屋面滲漏的原因及質(zhì)量控制方法探究

1、 屋面滲漏的原因及質(zhì)量控制方法探究摘要：建筑的通病“屋面滲漏”尤為普遍，包括：設(shè)計(jì)、材料、施工、管理維護(hù)等四個(gè)方面因素，要想做好屋面防水工作，則即要有合理的設(shè)計(jì)方案，又要合理選擇好防水材料，即要按規(guī)程精心施工，又要有一整套完整的管理維護(hù)措施。關(guān)鍵詞：屋面滲漏原因;質(zhì)量控制;材料選擇;施工方法 近幾年來，我國(guó)建筑行業(yè)發(fā)展速度很快，但建筑的質(zhì)量通病屋面滲漏卻是多年來一直未能很好解決的難題。不少新建成的工程就出現(xiàn)了滲漏情況，竣工當(dāng)年就發(fā)生滲漏的房屋所占比重很大。老建筑大多采用有機(jī)防水，現(xiàn)在也都已到了使用年限，因此其滲漏現(xiàn)象更為嚴(yán)重，然而修補(bǔ)滲漏往往比新建筑防水要困難的多，往往是這兒補(bǔ)好，那兒又漏，一

2、補(bǔ)再補(bǔ)，令用戶無法安心居住，形成“年年修，年年漏”的惡性循環(huán)。我國(guó)每年僅用于屋面防水的維修費(fèi)用就高達(dá)十幾億元。九十年代初，我國(guó)建設(shè)部曾對(duì)全國(guó)近100個(gè)大中城市的住宅建設(shè)滲漏情況進(jìn)行了隨機(jī)抽樣調(diào)查，共抽檢了2072棟房屋，建筑面積797.7萬平方米，發(fā)現(xiàn)屋面滲漏的有725棟，占抽檢總數(shù)的35%。在調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn)滲漏的工程中，以采用涂膜防水的滲漏率最高，占涂膜防水工程總數(shù)的44.3%,其次是剛性防水和卷材防水，其滲漏率分別為38.7%和31.4%。導(dǎo)致屋面滲漏的主要原因在材料方面占20%22%，設(shè)計(jì)方面占18%26%，施工方面占45%48%，管理維護(hù)占6%15%。由此看來，造成屋面滲漏的因素很多，其中

3、防水施工和材料選用占的比重較大。這就要求我們?cè)谑┕み^程中不但要按要求規(guī)范施工，而且要大力推廣積極采用防水新技術(shù)，新材料，新工藝。在此，就屋面滲漏的原因，談?wù)勂湓O(shè)計(jì)與施工質(zhì)量控制的幾點(diǎn)心得。一、屋面產(chǎn)生滲漏的原因1.結(jié)構(gòu)層混凝土裂縫引起滲漏由溫差引起的變形裂縫：屋面板在使用過程中，由于受到大氣溫度.太陽(yáng)輻射.風(fēng).雨.雪以及室內(nèi)熱源作用等影響，引起混凝土熱脹冷縮，產(chǎn)生溫度裂縫。 結(jié)構(gòu)變形引起的裂縫：建筑物在長(zhǎng)期使用過程中，因地基的不均勻沉降，找平層裂縫，不同建筑材料的收縮差異，吊車的頻繁震動(dòng)等，都能引起結(jié)構(gòu)裂縫?；炷劣不^程中的收縮，形成裂縫，混凝土施工所需水量大大超過了水泥水化所需要的用水量，

4、由于多余水分的蒸發(fā)造成砂漿收縮而引起收縮裂縫。施工裂縫：施工時(shí)混凝土振搗不密實(shí)，面層壓光不好，以及早期干燥脫水，后期養(yǎng)護(hù)不當(dāng)，都會(huì)產(chǎn)生施工裂縫。2.設(shè)計(jì)和施工不當(dāng)引起滲漏由于屋面防水設(shè)計(jì)方案不合理，如屋面坡度過小，防水層未設(shè)分倉(cāng)縫或分倉(cāng)縫設(shè)計(jì)不合理等。另外，荷載計(jì)算錯(cuò)誤，防水材料選擇不當(dāng)?shù)?，均可引起屋面滲漏水。屋面防水施工沒有嚴(yán)格按照操作規(guī)程及按設(shè)計(jì)要求精心施工，局部防水措施不當(dāng)，如山墻.女兒墻.檐墻.天溝.屋面板縫.煙囪或雨水管穿過防水層處，施工時(shí)未采取嚴(yán)密的防范措施而導(dǎo)致屋面滲漏水。3.防水材料質(zhì)量有缺陷引起滲漏 由于一些防水材料未達(dá)到國(guó)家規(guī)定的質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，基層裂縫導(dǎo)致防水卷材的零延伸而破壞

