，從句只用作句子的一個(gè)次要成分，不能獨(dú)立成為一個(gè)句子。從句通常由關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)，并由關(guān)聯(lián)詞將從句和主句聯(lián)系在一起。2、分類：從句按其在復(fù)合句中的作用，分為主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句等。四、指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分