英語句子結構和成分詳解(共13頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上第一章  句子成分和簡單句基本句型一、句子成分 構成篇章的基本單位是句子，組成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子成分都是由單詞、短語或從句充當的。句子成份包括以下九類。成分意義位置主語主語是句中動作、行為、性質和狀態(tài)的主體，是一個句子談論的主題。常位于句首謂語謂語是用來說明主語的動作或狀態(tài)；是英語句子的靈魂、核心主語后賓語賓語表示動作、行為的對象動詞或介詞后表語表語用來說明主語的性質、身份、特征和狀態(tài)，與連系動詞一起構成復合謂語。系動詞后賓補補充說明賓語的動作和狀態(tài)賓語后定語定語是用來描述名詞或代詞，說明人或事物的性質、特征、所屬等。名詞前后狀語狀語

2、是用來修飾句中謂語動詞或整個句子的，說明動作“何時、何地、如何”發(fā)生；說明形容詞或副詞的程度位置靈活同位語對被修飾對象進行補充說明或作進一步解釋修飾詞后插入語對一句話作一些附加的說明,用來表示說話者對句子表達的意思的態(tài)度。句前或句中其中，主語和謂語是句子的主體部分。表語、賓語和補足語是謂語的組成部分。其他成分如定語和狀語是句子的修飾部分。二、充當句子成分的各種形式 主語: 主語可以由名詞、代詞、數詞、動詞不定式、動名詞、從句等來擔任。 1.名詞 All efforts will be in vain if we cant learn English by prac

3、ticing repeatedly. 如果我們不通過反復練習來學習英語，所有的努力將付之東流。 2.數詞 Two thirds of them can play more than one musical instrument.他們中有2/3的人不只能演奏一種樂器。 3.代詞 Who knows the answer? 誰知道答案？ 4.不定式 To see is to believe.眼見為實 Its an honor to make a speech here. 在這里發(fā)言我很榮幸。 5.動名詞

4、60; In my opinion, cloning should be dealt with carefully. 我認為應該慎重對待克隆。 6.名詞化的形容詞或分詞 The old should be respected.老人因該受到尊重。 The disabled will receive more money. 殘疾人會收到更多的錢。 7.名詞性短語  The teacher with his students is going to visit the museum.老師和同學們要去參觀博物館。 8.主語

5、從句 What he said didnt agree with what he did. 他的言行不一。主語從句常使用it 作形式主語。It is uncertain whether he can come to Jennys birthday party or not.   It happened that he was out when I got there.   當我到那兒時，碰巧他不在。考查對句中主語的確定 【技巧點撥】 1對句中主語的考查通常出現(xiàn)在強調句型中，即“ It is/ was +

6、主語（強調部分）+ that+謂語部分”。注意充當主語的應該是名詞、代詞、名詞性詞組或名詞性從句。動詞原形，介詞詞組或一個具有完整意義但缺少連詞的簡單句都是不能充當主語的。 2.句中的主語直接決定了謂語動詞的單復數。對主語的確定不能被一些表象所迷惑。尤其要能辨識下面這種現(xiàn)象，即當主語后面跟有as well as, along with, together with, like ,but, except, in addition to 等引導的詞組時，其謂語動詞的單復數按主語的單復數而定。 It was _ computer games that cost the boy a

7、 lot of time that he ought to have spent on his lessons.   A. to have played    B. playing    C. played    D. having played 【答案與解析】  B  該句是一個強調句型，強調部分是句子的主語成分，所以用動名詞充當。注意having done 這種結構通常在句中做句首狀語，表明其動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。 【舉一反三】4

8、1.What made him so angry? _.A. Because his son lied to him B. His son lied to him C. Because of his sons lie D. His sons lying to him2. Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters,_ visit Beijing this summer. ( 09·陜西)A. is going to     B. are going to    C. was

9、 going to    D. were going to 3. Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where_ yet.(07·浙江)A. hasnt been decided   B. havent decided   C. isnt being decided   D. arent decided 反饋訓練1 改正下列句子中的錯誤。1

