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1、Part IWriting(30 minutes)注意:此部分試題請在答題卡 1 上作答。Part IIListening Comprehension(30 minutes)Part IIIReading Comprehension(40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten b
2、lanks. You are required toselect one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bankfollowing the passage. Read the passage through carefully before&
3、#160;makingyour choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Pleasemark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 witha single line through&
4、#160;the centre. You may not use any of the words in thebank more than once.To understand why we should be concerned about how young people read, ithelps to kno
5、w something about the way the ability to read evolved. Unlike the abilityto understand and produce spoken language, the ability to read must be painstakingly36by each ind
6、ividual. The “reading circuits” we construct in the brain can be37or they can be robust, depending on how often and how 38 we use them.The deep reader en
7、ters a state of hypnotic trance (心醉神迷的狀態(tài)). Whenreaders are enjoying the experience the most, the pace of their reading 39 slows.The combination of fast, fluent dec
8、oding of words and slow, unhurried progress onthe page gives deep readers time to enrich their reading with reflection and analysis. Itgives them time to establish an40re
9、lationship with the author, the two of them41in a long and warm conversation like people falling in love.This is not reading as many young people know it. Their
10、;reading is instrumental:the difference between what literary critic Frank Kermode calls “carnal (肉體的)reading” and “spiritual reading.” If we allow our offspring to believe carnal
11、reading isall there is if we dont open the door to spiritual reading, through an early42on discipline and practice we will have43them of an enjoyable experiencethe
12、y would not otherwise encounter. Observing young peoples44to digitaldevices, some progressive educators talk about “meeting kids where they are,”molding instruction around their onscreen
13、0;habits. This is mistaken. We need,45, to show them someplace theyve never been, a place only deep reading cantake them.注意:此部分試題請在答題卡 2 上作答。A) acquired B) actuall J) notwithstandi
14、ngC) attachmentK) petitionD) cheatedL) ratherE) engagedM) scarcelyF) feebleN) swayedG) illicitO) vigorouslyH) insistence I) intimateSection BInto the UnknownThe world has never seen population ag
15、eing before. Can it cope?A Until the early 1990s nobody much thought about whole populations getting older.The UN had the foresight to convene a “world assembly on a
16、geing” back in 1982,but that came and went. By 1994 the World Bank had noticed that something bigwas happening. In a report entitled “Averting the Old Age Crisis”,
17、160;it argued thatpension arrangements in most countries were unsustainable.B For the next ten years a succession of books, mainly by Americans, sounded thealarm. They had tit
18、les like Young vs Old, Gray Dawn and The ComingGenerational Storm, and their message was blunt: health-care systems wereheading for the rocks, pensioners were taking young
19、0;people to the cleaners, andsoon there would be intergenerational warfare.C Since then the debate has become less emotional, not least because a lot more isknown about t
20、he subject. Books, conferences and research papers have multiplied.International organisations such as the OECD and the EU issue regular reports.Population ageing is on every agend
21、a, from G8 economic conferences to NATOsummits. The World Economic Forum plans to consider the future of pensionsand health care at its prestigious Davos conference early
22、;next year. The media,including this newspaper, are giving the subject extensive coverage. D Whether all that attention has translated into sufficient action is another question.Governm
23、ents in rich countries now accept that their pension and health-carepromises will soon become unaffordable, and many of them have embarked onreforms, but so far only timi
24、dly. That is not surprising: politicians with an eye onthe next election will hardly rush to introduce unpopular measures that may notbear fruit for years, perhaps decade
25、s.E The outline of the changes needed is clear. To avoid fiscal (財政的) meltdown,public pensions and health-care provision will have to be reined back severely andtaxes may
26、 have to go up. By far the most effective method to restrain pensionspending is to give people the opportunity to work longer, because it increases taxrevenues and
27、160;reduces spending on pensions at the same time. It may even keepthem alive longer. John Rother, the AARPs head of policy and strategy, points tostudies showing that
28、60;other things being equal, people who remain at work havelower death rates than their retired peers.F Younger people today mostly accept that they will have to work
29、0;for longer andthat their pensions will be less generous. Employers still need to be persuaded thatolder workers are worth holding on to. That may be because they h
30、ave had plentyof younger ones to choose from, partly thanks to the post-war baby-boom andpartly because over the past few decades many more women have entered thelabour
31、160;force, increasing employers choice. But the reservoir of women able andwilling to take up paid work is running low, and the baby-boomers are going grey.G In many
32、;countries immigrants have been filling such gaps in the labour force ashave already emerged (and remember that the real shortage is still around tenyears off). Immigration
33、60;in the developed world is the highest it has ever been, andit is making a useful difference. In still-fertile America it currently accounts forabout 40% of total
34、population growth, and in fast-ageing western Europe forabout 90%.H On the face of it, it seems the perfect solution. Many developing countries havelots of young people i
35、n need of jobs; many rich countries need helping hands thatwill boost tax revenues and keep up economic growth. But over the next fewdecades labour forces in rich
36、60;countries are set to shrink so much that inflows ofimmigrants would have to increase enormously to compensate: to at least twicetheir current size in western Europes m
37、ost youthful countries, and three times inthe older ones. Japan would need a large multiple of the few immigrants it has atpresent. Public opinion polls show that pe
38、ople in most rich countries already thinkthat immigration is too high. Further big increases would be politically unfeasible.I To tackle the problem of ageing populations at
39、160;its root, “old” countries wouldhave to rejuvenate (使年輕) themselves by having more of their own children. Anumber of them have tried, some more successfully than others.
