動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)

1、動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài) 時態(tài)考點超級梳理：一、動詞時態(tài)易混點1. 一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時的用法區(qū)別（1）一般過去時所表示的一個或一段過去時間是可以具體確定的，與其他時間沒有牽連。它所表示的事情純屬過去，與現(xiàn)在情況沒有聯(lián)系?，F(xiàn)在完成時表示的事情發(fā)生在不能具體指 出的以前的過去某個或某段時間。它所表示的事情與現(xiàn)在情況有關(guān)系，是過去事情在現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在的影響。（2）比較下面幾組句子，體會兩種時態(tài)的不同：He served in the army from 1952 to 1954.（這是過去的一件事）He has served in the army for 5 years.（現(xiàn)在他仍在軍中服役，

2、他仍是軍人）He wrote many plays whe n he was at college.（寫劇本是他過去做的事情）He has writte n many plays.（這意味著他是劇作家）I saw Hero last year.（看英雄的時間是去年，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)）I have see n Hero before.（強調(diào)現(xiàn)在知道這部電影的內(nèi)容。以前看過， 但“以前”是表示一個與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系的過去時 間，而不是一個確定的與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)的過去時間）即時演練'd never have been able to1. （ 2007 山東，32）Theytwo free tickets to

3、 Can ada, otherwise theyafford to go.A .had got B. got C. have got D. Get2. （ 2007海南寧夏，全國I ,32 ）I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and Ithere several years ago.A. are going B.had bee n C.we nt D.have bee nbirthdays, awards, graduati onswith3. （2007 湖南，25）As the years passed,ma ny occasi ons

4、Dad s flowers.A. are markedB.were markedB. C.have markedD.had marked4. （2007 重慶，33）When I called you this morning, n obody an swered the pho ne. Where?A.did you go B.have you goneC. were you D.had you bee n2. 一般過去時和過去完成時的用法區(qū)別(1) 一般過去時是對現(xiàn)在說話時刻而言的，過去完成時則是對過去某一時刻而言。兩種時態(tài) 建立的時間參照點不同，對過去完成時來說，這個時間參照點十分重要，

5、它是過去完成概念 賴以建立的基礎(chǔ)，也是和一般過去時相區(qū)別的重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。過去完成時的時間狀語常用by和before引導(dǎo)的短語表示，如：by that time, by theend of, before 2000, by the time+句子等。1. （ 2007海南寧夏，全國I ,35 ）The flowers were so lovely that theyin no time.A.soldB.had bee n soldC.were sold D.would sell2. （2006 廣東，32）The young girlsitt ingnext to meon the plane wa

6、s very nervous.Shebefore.A.has n't flow nC.had n't flownB. did n't flyD. was n't flying3. （2007 重慶，23）Did Ala n enjoy see ing his old friends yesterday?Yes, he did. He his old friends for a long time.A.did nt seeB.would nt seeC. hasn t seen D.hadnt see n3. 過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成時的用法區(qū)別（1）兩種時態(tài)都常與表

7、示一段時間的狀語連用，但現(xiàn)在完成時表示的是延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或同現(xiàn)在有關(guān)的動作（句中不可有表示過去特定時間的狀語），而過去完成時表示的是在過去某時之前已經(jīng)完成或延續(xù)到過去某時的動作（句中有表示過去特定時間的狀語）。（2）比較下面的說法She had bee n ill for a week before she came back.（回來發(fā)生在過去某一時間，生病發(fā)生在過去的過去）She has bee n ill for a week.（現(xiàn)在仍然病著）4. 現(xiàn)在完成進行時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成進行時可以與時間狀語連用，也可以不用時間狀語。這一點與現(xiàn)在完成時不同?，F(xiàn)在完成時通常與時間狀語，女口：si

8、n ce,ever sin ce,for three mon ths,just,already,yet等連用?，F(xiàn)在完成進行時通常與all the（this）morning/afternoon/day/month或 the wholeday等連用。試對比以下各例：I have been working on the experiment report this morning,but I havent completedit yet.我今天一上午都在寫實驗報告，可是到現(xiàn)在也沒寫完。They have bee n repairi ng the broke n road.They have alre

9、ady repaired the broke n road.他們把路修完了。（動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束）如果表示一個重復(fù)動作，或者表示動作做過t heard from him up till now.現(xiàn)在完成進行時表示一種不間斷的持續(xù)性行為。 的次數(shù)時，不能用現(xiàn)在完成進行時。如：Ive bee n writ ing letters since breakfast.I ve writte n to him three times,but I have n固定句式易混點1.This/lt is the first/second.time+that從句。that 從句一般用現(xiàn)在完成時，如果把前邊的is改為was

10、，則that從句用過去完成時。如：This is the first time I have come here.It was the third time（ that） he had made the same mistake.2.It is/has been+段時間+since 從句。since 從句中一般用過去時，如果將前邊的is改為was，則since從句中用過去完成時。如：It was ten years since we had had such a won derful time.3. be about to do.when.意為"即將（這時）突然”。如：I was a