5、；沒有按照當(dāng)?shù)貧鉁氐葪l件選用防水材料，防水層在低溫時(shí)脆裂破壞，最終導(dǎo)致屋面滲漏水。二、屋面防水設(shè)計(jì)與施工質(zhì)量控制的措施1.盡量避免結(jié)構(gòu)層混凝土產(chǎn)生裂縫屋面結(jié)構(gòu)層盡量采用整體現(xiàn)澆，尤其是剛性防水屋面。采用預(yù)制鋼筋混凝土板則盡量避免使用異型板，由于異型板拐角處應(yīng)力比較復(fù)雜，如配筋不當(dāng)，容易出現(xiàn)裂縫。屋面板的厚度應(yīng)不小于L/(3035)（L為單項(xiàng)板跨度或雙向板的短邊跨度），一般屋面板厚度不宜小于120mm。鋼筋間距不應(yīng)大于150mm，且應(yīng)盡量采用雙層雙向配筋。采用預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土是防止樓板開裂最有效的方法之一。2.加強(qiáng)節(jié)點(diǎn)及細(xì)部構(gòu)造的處理嚴(yán)格遵照屋面工程質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收規(guī)范對(duì)建筑防水等級(jí)規(guī)定的防水材料選用及設(shè)防

6、要求，必須由有防水設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人員承擔(dān)，并應(yīng)根據(jù)工程特點(diǎn)，地區(qū)自然條件等進(jìn)行防水構(gòu)造設(shè)計(jì)。重視層面構(gòu)造，使各層面的構(gòu)造合理。如對(duì)找平層應(yīng)按要求找坡后做25mm厚1:2.5水泥砂漿，保溫層盡量采用憎水或吸水率低的材料等。改進(jìn)節(jié)點(diǎn)做法，加強(qiáng)成品保護(hù)。由于節(jié)點(diǎn)構(gòu)造的不合理或施工粗糙，常常是導(dǎo)致節(jié)點(diǎn)滲漏的主要原因，在節(jié)點(diǎn)部位應(yīng)采取剛.柔結(jié)合的辦法，各節(jié)點(diǎn)均應(yīng)用密封材料填充密封，這一點(diǎn)尤其對(duì)剛性防水層特別重要。對(duì)于泛水處，基層需用水泥砂漿做成園角或倒角，以利于鋪貼防水層。在泛水.屋脊.天溝等復(fù)雜節(jié)點(diǎn)部位，可采用密封材料涂布2mm厚或采用高分子卷材作為附加層。也可采用涂膜防水打底，上做卷材防水的復(fù)合防水方法

7、。防排結(jié)合，采取以防為主.以排為輔的重要原則。屋面工程的防水設(shè)計(jì)，如果坡度不夠，水落口布置部位不妥和數(shù)量不足，管徑偏小以及天溝.檐溝寬度不夠都會(huì)造成排水不暢，極易造成屋面局部積水。長(zhǎng)久以來，防水層處于干濕.凍融交替作用下，勢(shì)必造成防水層破壞，也可由于屋面積水引發(fā)墻面連帶滲漏。在大坡度基層上施工時(shí)，為防止防水層和保護(hù)層在重力作用下滑移，需采用機(jī)械固定措施，在防水層施工完畢后采用帶壓條或墊片的釘子固定，也可采取在保護(hù)層內(nèi)加鋼絲網(wǎng)片.鋼筋彎勾錨固的方法固定。3.合理選擇防水材料防水涂料具有對(duì)形狀復(fù)雜.變截面以及設(shè)施較多的屋面容易施工并能形成連續(xù).彈性.無縫.整體防水層的特點(diǎn)，主要代表產(chǎn)品有溶劑型高聚