40、60;But it is not asimple matter of offering financial incentives or providing more child care.Modern urban life in rich countries is not well adapted to large families.
41、160;Womenfind it hard to combine family and career. They often compromise by having justone child. J And if fertility in ageing countries does not pick up? It will n
42、ot be the end of theworld, at least not for quite a while yet, but the world will slowly become adifferent place. Older societies may be less innovative and
43、0;more stronglydisinclined to take risks than younger ones. By 2025 at the latest, about half thevoters in America and most of those in western European countries will
44、60;be over50and older people turn out to vote in much greater numbers than younger ones.Academic studies have found no evidence so far that older voters have used th
45、eirpower at the ballot box to push for policies that specifically benefit them, thoughif in future there are many more of them they might start doing so.K Nor i
46、s there any sign of the intergenerational warfare predicted in the 1990s. Afterall, older people themselves mostly have families. In a recent study of parents andgrown-up
47、;children in 11 European countries, Karsten Hank of MannheimUniversity found that 85% of them lived within 25km of each other and themajority of them were in touch a
48、t least once a week.L Even so, the shift in the centre of gravity to older age groups is bound to have aprofound effect on societies, not just economically
49、;and politically but in all sortsof other ways too. Richard Jackson and Neil Howe of Americas CSIS, in athoughtful book called The Graying of the Great Powers, argue
50、 that, among otherthings, the ageing of the developed countries will have a number of serioussecurity implications.M For example, the shortage of young adults is likely t
51、o make countries morereluctant to commit the few they have to military service. In the decades to 2050,America will find itself playing an ever-increasing role in the
52、0;developed worldsdefence effort. Because Americas population will still be growing when that ofmost other developed countries is shrinking, America will be the only developedcountry
53、60;that still matters geopolitically (地緣政治上).Ask me in 2020N There is little that can be done to stop population ageing, so the world will have tolive with it. But
54、160;some of the consequences can be alleviated. Many experts nowbelieve that given the right policies, the effects, though grave, need not becatastrophic. Most countries have
55、recognised the need to do something and arebeginning to act.O But even then there is no guarantee that their efforts will work. What is happeningnow is historically
56、unprecedented. Ronald Lee, director of the Centre on theEconomics and Demography of Ageing at the University of California, Berkeley,puts it briefly and clearly: “We dont real
57、ly know what population ageing will belike, because nobody has done it yet.”注意:此部分試題請在答題卡 2 上作答。46. Employers should realise it is important to keep older workers in the&
58、#160;workforce.47. A recent study found that most old people in some European countries hadregular weekly contact with their adult children.48. Few governments in rich countries
59、60;have launched bold reforms to tackle theproblem of population ageing.49. In a report published some 20 years ago, the sustainability of old-age pensionsystems in most count
60、ries was called into doubt.50. Countries that have a shortage of young adults will be less willing to send them towar.51. One-child families are more common in agein
61、g societies due to the stress ofurban life and the difficulties of balancing family and career.52. A series of books, mostly authored by Americans, warned of conflicts
62、60;betweenthe older and younger generations.53. Compared with younger ones, older societies tend to be less innovative and takefewer risks.54. The best solution to the pension
63、;crisis is to postpone the retirement age.55. Immigration as a means to boost the shrinking labour force may meet withresistance in some rich countries.Section CFor most
64、of the 20th century, Asia asked itself what it could learn from themodern, innovating West. Now the question must be reversed: what can the Westsoverly indebted and
65、sluggish (經(jīng)濟滯長的) nations learn from a flourishing Asia?Just a few decades ago, Asias two giants were stagnating (停滯不前) underfaulty economic ideologies. However, once China began
66、60;embracing free-marketreforms in the 1980s, followed by India in the 1990s, both countries achieved rapidgrowth. Crucially, as they opened up their markets, they balanced market&
67、#160;economywith sensible government direction. As the Indian economist Amartya Sen has wiselysaid, “The invisible hand of the market has often relied heavily on the visible h
68、and ofgovernment.” Contrast this middle path with America and Europe, which have each goneideologically overboard in their own ways. Since the 1980s, America has beenincreasingly c
69、linging to the ideology of uncontrolled free markets and dismissing therole of governmentfollowing Ronald Reagans idea that “government is not thesolution to our problem; governmen
70、t is the problem.” Of course, when the marketscame crashing down in 2007, it was decisive government intervention that saved theday. Despite this fact, many Americans are
