《跨文化交際》_名詞解釋

1、名詞解釋1. Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. 跨文化交際 : 指擁有不同文化認(rèn)知和符號體系的人文之間進(jìn)行的交際。2. Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which

2、affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化 是習(xí)得的一套關(guān)于信仰，價值觀，規(guī)范的公認(rèn)的解釋，這些信仰，價值觀，規(guī)范 對相當(dāng)大人類群體的行為產(chǎn)生影響。3. Culture identity refers to one s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.文化身份 ：指有意識地把自己歸為某一特定文化或種族群體。4. Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characte

3、ristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.亞文化 : 具有能在更大的一個社會范圍內(nèi)或主流文化中使自己有別于他人的特點的人類 群體所形成的文化。5. Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty. 規(guī)范指的是正

4、確和不正確行為根深蒂固的文化原則，這種不正確的行為一旦發(fā)生，就 意味著一種顯性或隱性的處罰。6. 文化震蕩 Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture. 人們在進(jìn)入一種新文化環(huán)境時，遭遇的痛苦和難忘的經(jīng) 歷。7. 人際交際 interpersonal communication : a small number of individuals who are interacting exclusively wi

5、th one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretations from them. 指少數(shù)人之 間的交往他們既能根據(jù)對方調(diào)整自己的信息，又能立即從對方那里獲得解釋。8. 世界觀 worldview :is the belief that we hold explaining the cosmos God, the nature of humanity and nature

6、. 指我們持有的對宇宙，神，人本質(zhì)及自然的最根本的看法。9. Context : it s the information that surrounds an event ,it is in extricably bound up with the meaning of the event .10. 高語境文化 High-context culture :its a kind of culture in which people are very homogeneous with regard to experiences ,information networks ,and the like

7、 ,e.g. Chinese ,Japanese11. 低語境文化 Low-context culture :its a kind of culture in which the population is less homogeneous and therefore tends to compartmentalize interpersonal contacts ,e.g. American ,German12. 個人主義 Individualism : broadly speaking ,individualism refers to the doctrine theater the in

8、terests of the individual are of ought to be paramount ,and that all values ,rights and duties originate in individual s ,it emphasizes individual initiative ,independence ,individual expression ,and even privacy . 個人利益勝于集體利益13. 集體主義 Collectivism : it is characterized by a rigid social framework tha

9、t distinguish between in-groups and out-groups .people expect their in-group to look after them ,and in exchange for that they fell they owe absolute loyalty to the group .collectivism means greater emphasis on (1)the views ,needs ,and goals of the in-groups rather than oneself ; (2)social norms and

10、 duty defined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure ; (3)beliefs shared with the in-group; rather than beliefs that distinguish self from in group ; and (4)great readiness to cooperate with in group membership . 個人融入集體。14. 對不確定因素的回避態(tài)度： uncertainty avoidance deals with a society tolser

11、ance for un certa inty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to man是關(guān)于Orch社會對h.不確定性和模棱兩可的容忍程度。15. 權(quán)利距離 power distance ： 組織或機(jī)構(gòu)里邊，沒有權(quán)力的成員對于權(quán)力不均等分配接 受和期望的程度。16. 焦慮 Anxiety occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communicatio

12、n transaction. 在新環(huán)境下人們不 知如何應(yīng)對，過多關(guān)注自己的情緒，不能全身心投入到交際中。17. 假定一致性 ：(1) To assume people know how some one else is thinking based on how they see things is called projected cognitive similarity.從自己看待事物的角度來判斷別人的想法。(2)Assuming similarity instead of difference refers to the assumption that people are more s

13、imilar to you than they actually are or that another persons situation is more similar to you own situation than it in fact is.18. 定勢 stereotypes ： refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership. 針對目標(biāo)群體成員所特有的正面或方面的 判斷。19. 偏見 Prejud

14、ice refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion, or hatred of a particulargroup,race, religion, or sexual orientation.偏見是指對于某一特定群體，種類，宗教或性取向的無端的憎惡和懷疑。20. 言語交際 Verbal intercultural communications happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language. 當(dāng)來

15、自不同文化背景 的人們用語言進(jìn)行交流時 言語交際 就發(fā)生了。21. 禁忌語 ： Taboo refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people， or in certain for religious or social reasons. 在特定文化中出于宗教或社會原因被 一特定群體所避免使用的一些詞語或行為。22. 委婉語 ： Euphemism means the act of substituting a mild,indirect,or vague term for one c

16、onsidered harsh,blunt,or offensive. 指用溫和的，間接的方式來代替嚴(yán)厲的，生硬的或冒 犯的言語。23. 非言語信號 ：(狹義) noverbal communicate refers to intertional use of nonspoken symbol to communicate a specific message .運用非言語符號傳達(dá)特定信息的交際行為。(廣義) refers to elements of the environment that communicate by virtue of peoples useof them.人們交際時運

17、用的環(huán)境因素。24. 副語言： Paralanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message 是與口 語交際有關(guān)，指說的速度，音高，和質(zhì)量，這些要素會打斷或臨時取代語言并影響信 息的語意表達(dá) .25. 時間行為： Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time

18、. 是指研究人們?nèi)?何看待和使用時間。26. 時空行為： proxemics refers to the perception and use of space including territoriality and perso nal space指對空間的認(rèn)知和使用時空進(jìn)行溝通，包括地盤性和個人空間。27. 目光語： The study of communications sent by the eyes is termed oculesics. 研究目光傳遞的交流信息。28. 氣味行為 Olfactics ： The study of communication via smell is

19、 called Olfactics 對通過味道 進(jìn)行交流的研究。29. 觸覺行為 Haptics :refers to communicating through the use of bodily context . 通過身體接 觸來進(jìn)行交流。30. 身勢語行為 Kinesics ： is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions,gestures,posture and stance ,and other mannerisms th

20、at may accompany or replace oral messages. 指交際時所使用的不同類型的動作，包括表情，手勢，姿勢，和其他代替語言傳達(dá)信 息的行為舉止。31. Sex refers to the biological differences between males and females.32. Gender concerns the psychological, social and cultural differences between males and females.33. Gender identity - perception of self as a woman or man, masculine or feminine34. 良好的交際 Competent communication ：