11、bout to go out whe n the teleph one rang.4. be （was/were ） + doing.when.意為"正在干（這時）突然”。如：They were readi ng whe n Tom shouted in pain.5. Hardly had.done.when.; No sooner had.done.than.when和than從句里用一般過去時，表示"剛剛就”。如：Hardly （ No sooner ） had I got home when （than ） the rain poured down.我剛至U家大雨就

12、傾盆而下了。6.It+be+ 一段時間 +before 從句這個句式分兩種情況：如果主句用將來時，則從句用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來時，意為多長時間以后即將發(fā)生某事；如果主句用過去時，從句也用過去時，意為多長時間后發(fā)生了某事。如：It won t be long before he succeeds.（= He will succeed soon. ）主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)重點回放1. （2007 遼寧，22）Have you han ded in your schoolwork yet?Yes,l have .1 guess itnow.A.has graded B.is gradedC.is being

13、 gradedD.is grad ing2. （ 2007 浙江，17）ProfessorJames willgive us alecture on the western culture,butwhere.yet.A.has nt bee n decidedB.havent decidedC.is nt being decidedD.are nt decidedwhen and3. （ 2007 天津，13）If Newton livedby whattoday,he would be surprisedin scie nee and tech no logy.A.had discovere

14、dB.had bee n discoveredC.has discoveredD.has bee n discovered4. ( 2007 四川，23)When you get the paper back,pay special atte nti on to whatB.have bee n markedA. have markedC.had markedD.had bee n marked整合提升主動形式表被動意義,grow, keep+形容詞/名詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。如:1.系動詞 look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prov

15、e, turn, stay become, fall, get The steel feels cold.His pla n proved It has gone bad.2. 表示開始、結(jié)束、run, move 等。如：Work bega n at 7 o(to be ) practical.運動的動詞， 如:begi n,fini sh,start,clock this morni ng.ope n,close, stop, end, shut,iron,cut, draw, drive, sell,。這類動詞一般不單獨The shop closes at 6 p.m.every day.

16、3. 表示主語的某種屬性特征的動詞，如:read, write, act,wash, clea n, wear, ope n, cook, lock, shut, dry, eat, drink使用，常有一個修飾語。如：尼龍容易洗干凈。fridge.The book sells well. This knife cuts easily. This coat dries easily. Nylon clea ns easily. Food can keep fresh in a 食物在冰箱里能保鮮。 Your speech reads well. This material has worn t

17、h in. The match won t catch.這本書銷路好。這刀子很好用。這種外衣容易干。你的演說講得很好。這個材料已經(jīng)磨薄了?；鸩癫敛恢he pla n worked out won derfully.這計劃制定得很好。The engine won t start.引擎發(fā)動不起來。4）blame, let （出租），remain, keep, rent, build等。例如：I was to blame for the accide nt.事故發(fā)生了，我該受指責(zé)。Much work remai ns.還有許多活要干。5）在need, require, want, worth（形

18、容詞），deserve 后的動名詞必須用主動形式。例如：The door n eeds repairi ng.= The door n eeds to be repaired.門該修了。This book is worth readi ng.這本書值得一讀。6） 特殊結(jié)構(gòu)：make sb. heard / understood（使別人能聽見/理解自己）等。例如：Expla in it clearly and make yourself un derstood.解釋清楚些，讓別人理解你的話。被動形式表示主動意義be determ in ed, be pleased, be graduated （

19、 from） , be prepared （ for） , be occupied （in ） , get married 等。例如：He is graduated from a famous uni versity.他畢業(yè)于一所有名的大學(xué)。注意：表示同某人結(jié)婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可。例如：He married a rich girl.他與一個富妞結(jié)婚了。He got married to a rich girl.不能用被動語態(tài)的情況1）不及物動詞或不及物動詞短語，女口 appear, disappear, end（vi. 結(jié)束），fail, hap

20、pen,last, lie, rema in, sit, spread,sta nd, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep sile nee, lose heart, take place等沒有無被動語態(tài)。例如：After the fire, very little rema in ed of my house.大火過后，我家燒得所剩無幾。比較：rise, fall, happe n是不及物動詞；raise, seat是及物動詞。（錯） The price has bee n rise n.（對） The price has rise n.（錯） T

21、he accide nt was happe ned last week.（對） The accide nt happe ned last week.（錯） The price has raised.（對） The price has bee n raised.（錯）Please seat.（對） Please be seated.要想正確地使用被動語態(tài)，就須注意哪些動詞是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特別是一詞多義的動詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問題唯有在學(xué)習(xí)過程中多留意積累。2） 不能用于被動語態(tài)的及物動詞或動詞短語，如 fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cos

22、t, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happe n to, take part in, walk in to, bel ong to等。例如：This key just fits the lock.這把鑰匙只配這把鎖。Your story agrees with what had already bee n heard.你說的與我們聽說的一致。3） 系動詞無被動語態(tài)，女口appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, k

23、eep, look,remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如：It sounds good.聽上去不錯。4） 帶同源賓語的及物動詞如 die/death, dream/dream， live/life等，以及反身代詞， 相互代詞，不能用于被動語態(tài)。例如：She dreamed a bad dream last night.她昨晚做了個惡夢。5）當(dāng)賓語是不定式時，很少用于被動語態(tài)。例如：（對） She likes to swim.n eed/wa nt/require/worth 當(dāng) n eed, want, require, be wo