71、 still strongly opposed to “biggovernment.”If Americans could only free themselves from their antigovernment doctrine,they would begin to see that Americas problems are not insolub
72、le. A few sensiblefederal measures could put the country back on the right path. A simple consumptiontax of, say, 5% would significantly reduce the countrys huge governme
73、nt deficitwithout damaging productivity. A small gasoline tax would help free America fromits dependence on oil imports and create incentives for green energy development. Inthe
74、60;same way, a significant reduction of wasteful agricultural subsidies could alsolower the deficit. But in order to take advantage of these common-sense solutions,Americans will h
75、ave to put aside their own attachment to the idea of smallergovernment and less regulation. American politicians will have to develop thecourage to follow what is taught&
76、#160;in all American public-policy schools: that there aregood taxes and bad taxes. Asian countries have embraced this wisdom, and have builtsound long-term fiscal (財政的) policies
77、160;as a result.Meanwhile, Europe has fallen prey to a different ideological trap: the belief thatEuropean governments would always have infinite resources and could continueborrowing
78、160;as if there were no tomorrow. Unlike the Americans, who felt that themarkets knew best, the Europeans failed to anticipate how the markets would react totheir endless
79、 borrowing. Today, the European Union is creating a $580 billion fund toward off sovereign collapse. This will buy the EU time, but it will not solve the blocsl
80、arger problem.注意:此部分試題請在答題卡 2 上作答。56. What has contributed to the rapid economic growth in China and India?A) Free market plus government intervention.B) Heavy reliance on the
81、;hand of government.C) Copying western-style economic behavior.D) Timely reform of government at all levels.57. What does Ronald Reagan mean by saying “government is the problem”
82、160;(Line 5,Para. 3)?A) Government action is key to solving economic problems.B) Many social problems arise from government inefficiency.C) Many social ills are caused by wrong
83、0;government policies.D) Government regulation hinders economic development. 58. What stopped the American economy from collapsing in 2007?A) Cooperation between the government and businesses.B)&
84、#160;Self-regulatory repair mechanisms of the free market.C) Effective measures adopted by the government.D) Abandonment of big government by the public.59. What is the authors sug
85、gestion to the American public in face of the governmentdeficit?A) They give up the idea of smaller government and less regulation.B) They put up with the inevitable
86、;sharp increase of different taxes.C) They urge the government to revise its existing public policies.D) They develop green energy to avoid dependence on oil import.60. What
87、160;is the problem with the European Union?A) Conservative ideology.C) Lack of resources.B) Excessive borrowing.D) Shrinking market.Passage TwoQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the f
88、ollowing passage.Picture a typical MBA lecture theatre twenty years ago. In it the majority ofstudents will have conformed to the standard model of the time: male, middle
89、 classand Western. Walk into a class today, however, and youll get a completely differentimpression. For a start, you will now see plenty more womenthe University ofPenns
90、ylvanias Wharton School, for example, boasts that 40% of its new enrolment isfemale. You will also see a wide range of ethnic groups and nationals of practicallyevery
91、0;country.It might be tempting, therefore, to think that the old barriers have been brokendown and equal opportunity achieved. But, increasingly, this apparent diversity isbecoming
92、;a mask for a new type of conformity. Behind the differences in sex, skintones and mother tongues, there are common attitudes, expectations and ambitionswhich risk creating
93、60;a set of clones among the business leaders of the future.Diversity, it seems, has not helped to address fundamental weaknesses inbusiness leadership. So what can be do
94、ne to create more effective managers of thecommercial world? According to Valerie Gauthier, associate dean at HEC Paris, thekey lies in the process by which MBA programme
95、s recruit their students. At themoment candidates are selected on a fairly narrow set of criteria such as prioracademic and career performance, and analytical and problem
96、;solving abilities. Thisis then coupled to a schools picture of what a diverse class should look like, with theresult that passport, ethnic origin and sex can all be
97、come influencing factors. Butschools rarely dig down to find out what really makes an applicant succeed, to createa class which also contains diversity of attitude and ap
98、proacharguably the onlydiversity that, in a business context, really matters.Professor Gauthier believes schools should not just be selecting candidates fromtraditional sectors such as
99、banking, consultancy and industry. They should also beseeking individuals who have backgrounds in areas such as political science, the creative arts, history or philosophy, which w
100、ill allow them to put business decisionsinto a wider context.Indeed, there does seem to be a demand for the more rounded leaders suchdiversity might create. A study by Mannaz, a leadership development company,suggests that, while the bully-boy chief executive of old may n
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