8、物改型瀝青防水涂料和聚氨酯防水涂料等。防水卷材是建筑材料中的主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)品，占防水材料總量的80%左右。它包括瀝青防水卷材.高聚物改型瀝青防水卷材.合成高分子防水卷材等三大系列產(chǎn)品。適用于防水等級(jí)一至四級(jí)的工業(yè)與民用建筑工程的屋面防水。嚴(yán)格按照現(xiàn)行技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及環(huán)境條件選材，確保屋面防水的耐久年限。以達(dá)到提高防水工程質(zhì)量和延長(zhǎng)防水層使用年限的目的。4.精心施工，加強(qiáng)防水施工管理屋面工程的防水必須由專業(yè)隊(duì)伍施工，應(yīng)貫徹設(shè)計(jì)意圖，使用經(jīng)測(cè)試合格的材料，不能任意更改。施工前必須認(rèn)真編寫施工方案，并貫徹執(zhí)行，精心施工。遵守有關(guān)防水規(guī)范的各項(xiàng)規(guī)定。對(duì)防水施工全過程認(rèn)真管理，做好每道工序的檢查和驗(yàn)收工作。從設(shè)計(jì).選

9、料.測(cè)試.施工到檔案整理各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)都應(yīng)有嚴(yán)格的管理制度。充分了解結(jié)構(gòu)層混凝土和找平層等的材料.施工情況，為防水處理做好一切準(zhǔn)備。要注意防水屋面的維修養(yǎng)護(hù)，防止不應(yīng)有的損壞，要時(shí)刻保持雨水口等排水流暢。由此可知，住宅工程的屋面防水設(shè)計(jì)也應(yīng)遵循“多道設(shè)防，復(fù)合防水，防排結(jié)合”的原則，采取綜合治理的途徑。如何徹底的解決好住宅工程屋面防水的滲漏問題，不但要求我們認(rèn)真貫徹執(zhí)行“屋面工程技術(shù)規(guī)范”，把好防水材料質(zhì)量關(guān)，最重要的是要求我們要不斷提高施工水平和管理水平。Reasons of roof leakage, and quality control method is explored Pick to:

10、 the common fault of the building, the roof leakage is common, including: design, material, construction, management, maintenance and so on four aspects, to do a good job in roof waterproof, namely to have reasonable design scheme, again to choose good waterproof materials, namely according to rules

11、 of careful construction, and management of a complete maintenance measures. Key words: roof leakage reason; Quality control; Selection of materials; The construction method In recent years, China's construction industry development is very fast, but the construction quality common fault of roof

12、 leakage is good for many years has not been able to solve problems. Many new engineering occurs leakage, leakage of completion that occurs housing accounts for a large proportion. Old buildings are using organic waterproof, now also have to use fixed number of year, so the leakage phenomenon is mor

13、e serious, however, mending leakage often is much difficult than new building waterproof, tend to be here for good, there is leakage, fill again and again, users can't live in peace, formed "leakage repair year after year, year after year" the vicious circle. Every year in our country

14、is only used for roofing waterproofing maintenance up to billions of yuan. In the early ninety s, China's ministry of construction has for nearly 100 large and medium cities nationwide housing construction leakage is a random sampling investigation, sampling a total of 2072 homes, building area

15、of 7.977 million square meters, and found that there are 725 of roof leakage, and 35% of the total number of sampling. Investigations found that leakage in engineering, by adopting coating waterproof leakage rate is highest, accounting for 44.3% of the total coating waterproof engineering, followed

16、by rigid waterproof and waterproof coiled material, the leakage rate were 38.7% and 31.4% respectively. Cause the main cause of roof leakage accounted for 20% 22% in material aspects, design accounts for 18% 26%, construction accounted for 45% 48%, and the management maintenance accounts for 6% 15%.

17、 It seems that many factors cause of roof leakage, which is larger in proportion of waterproof construction and material selection. This requests us not only to standard construction according to the requirement in construction process, and to vigorously promote the active adoption of waterproof new

18、 technology, new materials and new technology. In this, reasons of roof leakage, and then talk about the design and construction quality control points. First, cause leakage of the roof 1. The structure layer caused leakage of concrete cracks (1) deformation cracks caused by temperature difference:

19、roof panel in use process, due to air temperature. Solar radiation, wind, rain, snow and indoor heat source function of impact, caused by concrete heat bilges cold shrink, produce temperature crack. 2 structure cracks caused by the deformation of buildings in the process of long-term use, due to the

20、 uneven settlement of foundation, the leveling layer cracks, shrinkage difference of different building materials, crane frequent vibration, etc., can cause structural cracks. (3) hardening of concrete shrinkage, in the process of formation of cracks, concrete construction water needed to significan

21、tly more than the cement hydration water, mortar shrinkage due to excess moisture evaporation and cause shrinkage crack. (4) construction cracks: don't concrete vibrating close-grained, when the surface pressure light is not good, and the early drying dehydration, improper maintenance, late will

