信息管理系統(tǒng)外文資料翻譯-管理系統(tǒng)

1、 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯學(xué) 院：計(jì)算機(jī)工程學(xué)院專(zhuān) 業(yè)：通信工程姓 名： 學(xué) 號(hào)：1081302228外文出處：(用外文寫(xiě))433&do=blog&id=5689附 件：1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語(yǔ)： 年月日簽名： （手寫(xiě)簽名） 注：請(qǐng)將該封面與附件裝訂成冊(cè)。附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文信息管理系統(tǒng) 對(duì)于“管理信息系統(tǒng)”并沒(méi)有一致的定義。一些作者喜歡用其他術(shù)語(yǔ)代替，例如：“信息處理系統(tǒng)”“信息與決策系統(tǒng)”“組織信息系統(tǒng)”，或者干脆將“信息系統(tǒng)”用組織內(nèi)具有支持操作、管理、決策職能的計(jì)算機(jī)信息處理系統(tǒng)代替。這篇文章使用“管理信息系統(tǒng)”一詞，是因?yàn)樗?/p>

2、通俗易懂的，當(dāng)涉及組織信息系統(tǒng)時(shí)也常用“信息系統(tǒng)”代替“管理信息系統(tǒng)”。 一個(gè)管理信息系統(tǒng)的定義，通常被理解為：一種集成用戶(hù)機(jī)器系統(tǒng)，為組織提供信息支持運(yùn)作、管理、決策職能。該信息系統(tǒng)利用計(jì)算機(jī)硬件和軟件；手工處理程序；模擬分析法計(jì)劃、控制和決策；和數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。事實(shí)上，它是一個(gè)集成系統(tǒng)并不意味著它是單一的，單塊集成結(jié)構(gòu)；相反，它意味著零件適合加入整體設(shè)計(jì)。內(nèi)容定義如下：計(jì)算機(jī)為主的用戶(hù)機(jī)器系統(tǒng) 理論上，管理信息系統(tǒng)可以脫離計(jì)算機(jī)上而存在，但是計(jì)算機(jī)的存在可以讓管理信息系統(tǒng)可行。問(wèn)題不是計(jì)算機(jī)是否被使用在管理信息系統(tǒng)中，而是信息的使用被計(jì)算機(jī)化的程度。用戶(hù)機(jī)器系統(tǒng)的概念暗示了,

3、一些任務(wù)最好由人執(zhí)行, 其他的最好由機(jī)器做。MIS的使用者是那些負(fù)責(zé)輸入輸入數(shù)據(jù)、指示系統(tǒng)或運(yùn)用系統(tǒng)信息產(chǎn)品的人。因?yàn)樵S多問(wèn)題，用戶(hù)和計(jì)算機(jī)建立了一個(gè)聯(lián)合系統(tǒng)，其結(jié)果通過(guò)一套在計(jì)算機(jī)和用戶(hù)之間的相互作用得到。 用戶(hù)機(jī)器的相互作用是由用戶(hù)連接在計(jì)算機(jī)上的輸入-輸出設(shè)備（通常是一個(gè)視覺(jué)顯示終端）推動(dòng)的。計(jì)算機(jī)可以使一臺(tái)個(gè)人機(jī)器服務(wù)于一名用戶(hù)或者一臺(tái)大規(guī)模的機(jī)器為一定數(shù)量通過(guò)終端由通信線(xiàn)路連接的用戶(hù)服務(wù)。用戶(hù)輸入-輸出設(shè)備允許直接輸入數(shù)據(jù)和緊接著輸出結(jié)果。例如：一個(gè)人使用計(jì)算機(jī)交互的在金融理財(cái)上通過(guò)在終端鍵盤(pán)輸入提交“如果什么，怎么辦？”之類(lèi)的問(wèn)題，結(jié)果幾秒鐘后便被顯示在屏幕上。 