10、. China is no longer what used to be.2. His son was missing in the earthquake made him very anxious.3. There was an accident happened to him.4. Those came to see me that afternoon are some friends of mine.5. Without a friend will feel lonely.6. Large quantities of money has been collected to help th

11、ose suffering from the floods7. It is important for us cooperating with each other; otherwise, we will never accomplish the aim. 謂語 謂語是構成句子的最主要成分之一，謂語由動詞來擔任。謂語的中心詞有人稱、數、語氣、語態(tài)和時態(tài)的變化。如：1. She speaks English fluently. 她的英語講得很流利。2. Linda worked in the company for two years. 琳達在那個公司工作過兩年。3. Without

12、your help, we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time. 4.You are sincerely invited to a party to be given at the Teachers Club.5. Make sure to form the habit of turning off the electric facilities whenever you leave the classroom.6. The teacher insisted that we (should) use an English- English

13、dictionary. 反饋訓練2 改正下列句子中的錯誤。1. He against your plan.2. A week past before his letter arrived.3. I watched him until he was disappeared from sight in the distance.4. The economic crisis worsening in some countries.5. The professor has come to China for five years.6. Because he was seriously ill

14、, he laid in bed waiting for the doctor to come.7. Pollution effects more people living in today's society than it did in previous years.8. The film started for fifteen minutes when I got to the cinema.9. If he knew the answer, he will tell me.10. Waiting outside until you are asked.賓語:  賓語

15、表示動作、行為的對象，由名詞、代詞、數詞、動名詞、動詞不定式和賓語從句充當，和及物動詞一起說明主語做什么。如： 1.名詞  She has a very pleasant smile and always has a twinkle in her eyes. 她笑得很燦爛，總是閃爍著那雙大眼睛。 2.代詞   Please wake me up at six tomorrow morning. 請明天早上六點叫醒我。 3.數詞 I need three more. 我還需要三個。 4.同源賓語 

16、She dreamt a sweet dream. 她做了個美夢。 5.動名詞短語 He doesnt allow smoking in his office. 他不允許在他辦公室里吸煙。 6.動詞不定式短語 I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so. 我本打算告訴你，但我忘記了。 7.疑問詞+不定式 We havent decided where to meet. 我們沒有決定在那見面。 8.賓語從句 No one can deny that

17、 smoking leads to cancer. 沒有人能否認吸煙能致癌的事實。 We took it for granted that they would accept the proposal. 我們以為他們會理所當然地接受這項建議。 賓語補足語:  有些動詞除有賓語外,有時還需要有賓語補足語,句子意義才能完整。  所以賓語補足語說明賓語是什么、做什么、處于什么狀態(tài)的成分，其邏輯主語為句子的賓語。根據賓語和賓補在邏輯上存在的主謂（主動）或動賓（被動）關系，選用不同的非謂語動詞形式作賓補。賓語與賓補一起構成復合賓語。一常用的復合賓語結構為

18、：主語+ 謂語+ 賓語 + 賓語補足語， 其中賓語補足語可由下列形式充當。1.名詞 They all made him monitor. 我們都選他當班長。 2.形容詞 After-class activities will not only make our school life colorful, but also improve our learning.  課外活動不僅讓我們的學校生活豐富多彩，還能夠提高我們的學習。 3.副詞 Will you please invite all of them in? 你能把它們

19、都邀請近來嗎？ 4.介詞詞組 After- class activities free students from the heavy study. 課外活動把學生從繁重的學習中解脫出來。 5.動詞不定式 Nowadays，students are encouraged to take part in varieties of after-class activities. 現(xiàn)在學生被鼓勵參加各種各樣的課外活動。 6.省to的動詞不定式   Sports help us build up our body

20、, improve our ability of balance, develop our endurance and cooperation sense. 體育運動有助于我們增強體質，提高平衡能力，培養(yǎng)耐力和合作精神。 7.現(xiàn)在分詞短語 I saw a stranger waving to me. 我看見一個陌生人給我揮手。 8.過去分詞短語 They found their house broken into. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)房屋被盜。 9. it作形式賓語的復合賓語結構  I found it pleasant to be