22、 produce construction cracks. 2. Improper design and construction of leakage (1) due to the unreasonable roofing waterproof design, such as roof pitch is too small, waterproof layer seam not set points storehouse or warehouse design is not reasonable, etc. In addition, the load calculation errors, i

23、mproper selection waterproof materials, etc., all can cause the roof leakage. 2 roof waterproof construction is not in strict accordance with the operating procedures and careful construction according to design requirements, local waterproof measures, the mountain wall. Parapet. Eaves wall. Roof gu

24、tter. Roof plate seam. Chimney or storm sewer across the membrane, construction has not caused to take strict measures to prevent roof leakage. 3. Waterproof material quality defects cause leakage Due to some waterproof material did not meet the quality standards set by the state, the primary cracks

25、 in waterproofing materials zero extension and destruction; Not according to the local condition such as temperature choose waterproof material, waterproof layer at low temperature brittle destruction, eventually lead to roof leakage. Second, the design and construction of roofing waterproof measure

26、s of quality control 1. Try to avoid cracks of concrete structure layer (1) layer of roofing structure adopts the integral cast-in-place as far as possible, especially the rigid waterproof roof. Diction using precast reinforced concrete slab is as far as possible avoid the use of different plate, du

27、e to the different plate corner stress is more complex, such as reinforcement, prone to cracks. (3) the thickness of the roof panel should not be less than L/(30 35) (L for single span or side of bidirectional board short span), general roof plate thickness should not less than 120 mm. (4) reinforce

28、ment spacing should be not greater than 150 mm, and should try to adopt double two-way reinforcement. 5 using prestressed concrete is one of the most effective way to prevent floor cracking. 2. Strengthen the nodes and the detail structure of the processing (1) strictly conform to the roofing projec

29、t quality acceptance specification of building waterproofing of waterproof material selection and security requirements, must be borne by the waterproof design experience of the staff, and should be based on project characteristics, regional natural conditions such as waterproof structure design. At

30、taches great importance to the level of structure, all aspects of the structure is reasonable. As the leveling layer should be according to the request to find slope after to do 25 mm thick. 5 cement mortar, insulation layer as far as possible use hydrophobic or material bibulous rate is low, etc. (

31、3) improve the node practice, strengthening the protection of finished products. Because node structure is not reasonable or construction rough, often is a major cause of lead to leakage of node, the node position should be taken. Just soft combination method, application of sealing material filling

32、 sealing all nodes, and this is especially for rigid waterproof layer is particularly important. For flood water place, at the grassroots level need cement mortar to make garden Angle or Angle, so the shop is stuck the waterproof layer. In a pan of water. Roof. The roof gutter complex node location,

33、 seal material coating can be used 2 mm thick or use high polymer coil as an additional layer. Also can use waterproof coating, composite waterproof coiled material waterproof on method. (4) the combination, to give priority to. In case the important principle that the row as the auxiliary pole. Roo

34、fing construction waterproof design, if the slope is not enough, impinges mouth parts wrong layout and shortage, small diameter and a roof gutter. Eaves gutter width is not enough to cause poor drainage, local water easily to roofing. For a long time, the waterproof layer is wet. Under the action of

35、 freezing and thawing alternation, is bound to membrane damage, can also be caused by roof water wall joint leakage. 5 on the large slope base construction, to prevent the waterproof layer and protection layer in gravity fall, should adopt mechanical static measures, adopted in construction after th

36、e completion of the waterproof layer with layering or gasket nail, also can be taken within the protective layer with steel wire mesh. Steel bar curved hook fixed anchorage method. 3. Rational selection waterproof material (1) waterproof coating has a complicated shape. Variable cross-section and fa

37、cilities construction and can be more roof readily form a continuous. Elastic. Seamless. The overall characteristics of the waterproof layer, the main representative products are solvent-based polymer modification of asphalt waterproof coating, polyurethane waterproof coating, etc. Waterproofing mat

38、erials 2 is the leading products in building materials, or about 80% of the total waterproof material. It consists of asphalt waterproof coiled material. Polymer modification of asphalt waterproof coiled material. Three series of products such as synthetic polymer waterproof coiled material. Suitabl

39、e for waterproof level 1 to level 4 of industrial and civil construction roofing waterproof. (3) materials, in strict accordance with the current technical standard and environmental conditions to ensure durable life of roofing waterproof. To improve the quality of waterproof engineering and prolong the use fixed number of year for the purpose of the waterproof layer. 4. Careful construction, strengthen the management of waterproof construction The improvement of the waterproof of the roof engineering construction, must by the profe