4、;MIS的計(jì)算機(jī)為主的用戶(hù)機(jī)器特征影響系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)商和系統(tǒng)用戶(hù)的知識(shí)要求?！坝?jì)算機(jī)為主”意味著管理信息系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)者必須擁有計(jì)算機(jī)和對(duì)處理有用的知識(shí)。“用戶(hù)機(jī)器”的概念意味著系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)者也應(yīng)該了解人作為系統(tǒng)組成部分（信息處理器）的能力和人作為信息使用者的行為。 信息系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用不應(yīng)該要求用戶(hù)成為計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)家。但是，用戶(hù)需要能夠詳細(xì)說(shuō)明他們的信息要求；對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)的一些理解、信息的本質(zhì)，和對(duì)各種各樣管理功能的利用將幫助用戶(hù)完成任務(wù)。集成系統(tǒng) 管理信息系統(tǒng)代表性地為集成組織信息處理提供依據(jù)。信息系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部各自的應(yīng)用則由不同批次的用戶(hù)開(kāi)發(fā)。如果沒(méi)有集成的處理和機(jī)制，各自的應(yīng)用也許無(wú)法協(xié)調(diào)一致和相容

5、。在使用相同的數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)，數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)也許不同的被指定和不能兼容的橫跨。當(dāng)實(shí)際上一個(gè)單獨(dú)的應(yīng)用可以提供超過(guò)一個(gè)的更多的服務(wù)時(shí)，也許是分別的應(yīng)用重復(fù)的發(fā)展了。用戶(hù)想要通過(guò)使用從兩種不同的應(yīng)用中得到的數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)完成分析，也許會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)任務(wù)非常困難，有時(shí)甚至不可能。 信息系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用集成的第一步是一個(gè)整體信息系統(tǒng)計(jì)劃。即使應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)是一次一個(gè)的被執(zhí)行，他們的設(shè)計(jì)可以由整體計(jì)劃指導(dǎo)，確定他們?cè)趺捶掀渌墓ぷ鳌Ｆ鋵?shí)，信息系統(tǒng)被設(shè)計(jì)成為小型系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)飛行聯(lián)盟。 信息系統(tǒng)集成也通過(guò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，指南，和程序達(dá)到，被留作管理信息系統(tǒng)的功能之用。這種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和程序的執(zhí)行允許不同的應(yīng)用分享數(shù)據(jù)，應(yīng)付審核和控制條件，和被廣泛用戶(hù)

6、共享。例如，一項(xiàng)應(yīng)用也許被開(kāi)發(fā)來(lái)操作特殊的小型計(jì)算機(jī)。集成的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可能規(guī)定設(shè)備的選擇與中央數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)一致。信息系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的這個(gè)趨勢(shì)有利于將應(yīng)用程序與用來(lái)支持它的數(shù)據(jù)分離。分開(kāi)的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)是一種機(jī)制，這種機(jī)制的數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)是通過(guò)橫跨許多應(yīng)用來(lái)集成和對(duì)不同的用戶(hù)都可以始終一致的可利用。管理信息系統(tǒng)對(duì)于一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的需要將在下面被談?wù)摗?duì)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的需要 術(shù)語(yǔ)“信息”和“數(shù)據(jù)”經(jīng)?；Q的被使用。然而，信息一般被定義為對(duì)接受者有意義或者有用的數(shù)據(jù)。因此數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)目是生產(chǎn)出信息的原料。 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的潛在概念是，為了在處理中可以利用和具有恰當(dāng)?shù)奶匦?，?shù)據(jù)需要被管理。數(shù)據(jù)的管理包括軟件和組織。創(chuàng)造軟件和管理數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)就是數(shù)

7、據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)。 當(dāng)使用數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的所有途徑都是通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)被控制，所有應(yīng)用都利用一個(gè)特殊數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)來(lái)存取被存放在唯一一個(gè)地方的相同的數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)。數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)的一個(gè)單獨(dú)的更新，在所有方面都得到更新。用過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)的集成要求數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的一個(gè)中央集權(quán)。數(shù)據(jù)可能被放在一個(gè)中央計(jì)算機(jī)里或者被分散在幾個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)之中；最重要的要求是擁有一個(gè)組織功能來(lái)執(zhí)行控制。模型的運(yùn)用 對(duì)接受人來(lái)說(shuō)只接收原始數(shù)據(jù)或者甚至是總結(jié)的數(shù)據(jù)都是不夠的。數(shù)據(jù)通常需要被處理和被呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)，以結(jié)果指向所作的決定的方式。這樣，數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)的處理建立于決策模型。例如，一項(xiàng)投資決定相對(duì)于新的資本支出也許根據(jù)一項(xiàng)政府支出決定模型被處理。 