21、with your family. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)和你的家人在一起很令人愉快。10. with 的復合賓語結構They stayed in the cave, with nothing to eat. 他們呆在山中，沒有東西可吃。With the Internet becoming more and more popular, we have fewer face to face talks with our friends. 隨著因特網的日益普及， 我們和朋友之間面對面的交流更少了?？疾橘e語及賓補的正確形式 【技巧點撥】 1.對賓語的考查主要涉及動名詞和不定式做賓語的情況。用不定

22、式還是動名詞作賓語取決于謂語動詞本身的用法特點。所以，要解好這類題的關鍵是熟記常見的用不定式或動名詞作賓語的動詞。 2.有些及物動詞后既可用動名詞，也可用不定式作賓語，但兩種結構在意義上差別很大。所以，解題的關鍵也是先要熟記這類動詞的用法，才能在具體的語境中靈活運用。 3對賓補的考查主要涉及非謂語動詞作賓補的辨析。具體選用哪種形式既要看謂語動詞本身的用法特點，比如catch sb. doing sth, let sb.do sth.等這樣的固定的賓補形式，又要看賓語和賓補之間是主動還是被動關系。比如：see sb. do/doing sth. (主動)，see sb./st

23、h. done (被動關系)。如： I cant stand_with Jane in the same office. She just refuses_talking while she works.(2006·北京)   A. working ; stopping   B. to work; stopping   C. working ; to stop   D. to work; to stop 【答案與解析】 C。cant stand（

24、不能忍受）后要接動名詞作賓語；refuse 后則只能接不定式作賓語。又如： Claire had luggage _ an hour before her plane left. （2011·陜西卷）      A.check   B.checking   C.to check   D.checked【答案與解析】  D。luggage 與check 之間具有被動關系，所以賓補應用過去分詞。 【舉一反三】51.There is a story here i

25、n the paper about a 110-year - old man.My Goodness! I cant imagine_that old.(2006·陜西)A.to be    B.to have been C.being    D.having been2. Let those in need_ that we will go all out to help them. （2013陜西卷）A. to understand    B. understand   

26、    C. understanding    D. understood3.All the staff in our company are considering_to the city centre for fashion show.( 2007·上海春招)A.to go    B.going   C.to have gone    D.having gone 反饋訓練3 一單句改錯。 1. The speaker sp

27、oke louder but still couldnt make himself understand. 2. We all made Jason the director of English Department. 3. The teacher asked us not make so much noise. 4. Dont leave the water run while you brush your teeth. 5. He pushed the door opening. 6. She looked around and caught a man put his hand int

28、o the pocket of a passenger. 二、用所給詞的適當形式填空1. He narrowly escaped _ (hit) by the car.2. His doctor advised him _ (take) the medicine twice a day.3. The final exam is over. We are looking forward to _ (have) an exciting summer holiday.4. Drivers are not allowed _ (park) their car here, for it may caus

29、e an accident. 表語：  表語用來說明主語的性質、身份、特征和狀態(tài)，與連系動詞一起構成復合謂語。系動詞之后的詞、短語或句子都稱之為表語。表語可以由名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語不定式、動名詞、起形容詞作用的分詞以及表語從句擔任。 1.名詞   Jobs was an IT leader who combined art and technology perfectly.喬布斯是一個將藝術和科技完美結合的IT 領袖。 2.代詞   Seventy four years old? You dont look i

30、t. 74歲了？ 你看起來不像這個年紀。 3.副詞  Class was over at last.課終于結束了。 4.介詞詞組 It is beyond our wildest imagination that she has been addicted to books since she was 44 years old, which paves the way for her future writing. 很難想象，她在四歲時就迷上了書籍，這為她未來的寫作打下了基礎。 5.不定式短語 My plan was to

31、start tomorrow. 我的計劃就是明天開始。 6.動名詞短語 His job is teaching English. 他的工作就是教英語。 7.形容詞或分詞短語 Leaves turn yellow in autumn.秋天樹葉變黃。 He was puzzled about what had happened. 他對發(fā)生的一切感到迷惑。 8.表語從句 Maybe its because we have seldom sat down and exchanged our feelings and thoughts

