機械工業(yè)出版社-電機學(xué)(變壓器部分)

1、機械工業(yè)出版社機械工業(yè)出版社-電機學(xué)電機學(xué)(變壓變壓器部分器部分)國產(chǎn)國產(chǎn)200MW200MW汽輪發(fā)電機汽輪發(fā)電機 國產(chǎn)國產(chǎn)330MW330MW汽輪發(fā)電機定子汽輪發(fā)電機定子國產(chǎn)國產(chǎn)330MW330MW汽輪發(fā)電機定子鐵心汽輪發(fā)電機定子鐵心現(xiàn)場運行的水輪發(fā)電機現(xiàn)場運行的水輪發(fā)電機連接發(fā)電機與電網(wǎng)的升壓變壓器連接發(fā)電機與電網(wǎng)的升壓變壓器( (檢修中檢修中) )與電網(wǎng)相連與電網(wǎng)相連的高壓出線端的高壓出線端配電變壓器配電變壓器實驗室小型變壓器實驗室小型變壓器40MVA 500kV 40MVA 500kV 超高壓變壓器超高壓變壓器各行業(yè)廣泛使用的鼠籠異步電動機各行業(yè)廣泛使用的鼠籠異步電動機電磁調(diào)速電動機電

2、磁調(diào)速電動機新型稀土永磁節(jié)能電機新型稀土永磁節(jié)能電機變頻調(diào)速專用電機變頻調(diào)速專用電機高速異步電機高速異步電機用于電動汽車的永磁無刷直流電機用于電動汽車的永磁無刷直流電機 心式變壓器心式變壓器 殼式變壓器殼式變壓器心式變壓器心式變壓器殼式變壓器平面示意圖殼式變壓器平面示意圖定子鐵心定子鐵心定子繞組定子繞組轉(zhuǎn)子鐵心轉(zhuǎn)子鐵心轉(zhuǎn)子繞組轉(zhuǎn)子繞組機械端口機械端口轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)子定子繞組定子繞組定子鐵心定子鐵心電端口電端口ABC磁磁場場電能電能電能電能電能電能電能電能B7041000H2FeFeIHrH0BH002IHrFelH dli123()iii Hliill1i2i3i4iHdl螺管線圈線圈螺管線圈線圈Hl

3、NiNi1liFNiHlF單線圈鐵心磁路單線圈鐵心磁路FNiHl1l2li 帶氣隙的鐵心磁路帶氣隙的鐵心磁路 Fe FeFNiH lHFe FeH lH1N2N1i2i1 12 2FN iN iHl 多線圈鐵心磁路多線圈鐵心磁路BA mFRFeFeBlNiFlA BH1limFelRA1FemmARlmFRFeFeBlNiFlA mF /A Wb/Wb A0FemFemFelFRRAAmFeRmRmRmFeR2mN imF Li2mLNN22mAXLNNlmf2NXFe0.6 0.6 鐵磁材料及其特性鐵磁材料及其特性Fe000(2000 6000)Fe40410/HmBH0()Bf H0BH(

4、)Fef Habc/FeB HFeBBHBBH0mBmHmBmHcHB0.6.3 0.6.3 鐵磁材料具有磁滯特性鐵磁材料具有磁滯特性BH0mBmHmBmHcHBfV思考：如何盡量減小渦流損耗？思考：如何盡量減小渦流損耗？215050FemfPPBG1.2 1.6硅鋼俗稱矽鋼片或硅鋼片，是電力、電子和軍事工硅鋼俗稱矽鋼片或硅鋼片，是電力、電子和軍事工業(yè)不可缺少的含碳極低的硅鐵軟磁合金，亦是產(chǎn)量業(yè)不可缺少的含碳極低的硅鐵軟磁合金，亦是產(chǎn)量最大的金屬功能材料，其產(chǎn)量約占世界鋼材產(chǎn)量的最大的金屬功能材料，其產(chǎn)量約占世界鋼材產(chǎn)量的1%，它是含硅，它是含硅0.8-4.8的硅鐵合金，經(jīng)熱、冷軋的硅鐵合金，