8、;決定模型可以在決策過(guò)程中被用來(lái)支持不同的階段。“智能”模型可以用來(lái)尋找問(wèn)題或者機(jī)會(huì)。模型可以被用來(lái)辨認(rèn)和分析可能的解決方案。挑選模型，例如最優(yōu)化模型可以被用來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)最想要的解決方案。 換句話(huà)說(shuō)，面對(duì)各種各樣的決策情況需要多種的方法。下面是一些例子和可能被包含在一個(gè)管理信息系統(tǒng)中用來(lái)幫助分析和支持決策的模型的類(lèi)型；一個(gè)全面的信息系統(tǒng)，決策者擁有一套有用的普通模型，可以應(yīng)用于許多分析和決定的情況，還有一套非常特殊的模型應(yīng)用于特別的決定。相似的模型可以用來(lái)計(jì)劃和控制。選擇的模型是管理信息系統(tǒng)的模型基礎(chǔ)。 管理信息系統(tǒng)(MIS)不但支持低層的管理人員，而且可以支持中層人員的管理控制

9、，為高層也能提供某些信息。管理信息系統(tǒng)由四個(gè)部件構(gòu)成：信息源、信息處理器、信息用戶(hù)和信息管理者。信息源是信息的產(chǎn)生地；信息處理器負(fù)擔(dān)信息的傳輸、加工、保存等任務(wù)；信息用戶(hù)是信息的使用者，利用信息進(jìn)行決策；信息管理者負(fù)責(zé)信息系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)、實(shí)現(xiàn)和維護(hù)。管理信息系統(tǒng)一般被看作一個(gè)金字塔形的結(jié)構(gòu)，分為從底層的業(yè)務(wù)處理到運(yùn)行控制、管理控制、最高層的戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃。最基層由任務(wù)巨大處理繁雜的事務(wù)信息和狀態(tài)信息構(gòu)成。層次越往上，事務(wù)處理的范圍越小，針對(duì)的也是比較特殊和非結(jié)構(gòu)化的問(wèn)題。 總之，管理信息系統(tǒng)(Management Information System，MIS),是一個(gè)以人為主導(dǎo)，利用計(jì)算機(jī)的硬

10、件、軟件、網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信這些設(shè)備和其它的辦公設(shè)備進(jìn)行信息的收集、傳輸、加工、儲(chǔ)存、更新和維護(hù)以達(dá)到企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略競(jìng)優(yōu)、提高效益和效率的目的，來(lái)支持企業(yè)的高層決策、中層控制和基層運(yùn)作的集成化的人機(jī)系統(tǒng)。MIS為管理者提供報(bào)告，提供企業(yè)的最近的情況以及歷史記錄。這一系統(tǒng)主要定位是針對(duì)企業(yè)內(nèi)部，為管理層的計(jì)劃、控制和決策等功能服務(wù)，一般由下層的業(yè)務(wù)處理系統(tǒng)提供數(shù)據(jù)。MIS能夠?qū)崪y(cè)企業(yè)的各種運(yùn)行情況，并利用過(guò)去的歷史數(shù)據(jù)預(yù)測(cè)未來(lái)，從企業(yè)全局的角度出發(fā)輔助企業(yè)進(jìn)行決策，利用信息控制企業(yè)的行為，幫助企業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)其規(guī)劃目標(biāo)。附件2 Definition of a Management Information Sy

11、stem There is no consensus of the definition of the term "management information system". Some writers prefer alternative terminology such as "information processing system", "information and decision system", "organizational information system", or simpl

12、y "information system" to refer to the computer-based information processing system which supports the operations, management, and decision-making functions of an organization. This text uses “MIS” because it is descriptive and generally understood; it also frequently uses “information sys

13、tem” instead of “MIS” to refer to an organizational information system. A definition of a management information system, as the term is generally understood, is an integrated, user-machine system for providing information to support operations, management, and decision-making functions in an or

14、ganization. The system utilizes computer hardware and software; manual procedures; models for analysis planning, control and decision making; and a database. The fact that it is an integrated system does not mean that it is a single, monolithic structure; rather, it means that the parts fit into an

15、overall design. The elements of the definition are highlighted below. Computer-based user-machine system Conceptually, management information can exist without computer, but it is the power of the computer which makes MIS feasible. The question is not whether computers should be used in managem

16、ent information system, but the extent to which information use should be computerized. The concept of a user-machine system implies that some tasks are best performed by humans, while others are best done by machine. The user of an MIS is any person responsible for entering input data, instructing