32、. 那可能是因為我們很少坐下來交流思想感情。 Jobs motto is that we should stay hungry and stay foolish. 喬布斯的座右銘是我們應該求知若渴、處事若愚。 反饋訓練4 找出下列句子中正確的表達。1他身體健康。Her body is healthy.He is healthy.2.這道數學題看起來有點難。This maths problem looks a little difficult.This maths problem is looked a little difficult.3.這種巧克力味道

33、不錯。This chocolate tastes well.This chocolate tastes nice.4.問題是我們當時沒有帶足夠的錢。The problem is that we didnt bring enough money.The problem is we didnt bring enough money.5. 我難過的原因是他不理解我。The reason why I was sad was because he didnt understand me.The reason why I was sad was that he didnt understand me.&#

34、160;定語:  定語是用來描述名詞或代詞，說明人或事物的性質、特征、所屬的詞、短語或句子。定語可分為前置定語和后置定語兩種。 1.代詞 Open your mouth and put out your tongue. 張開嘴，伸出舌頭。 2.數詞 She cut the cake into two pieces. 她把蛋糕切成了兩塊。 3.名詞 This is a stone table.這是一張石頭桌子。 4.介詞短語 Im writing this E-mail to ask you for som

35、e advice on how to form a band. 我寫這份電子郵件想向您征求一些如何成立樂隊的建議。 5. 形容詞This is the most interesting book I have ever read.6.副詞 The photo above was taken fifty years ago.上面的那張照片是五十年前拍的。 7.動名詞 Put the child in the sleeping bag. 把孩子放在睡袋里。 8.現(xiàn)在分詞短語 The girl singing in English

36、 aloud is Lucy. 那個大聲用英語唱歌的女孩是露西。 9.不定式  The best time to come to China is spring or autumn. 來中國最好的時間是春天或秋天。 10.過去分詞短語 Whats the language spoken in that area? 那個地區(qū)講什么語言？ 11.定語從句t Even the students who used to dislike English have turned out to be interested in the s

37、ubject. 甚至過去不喜歡英語的學生，結果他們也對英語感興趣了。 As we know, books are the source of knowledge. 正如我們所知，書籍是知識的源泉。 反饋訓練5 用所給詞的適當形式填空1. He gave us a _ (frighten) account of his experience in the Middle East.2. Here are a few pictures _ (show) you how I was getting along abroad.3.The time _ （need)for c

38、ompleting the experiment can certainly be shortened because of all the support we have got from you.4.Now the need _ (learn) other peoples language is becoming popular.5.Id like to buy a cell phone. I have several models _ (choose) from. 狀語:  狀語是用來修飾句中謂語動詞或整個句子的，表示動作行為或狀態(tài)發(fā)生的時間、地點、原因、目的、結果、

39、方式、條件或伴隨、程度等情況,因此就有相應的時間狀語、地點狀語、原因狀語等等。如： 1.程度狀語 Tom speaks very fast. 湯姆講話很快。 2.方式狀語 He makes his living by selling newspapers. 他靠賣報為生。 3.目的狀語 In face of the disaster, people united to fight against the floods. 災難面前，人們團結起來，與洪水斗爭。 4.時間/地點狀語 A performance will

40、be given in the lecture hall at 7oclock on September 9th, 2014.  在2014年9月9日7點將在報告廳舉行一場文藝演出。 5.現(xiàn)在分詞作時間狀語 Hearing the news, she burst into tears. 聽到這個消息，她的眼淚都流出來了。 7.過去分詞作伴隨狀語 The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. 老師來到實驗室，后面跟著一些學生。 8.固定結構作評注狀語 Gen

41、erally speaking, the more expensive the camera is, the better its quality will be. 總體上說，相機越貴，質量越好。 9.條件狀語   In case he comes, let me know. 如果他來的話，告訴我一聲。 10.原因狀語    Considering that everyone is here, lets begin our discussion. 既然大家都到了，我們就開始討論吧。 11.結果狀語  &#