5、經(jīng)熱、冷軋成厚度在成厚度在1mm以下的硅鋼薄板。加入硅可提高鐵的以下的硅鋼薄板。加入硅可提高鐵的電阻率和最大磁導(dǎo)率電阻率和最大磁導(dǎo)率,降低矯頑力、鐵芯損耗（鐵損降低矯頑力、鐵芯損耗（鐵損）和磁時效，主要用作各種電機、發(fā)電機和變壓器）和磁時效，主要用作各種電機、發(fā)電機和變壓器的鐵芯。的鐵芯。與冷軋無取向硅鋼相比，取向硅鋼要比無取向硅鋼與冷軋無取向硅鋼相比，取向硅鋼要比無取向硅鋼鐵損低很多，磁性具有強烈的方向性；在易磁化的鐵損低很多，磁性具有強烈的方向性；在易磁化的軋制方向上具有優(yōu)越的高磁導(dǎo)率與低損冷軋無取向軋制方向上具有優(yōu)越的高磁導(dǎo)率與低損冷軋無取向硅鋼片最主要的用途是用于發(fā)電機制造，故又稱冷硅

6、鋼片最主要的用途是用于發(fā)電機制造，故又稱冷軋電機硅鋼。冷軋取向硅鋼帶最主要的用途是用于軋電機硅鋼。冷軋取向硅鋼帶最主要的用途是用于變壓器制造，所以又稱冷軋變壓器硅鋼耗特性。變壓器制造，所以又稱冷軋變壓器硅鋼耗特性。變壓器的主要結(jié)構(gòu)部件變壓器的主要結(jié)構(gòu)部件（2 2）二次繞組（副繞組）負(fù)載側(cè)）二次繞組（副繞組）負(fù)載側(cè)（3 3）變壓器鐵心）變壓器鐵心 磁路部分磁路部分（1 1）一次繞組（原繞組）電源側(cè)）一次繞組（原繞組）電源側(cè)變壓器的主要結(jié)構(gòu)部件變壓器的主要結(jié)構(gòu)部件變壓器的主要結(jié)構(gòu)部件變壓器的主要結(jié)構(gòu)部件同心式繞組同心式繞組高壓高壓低壓低壓高壓高壓低壓低壓高壓高壓低壓低壓高壓高壓低壓低壓交疊式繞組交

7、疊式繞組2IAX1U1E1E1I1mxa2E2U2I22E1U&1I&2I1E&2E&m&m&1I&2U&2I2E1E12緒論部分緒論部分AX1U1E1E10I1mxa2E20U1N2N1U10I01 10FN Im1E2E11E20U1011UI R與m1(0.1%0.2%)mm101 10fN i1sinmt 111sin(90 )mdeNNtdt 11114.4422mmmENEfN224.44mEjfN 114.44mEjfN 11101110101102NIEjj L IjI XI 111114.442NEjjfN 11

8、111sin(90 )deNNtdt 111011110111ddUI REEI RNNdtdt2022dUENdt 11011110110111UI REEI RjI XEE 202UE1112220ENUkENU10miiiFeimimFeiiiiFeiFeI1EmFeIII11dieLdt 11Ej L IjI X X1FeFeEI R FeR2FeFeFepI R1UmI1E1R1jXIFeIFeRX1UmI1E1R1jXmRmjXmZ1()mmmmmEI ZIRjX mmmZRjXmRmjX()FemmmFeRjXZRjXRjX1U10()mII1E1R1jXmRmjXmmI1E2E

9、FeII1E1U1mI R1mjI X1N2IAX1U1E1E11()mLIII1mxa2E2U2I22E2NLZ1U1I11 1FN Im1E2E11E222UI R與平衡111UI R與平衡2I222FN ImF22ELZ12mFFF1 1221 mN IN IN I1 1220LN IN I11mLIII1LI1 1LN I2I22N I2222222222NIEjj L IjI XI 222224.442NEjjfN 22222sin(90 )deNNtdt 11111111()UI RjXEI ZE22222222()EI RjXUI ZU1111UI ZE ，2222EI ZU ，