17、the system, or utilizing the information output of the system. For many problems, the user and the computer form a combined system with results obtained through a set of interactions between the computer and the user. User-machine interaction is facilitated by operation in which the users input

18、-output device (usually a visual display terminal) is connected to the computer. The computer can be a personal computer serving only one user or a large computer that serves a number of users through terminals connected by communication lines. The user input-output device permits direct input of da

19、ta and immediate output of results. For instance, a person using the computer interactively in financial planning poses “what if” questions by entering input at the terminal keyboard; the results are displayed on the screen in a few second. The computer-based user-machine characteristics of an

20、MIS affect the knowledge requirements of both system developer and system user. “computer-based” means that the designer of a management information system must have knowledge of computers and of their use in processing. The “user-machine” concept means the system designer should also understand the

21、 capabilities of humans as system components (as information processors) and the behavior of humans as users of information. Information system applications should not require users to be computer experts. However, users need to be able to specify their information requirements; some understand

22、ing of computers, the nature of information, and its use in various management function aids users in this task.Integrated system Management information system typically provides the basis for integration of organizational information processing. Individual applications within information syste

23、ms are developed for and by diverse sets of users. If there are no integrating processes and mechanisms, the individual applications may be inconsistent and incompatible. Data item may be specified differently and may not be compatible across applications that use the same data. There may be redunda

24、nt development of separate applications when actually a single application could serve more than one need. A user wanting to perform analysis using data from two different applications may find the task very difficult and sometimes impossible. The first step in integration of information system

25、 applications is an overall information system plan. Even though application systems are implemented one at a time, their design can be guided by the overall plan, which determines how they fit in with other functions. In essence, the information system is designed as a planed federation of small sy

26、stems. Information system integration is also achieved through standards, guidelines, and procedures set by the MIS function. The enforcement of such standards and procedures permit diverse applications to share data, meet audit and control requirements, and be shares by multiple users. For ins

27、tance, an application may be developed to run on a particular small computer. Standards for integration may dictate that the equipment selected be compatible with the centralized database. The trend in information system design is toward separate application processing form the data used to support

28、it. The separate database is the mechanism by which data items are integrated across many applications and made consistently available to a variety of users. The need for a database in MIS is discussed below.Need for a database The term “information” and “data” are frequently used interchangeab

29、ly; however, information is generally defined as data that is meaningful or useful to the recipient. Data items are therefore the raw material for producing information. The underlying concept of a database is that data needs to be managed in order to be available for processing and have approp

30、riate quality. This data management includes both software and organization. The software to create and manage a database is a database management system. When all access to any use of database is controlled through a database management system, all applications utilizing a particular data item

31、 access the same data item which is stored in only one place. A single updating of the data item updates it for all uses. Integration through a database management system requires a central authority for the database. The data can be stored in one central computer or dispersed among several computer

32、s; the overriding requirement is that there is an organizational function to exercise control.Utilization of Models   It is usually insufficient for human recipients to receive only raw data or even summarized data. Data usually needs to be processed and presented in such a way that the re

33、sult is directed toward the decision to be made. To do this, processing of data items is based on a decision model. For example, an investment decision relative to new capital expenditures might be processed in terms of a capital expenditure decision model.  Decision models can be used to suppo

34、rt different stages in the decision-making process. “Intelligence” models can be used to search for problems and/or opportunities. Models can be used to identify and analyze possible solutions. Choice models such as optimization models maybe used to find the most desirable solution In other wor

35、ds, multiple approaches are needed to meet a variety of decision situations. The following are examples and the type of model that might be included in an MIS to aid in analysis in support of decision-making; in a comprehensive information system, the decision maker has available a set of general mo

36、dels that can be applied to many analysis and decision situations plus a set of very specific models for unique decisions. Similar models are available for planning and control. The set of models is the model base for the MIS. The management information system (MIS) not only supports the underl

37、ying bed administrator, moreover may support the intermediate deck personnel's control check, for high level also can provide certain information. The management information system frame by four parts: Information source, information processor, information user and information superintendent. Th

38、e information source is the information production place; Information processor burden task/role and so on information transmission, processing, save; The information user is the information user, carries on the decision-making using the information; The information superintendent is responsible for

39、 the information system the design, the implementation and the safeguarding. The management information system is regarded as generally a pyramid shape the structure, divides into from the lower level handling of traffic to the operating control, the control check, the topmost story strategic planning. The most basic unit greatly processes the numerous and diverse transaction information and the sta