42、160;He was so tired as to be unable to walk. 他累得走不動了。 12.形容詞短語作狀語 Tired and breathless, I reached the top of the mountain. 我到了山頂，感到既疲憊又接不上氣。 13.分詞的獨立主格作原因狀語 The earthquake having destroyed their homes, they had to live in a tent. 地震毀滅他們的家園，因此他們不得不住在帳篷里。 14.獨立主格結構作伴隨狀語 H

43、e entered the house, his nose red with cold. 他進了屋子，鼻子凍得通紅。反饋訓練6 單項選擇1. Having walked such a long distance, he felt _ tired.A.pretty    B.too much    C.more    D.much2. He came to work at the university thirty years _ today.A.ago    B.before

44、    C.since    D.from3. We will take our holiday _ in August, I think.A.some time    B.sometime    C.sometimes    D.some times4._ you live next door to Mr Roberts, you ought to be able to recognize him.A.If    

45、B.Although    C.Seeing that    D.Just as5. Greatly _ ,he decided to consult his lawyer about the matter.A.frustrated    B.frustrating    C.to frustrate    D.be frustrated 同位語:  對句子中某一成分做進一步解釋、說明，與前面的名詞在語法上處于同等地位的句子成

46、分叫做同位語。同位語常常置于被說明的詞之后。一般可由下列形式充當。 1.名詞 We have two foreign teachers, a Canadian and an American. 我有兩個外教，一個加拿，一個美國人。 2.代詞 They each can get a chance to get education. 他們每一個人都有受教育的機會。 He himself went to London to watch the basketball match between Ameirca and Spain.  

47、0;他自己去倫敦觀看美國和西班牙的籃球賽。 3.數詞 Are you three ready to start out?  你們三個準備好出發(fā)了嗎？ 4. 動名詞  The young man tried to achieve his aim- entering the key university.  這個年輕人想實現(xiàn)他的目標-進入重點大學。 5同位語從句  We all have the opinion that the basketball match was encouraging. 我們都有這個

48、看法，就是那場籃球比賽很鼓舞人心。反饋訓練7 選擇填空。1. We each_ (has/have)the same opinion, but each of them _     (has/have)a different point of view.2. Meeting my childhood friend was a great moment for me, _  (the one/ one)I will never forget.3. His suggestion, _( have / having ) a big party, is

49、 worth thinking.4. He is a strict but kind- hearted father, _(for whom/ one whom) the children respect but are afraid of.插入語 對一句話作一些附加的說明,用來表示說話者對句子表達的意思的態(tài)度。通常與句中其他部分沒有語法上的聯(lián)系，將它刪掉之后，句子結構仍然完整。插入語可能是一個一個短語或一個句子。1. 常用的插入語 1）副詞如strangely, however, luckily, besides, first, second, especially, surprisingl

50、y, additionally 等。Strangely, he has not been here. Still more strangely, he has not called me. 奇怪，他沒來過這兒。更奇怪，他沒給我打電話。2) 不定式短語To tell the truth, to begin with, to be honest, to be frank，to make things worse, to sum up等。To be honest, getting a high grade in every subject requires great effort. 老實說， 想要

51、每門學科都得高分需要非常努力。3)現(xiàn)在分詞generally speaking, judging from/ by 等。Judging from his expression, hes in a bad mood. 根據他的表情判斷，他的心情不好。4)介詞短語in a word, in addition, on the other hand, in other words, in ones opinion, for one thing, for another(thing), to ones surprise, for example, as a result等。To my surprise,

52、 he has just won the first place in the match.讓我吃驚的是，他在比賽中贏得了第一名。5)從句if you dont mind, if you like, if you please, if necessary, if any, if so 等。You can, if you please, come to join us in the game. 如果你樂意，可以來加入我們的游戲。6)固定短語More importantly, worse still， that is (to say), whats more, all in all, believ

53、e it or not, last but not least(最后也是同等重要的是)等。Worse still, the lion could even carry off the baby in its mouth. 更糟糕的是，獅子有可能把嬰兒叼走。2. 插入語的位置 插入語可放在句首、句中、句末。一般用逗號或分號隔開。This，in my opinion, is of no importance. 依我看，這并不重要。3. 插入語和狀語的區(qū)別 1. Frankly , I dont like pop music. (副詞作狀語，表示說話人的態(tài)度) 2. You should speak