10、12EkE1 1221mN IN IN I ，1mmEI Z 22N I221 2N IN I221 2N IN I222211NIIINk22214.444.44mEEjfNjfN12222NEEkEN222222I RI R22222222IRRk RI22222222IXXk XI22222LLLIZZk ZI2222()kUk EI Z=2222222221kUkEI k ZEI ZUkk1111UI ZE ，2222EI ZU,12mIII ，12mmEEI Z 1U1I2I1E1R1jXmRmjX2R2jXmI2U2U2E1U1I1R1jX2jX2R2I1E1EmRmjXmILZ1

11、U1I2U2I1N2N12m1U1I2U2I1N2Nm2E1E1R1jXmRmjX2R2jX1LI1U1I2U2I1N1N2E1E1R1jXmRmjX2R2jX2ImI1U1I2U2I2E1E1R1jXmRmjX2R2jXmI1U1I2U2I12kRRRmRmjXmI12kjXjXjX1U12II 2UkRkjXkkkZRjXkjXkR2U2I222I R22jI X12EEmI1I2I1E11I R11jI X1m1U1111UEI Z 2222EUI Z 22LUI Z 1214.44 NmEEjf 1/mmIEZ 12mIII 2U2I2coskmZkFepkFepmZ11NUU10I0

12、P1011(0.002 0.01)NmIIZZ110NmUZI22101100mFeI RI RPp0210mPRI22mmmXZRkmZFep110020UIPU、 、120NUkUkNPkNPkZkZkU1kNIIkkNPp1kNmUUp Fe比正常運行小很多很小1kkNUZI21kNkNPRI22kkkXZR75234.575234.5KkCRR7522575225KkCRR227575kkCkCZRX kCuPp1212kRRR1212kXXXkU1kNII112kEU1R1jX2R2jXkru*kZku*kRkau*kXkkNkkkkkNNNNNZZI ZUZUuUZUUIAiBiA

13、BC0ABC 13t0018003600003A3B3C1A1B1C01800360ttt0333cos3(120 )cos3BBtt 0333cos3(240 )cos3CCtt 333cos3cos3AAtt ABC1A3A1B3B3C1C0Ai0Bi0Ci3A3B3CABCXYZyzabCxabCxyzABCXYZm0itt0i00( )i t( ) t05i07i0i03i01i0it01i03i0i00103050103iiiiii030300303030030303sin3sin3(120 )sin3sin3(240 )sin3AmBmmCmmiItiItItiItItt0i0t0

14、i13繞組接法決定繞組接法決定磁路飽和決定磁路飽和決定數(shù)學(xué)分解數(shù)學(xué)分解0i133e1eett00ee1e133e由于由于 很弱，很弱， 也很小也很小 接近正弦。接近正弦。33e13eee1800KVA1800KVA及以下容量的變壓器可采用此接法。及以下容量的變壓器可采用此接法。一次一次23e23i23e0()i 正弦波()平頂波1()正弦波3()正弦波繞組繞組1()e正弦波13()e正弦波23()e正弦波23i23相互削弱相互削弱勵磁電流勵磁電流三次諧波三次諧波主磁通主磁通三次諧波三次諧波相電動勢相電動勢應(yīng)用應(yīng)用YyYy心式心式無無弱弱( (走漏磁路走漏磁路) )正弦正弦1800KVA1800

15、KVA以上不用以上不用YyYy組式組式無無 強強( (走主磁路走主磁路) )尖峰尖峰不用不用YNyYNy有有( (經(jīng)中線經(jīng)中線) )無無正弦正弦可用可用YynYyn有有( (經(jīng)中線經(jīng)中線) )無無正弦正弦可用可用Yd (Dy)Yd (Dy)有有( (中有中有) )可略去可略去接近正弦接近正弦可用可用AUaUAXaxAUaUAXaxAUaUAXaxAUaUAUaU0II0IIXxAaAUaU6IIAUaUAXaxAUaU6IIAUaUAXaxAXax0()XYZxyz、abCxyzABCXYZAUaU*ABCabC0ABUabUBCUbcUCAUcaUoa OA OA oa OA oa ABUa

