詞匯學反義關系（課堂PPT）

1、.1Chapter 6 Sense Relations 語義關系6.4 Antonymy 反義關系.26.4 Antonymy 反義關系本節(jié)重要術語和概念：1. antonymy 反義關系 2. antonym 反義詞3. complementary 互補反義詞 4. contrary 相對反義詞5. converse 逆反反義詞 6. semantic relativity 語義相對性7. semantic polarity 語義二極性8. relational opposite 關系對立詞 9. reverse term 反向詞10. marked term 有標記項 11. unmark

2、ed term 無標記項 .3補充材料 梁啟超少年之中國節(jié)選 老年人常思既往，少年人常思將來。惟思既往也，故生留戀心；惟思將來也，故生希望心。惟留戀也，故保守；惟希望也，故進取。惟保守也，故永舊；惟進取也，故日新。惟思既往也，事事皆其所已經者，故惟知照例；惟思將來也，事事皆其所未經者，故常敢破格。 老年人常多憂慮，少年人常好行樂。惟多憂也，故灰心，惟行樂也，故盛氣。惟灰心也，故怯懦；惟盛氣也，故豪壯。惟怯懦也，故茍且；惟豪壯也，故冒險。惟茍且也，故能世界；惟冒險也，故能世界。老年人常，少年人常喜事。惟厭事也，故常覺一切事無可為者；惟好事也，故常覺一切事無不可為者。 老年人如夕照，少年人如朝陽；

3、老年人如瘠牛，少年人如乳虎；老年人如僧，少年人如俠；老年人如字典，少年人如戲文；老年人如鴉片煙，少年人如潑蘭地酒；老年人如別行星之隕石，少年人如大洋海之珊瑚島；老年人如埃及沙漠之金字塔，少年人如西伯利亞之鐵路；老年人如秋后之柳，少年人如春前之草；老年人如死海之潴為澤，少年人如長江之初發(fā)源。.41. Types of Antonyms 反義詞的種類Antonymy deals with semantic opposition. 反義關系研究的是語義上的對立。What are antonyms? Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite

4、 in meaning. 反義詞可被定義為意義上對立的詞。 Antonyms can be divided into three types:Complementary互 補 反 義 詞Contrary相 對 反 義 詞Reverse terms反 向 詞Converse逆 反 反 義 詞Antonyms反 義 詞.51) Complementaries 互補反義詞 Complementaries are forms of antonyms which truly represent oppositeness of meaning. 互補反義詞是真正反映意義對立的反義詞形式。Examples

5、in the textbook:Adj.: dead alive, present absent, male female, true false, same different perfect imperfect, single marriedNoun: boy girl, man woman.6Features of complementaries 互補反義詞的特點They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. The asse

6、rtion of one is the denial of the other or vice versa. 它們互相完全對立，互相排斥，之間不允許有任何可能項?？隙ㄒ环骄偷扔诜穸硪环剑粗惨粯?。 Compare: a) beautiful plain ugly dead alive b) He is rich.=He is not poor. (?) He is dead.=He is not alive. .7(2) Another distinctive feature of this category is that such antonyms are nongradable. 這

7、類反義詞的另一個顯著特征是這種反義詞是非等級的。Compare:extremely big / very big / big / quite big / medium-sized /quite small / small / very small / extremely small (tiny)*extremely dead / very dead / dead / quite dead / half-dead, half alive / quite alive / very alive / alive / extremely alive .82) Contraries 相對反義詞Contra

8、ries are best envisaged in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes. 相對反義詞最好被想像為處于兩極之間的一個標尺。scale: a piece of wood, plastics, etc, with marks along the edge 標尺，刻度尺l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l1 5

9、10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 very big / big / quite big / medium-sized / quite small / small / very small.9Words such as rich-poor, old-young, big-small represent two points at both ends of the pole. The existence of one is in relation to the other. .This shows what is called semantic relativity. 像

10、富窮、老少、大小這樣的詞表示了一根桿子的兩端。一方的存在與另一方有關。 這就是所謂的語義相對性。Example:(1) poor rich, good bad cold hot, old young(2) rich, very rich, richer, richest.10Antonyms of this kind are characteristic of semantic polarity. These antonyms form part of a scale of values between two poles and can accommodate a middle ground

11、 belonging neither to one pole nor to the other. 這種反義詞的特點是語義二極性。這些反義詞形成了處于兩極之間的一支等值尺，并可以提供不屬于兩端的中間地帶。very big / big / quite big / medium-sized /quite small / small / very small .113) Converses 逆反反義詞 Converses consist of relational opposites such as parentchild, husbandwife, predecessorsuccessor, emp

12、loyeremployee. The pairs of words indicate such a reciprocal social relationship that one of them cannot be used without suggesting the other. 逆反反義詞包含了像父母孩子、丈夫妻子、前任后任、雇主雇員這樣的關系對立詞。這些成對的詞表明了一種相互的社會關系，即使用一個詞必然會提起另一個。 .12Reverse terms 反向詞Reverse terms comprise adjectives and adverbs signifying a qualit

13、y and verbs and nouns signifying an act or state that reverse or undo the quality, action or state of the other. 反向詞包括表示性質的形容詞和副詞和表示行為或狀態(tài)的動詞和名詞，這些性質、行為和狀態(tài)與另一個詞的性質、行為和狀態(tài)相反。Examples in the textbook:(1) If A sells something to B, then B buys it from A.(2) If A is Bs husband, then B is As wife.13Compari

14、son between complementaries and converses 互補反義詞和逆反反義詞比較(1) Complementary: He is a man=He is not a woman. A is not a man. A must be a woman.(2) Converse: *He is a husband=He is not a wife. *A is not a husband. A must be a wife. .142. Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms 反義詞的一些特點Words denoting natu

15、re, quality or state of things have in many cases antonyms. This accounts for abundance of antonyms among adjectives. Next come verbs which denote action or activity. Least antonyms are found among nouns which generally denote names of objects, domain, idea, etc. 表示性質、品質和狀態(tài)的詞在許多情況下具有反義詞。這說明了形容詞中反義詞多

16、的原因。下一類是表示行動和行為的動詞。一般表示物體名稱、領域名稱和思想名稱的名詞中反義詞最少。Many words, though having synonyms, do not find their semantic opposites. 許多詞雖然有同義詞，但卻沒有語義上的對立詞（即反義詞）。Words which are polysemantic can have more than one antonym. 多義的詞會有多個反義詞。.15Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Pairs of antonyms are seen as unmark

17、ed and marked terms respectively, on the grounds that one member is more specific than the other and the meaning of the marked term is found in that of the unmarked. 反義詞在語義包孕方面有所不同。成對反義詞的兩方分別被看作無標記項和有標記項，其根據是一方比另一方更加具體，無標記項的意義存在于有標記項的意義之中。The markedness is also applied to adjectives such as tall-sho

18、rt, old-young where the second term is more restricted in distribution than the first. 有標記性也適用于形容詞，像高矮、老少等，其中第二個詞在語義分布上比第一個詞更有限。Contraries are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite. 相對反義詞是等級反義詞，在強度上有所不同，因此每一個都有其相應的對立詞。.163. The Use of Antonyms 反義詞的使用Antonym have various practical uses and have long proved helpful and valuable in defining the meanings of a given word.反義詞有各種實際用途，在解釋詞義方面早就被證明很有用處、很有價值。Antonyms are useful in enabling us to express economically t