54、 frankly.( 副詞作狀語) 3. True, your daughter is at home now. （形容詞作插入語） 4. He came back, tired and hungry. （形容詞作狀語） 5. To tell you the truth, he doesnt quite agree with this idea.( 不定式作插入語，動作主體不是句中主語，只是說話者的附加說明) 6. To improve his Chinese, he went to Beijing. ( 不定式作目的狀語，邏輯主語是句中主語he) 4. 特殊疑問句中的插入語 Do you s

55、uppose/ think 等?？勺鞑迦胝Z用于特殊疑問句中。這種特殊疑問句的句型為：“疑問詞+ do you think/believe/imagine + 其他（正常詞序） 。 常用于這種結構的動詞為think, guess, suggest, suppose, hope, say, believe, imagine 等。What do you think should be done to people who are caught stealing? 發(fā)現(xiàn)有人正在偷東西，你認為該如何處置？When do you guess the meeting will be held? 你猜會議什么

56、時候開？5. 定語從句中的插入語 有時為了增加語言的靈活性，在定語從句的引導詞后加上you know/think/suppose 一類的插入語。這類插入語可以刪掉，而句子結構并不受影響，意義完整。Jason is a man who ( I believe) is honest.我認為Jason 是個誠實的人。He and his friends wrote letters to every person in the United States who (they knew) wanted to save the trees. 他和他的朋友向據他們所知希望保護這種樹木的每一個美國人發(fā)信件。反

57、饋練習8 根據句意寫出所需的插入語。(1)_( 首先)，I am a college student with good communication skills.(2)_( 另外)，I am an outstanding student and good at all senior subjects. (3) _(更為重要的是)，not only do I have perfect and enough learning materials, but I also have rich experience. (4)_(最后也是同等重要的一點)，I have joined a variety

58、of activities in and out of the school.( 5)_（總之）， I think I have the qualification to be a tutor.6I am amazed to hear from my school teacher again, _, it is ten years since we met last. (09浙江)A In a word  B. Whats more  C. Thats to say   D. Believe it or not7. - What fruit is in

59、season now?  - Grapes and peaches, _. (2008 全國)AI know    B. I think    C. I see   D. I feel 三、句子的種類 英語句子按照使用目的和交際功能可分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。如圖所示：種類作用例句陳述句作一種肯定或否定的陳述 Stephen apologized at once. (肯定陳述句)I have not heard the latest news about the footba

60、ll match.（否定陳述句）疑問句提出一個問題Does the shop close at 7？（一般疑問句）When did you arrive here?  (特殊疑問句)Who is taller, Mickey or Jimmy?  (選擇疑問句)You dislike playing the piano,dont you? (反意疑問句)祈使句發(fā)出一種命令或請求Be seated，please.(肯定祈使句)Never judge a person by looks.（否定祈使句）感嘆句表示一種感嘆What a sunny day today is!How

61、clearly he is speaking!四、簡單句的五種基本句型 從結構來看，句子又可分為三種類型：簡單句、并列名和復合句（詳見下一章）。簡單句 只包含一個主謂結構的句子叫簡單句，如： He laughed happily.（含一個主語和一個謂語動詞） John and I will go swimming this afternoon.（含一個并列主語和一個謂語動詞） The headmaster cleared his throat and began to speak.（含一個主語和一個并列謂語動詞） 在一個簡單句中,動詞是核心,它決定了句子的整個結構。不同的動詞會引起不同的結構,這也就決定了整個句子的基本結構,也可稱為基本句型.大體說來,英語有以下五種基本句型。 句型構成例句主謂結構主語+ 謂語（不及物動詞）My head aches.我頭疼。主謂賓結構主語+謂語（及物動詞）+ 賓語We all posses the same chance.我們都擁有相同的機會。主系表結構主語+ 系動詞+ 表語Wu Bin kept calm in face of dander. 吳斌在危險面前保持冷靜。主謂賓賓結構主語+ 謂語+ 間接賓語+ 直接賓語Please hand him a