24、rthYour hair wants cutt ing.The floor requires wash ing. 典型例題（錯） To swim is liked by her.后面只能接doing，但表示的是被動意義。例如: 你的頭發(fā)該理了。地板需要沖洗。The library needs, but it'll have to wait un til Sun day.A. clea ningB. be clea nedC. clea nD. being clea ned答案A. need （實意）+n /to do ，need （情態(tài)）+ do，當(dāng)為被動語態(tài)時，還可need+ doi

25、ng.本題考最后一種用法，選A。如有to be cleaned則也為正確答案。巧記妙憶巧記 be going to 的用法 be going to,表打算，準(zhǔn)備計劃將來干。表可能、有必然， 通過現(xiàn)象來判斷。be going to 結(jié)構(gòu)在口語中常用來表示已經(jīng)決定或安排要做的事，必然或很可能發(fā)生的事, 也用來表示自然現(xiàn)象。妙記被動語態(tài)的用法 誰做的動作不知道， 說出誰做的沒必要； 突出承受者或禮貌， 用被動語態(tài)錯不了。說明：1 當(dāng)強調(diào)動作的承受者，將承受者作為談話的中心時用被動語態(tài)。Mr White is greatly respected by all of us.懷特先生很受我們大家的尊敬。2

26、 當(dāng)沒有必要說出動作的執(zhí)行者或根本不知道動作的執(zhí)行者是誰時常用被動態(tài)。Prin ti ng was in troduced into Europe from China.印刷術(shù)是從中國引入歐洲的。3.當(dāng)動作的執(zhí)行者不是人而是無生命的事物時常用被動語態(tài)。The window glass was broke n by a stone.窗戶玻璃是被石頭打碎的。巧記主動形式表被動的詞商品暢銷（sell ）;機器運轉(zhuǎn)（run,work ）;上課開始（begin）;衣服耐穿（wear）；保持長久（keep）；感覺新鮮（feel）;起來（look,feel,smell,taste,sound,appear,

27、prove,read,write）狀態(tài)特征；事件發(fā)生（happen,take place,break out）;由組成（consist of ）;主動形式，表示被動。例解例 1 : （2007 重慶，28）Leon ardo da Vin ci（14521519） birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasureof setti ng them free.A. is said to be buying B.is said to have boughtC.had said to buy D.has said to have bought例 2:

28、（2007 湖南，31）Cathy is tak ing no tes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School,where sheE nglish for a year.A. studiesB.studiedB. C.is study ingD.has bee n study ing例 3: （2007 江西，31）I have got a headache.No won der.Y ouin front of that computer too long.A.workB.are work ingC. have bee n wo

29、rki ng D.worked例 4 （2007 安徽，26）They became friends aga in that day. Un til the n,they to each other for n early twoyears.t spokent bee n speak ingA.did nt speak B.had nC.haven t spokenD.haven例 5: （2007 安徽，35）Did Peter fix the computer himself?He , because he does nt know much about computers.A.has i

30、t fixedB.had fixed itC.had it fixedD.fixed it例 6: （2007 福建，21）I saw Jane and her boyfrie nd in the park at eight yesterday evening. Impossible. She TV with me in my home the n.A.watchedB.had watchedC.would watchD.was watch ing例 7: （2007 北京，32）I got caught in the rain and my suit.A.has ruinedB.had ru

31、inedC.has bee n ruinedD.had bee n ruined押寶時、語態(tài)【依據(jù)】動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)是歷年高考的重點，而且測試的難度也在逐年加大。在語法填空題中，考查動詞時態(tài)的題不少于兩道，動詞的語態(tài)常和時態(tài)放在一起考查。高考命題者常從三個角度進行命題： 一是直接給定時間狀語。考生能直接根據(jù)所給時間狀語作出選擇；二是給定時間狀語，但所給時間狀語有著較強的干擾性和迷惑性，考生不能直接根據(jù)時間狀語作出選擇；三是題干中不提供任何時間狀語，而給出一個上下文情景或一個結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜的句子，考生必須仔細分析語境，才能作出正確判斷。鑒于廣東才考一次，且此類語法題參照系數(shù)有限，我們?nèi)砸詥芜x形式進

32、行預(yù)測。押1Mr Smiththis week?No. He is on holiday.A. Has; worked B. Does; workC. Did; work D. Is; worki ng押2Got your drivi ng lice nse?t take the drivi ng testNo. Itoo busy to have eno ugh practice, so I did nlast week.A. was B. am C. have beenD. had been押3You' d better not call the man ager betwee n

33、 7 and 8 this eve ning, for heanimporta nt meet ing the n.A. will haveB. would haveC. will be hav ingD. will have had押4How can you borrow my computer without my permissi on?Oh, Ito tell you. I hope you don' t mind.A. forgetB. forgotC. had forgotte nD. am forgett ing押5Will you please repeat your idea?Certai nly. But I thi nk it certa in youyour atte nti on.A. don ' t pay B. didn' t payC. we