16、bUabAUbUCABCCABCab0ABUabUabCxyzABCXYZAUaUcbaCBA0AUaUabcxyzaCxyzABCXYZAUcUbbABCaC0abCxyzaUAUbABCaC0aCxyzaUAUbaCxyzABCXYZAUaUb=該物理量的實際值標(biāo)幺值該物理量的基準(zhǔn)值1U*1U1111NbNNUZZI2222NbNNUZZI有功、無功或容量線電壓相電壓線電流相電流電阻、電抗或阻抗NSNS1NU2NU1NU2NU1NI2NI1NI2NI111NNNUZI222NNNUZI2*22222211122NNNNRk RRRRRZZZZk*33llNNNUUUUUUUU*cos33c

17、os3llNNNU IU IPPPSSS*2*kkNkkkNNNkNNNkkkNNNNZZ IUZUZUUZ IIIZSSUISS*0.040.14kZ *00.0020.01I *111NIII*11I *11I *11I 20000NSkVA50Hz1212711NNUUkVkV015 C試驗名稱電壓電流功率備注開路試驗短路試驗11kV9.24kV45.5A157.5A47kW129kW電壓加在低壓側(cè)電壓加在高壓側(cè)12XX01(75)3.9CR1120000157.5127NNNSIAU22200001818.211NNNSIAU1212711.54511NNUkU32222()20322

18、220()22202222311221111 1011.5453222345.547 1011.545302645.5322233026320819240129 1058.675.2157.5157.5mmmmmmmkkkkkkUZk ZkIPRk RkIXZRUPZRIIX低壓低壓222258.675.258.44kkkZR075 C000(75)2222(75)(75)234.5755.26.451234.5 156.45158.4458.79kCkkCkCRZRX00001(75)2(75)(75)1(75)123.92.551129.223026320812CCkCCkmmRRRRXX

19、XRX1U1I2U2I01(75)3.9CR129.22jXj3026mR 32081mjXj229.22jXjmI02(75)2.551CR33333311112()*22()*2112()*21818.2 241.7639.9611 1018157.5 32223127 10157.5 3026127 10157.5 3218.2 22.73.75211 101818.2 240.081127 10711 10NmmNNmmNNmmNNmNNmNNmNIZUIRUIZZUIIXRRUIXXUU低壓低壓低壓39.7900300331(75)*(75)11(75)*(75)1*11157.5

20、58.790.0729127 10157.5 6.4510.008127 10157.5 58.440.0725127 10NkCkCNNkCkCNNkkNIZZUIRRUIXXU*11I *kZ3333*22*2229.24 100.0727127 10129 100.0064520000 100.07270.006450.0725kkkkkkkkkkkUZUIPRPIXZR*kR0*(75)kCR00*(75)(75)0.0080.0729kCkCRZ1000NSkVA12106.3NNUUkVkV04.9PkW15kPkW075 C11100057.73533 10NNNSIAU0311

21、1013022102222311111132(75)110 10200035%35%57.7354.9 1019633(5%57.735)200019619905.5%5.5% 10 105.53357.73515 1033 57NNmNmmmmkkNkkNNkkCNUUZIIPRIXZRUUUZIIIPRI022222(75)1.5.7355.51.55.29kkkCXZR311110 101003357.735NbNUZI00*1*11*1(75)*(75)1120002010019619901.9619.91001005.50.0551001.55.290.0150.0529100100

22、mmbmmmmbbkkbkCkkkCbbZZZRXRXZZZZZRXRXZZ00*001*2*22101010*2*222*1*2(75)11*2*222(75)14.9201.960.051000 0.05201.9619.90.055150.0550.0151110000.0550.0150.0529NmmmmmkkkNkkkCkkNkkkCPP SUZRIIIXZRUPP SPZRIISXZR1.000.750500.25*2U*2I2cos0.8()超前2cos12cos0.8()滯后0.250500.751.00011222,cos,()NUUUf I常數(shù)2022212221100%

23、100%100%NNNNNUUUUUUuUUU *2211uUU u1NU2NU2NU2U22()NUU2NU2U*121NkUUI Z *1221NUUABABU uAB 12*12II K*2U*11NU*1kI R*1kjI X2ABCD*1NU*2U*LZ*12II *kR*kjX*12*122*22cos() 100%(coscossinsin) 100%(cossin) 100%kkkkkkkuABI ZI ZIRX 22U2I2020kkZu*kZ*121IIIu2 2.5% *Iu2FepCup22CukpmI RmkR2mB21U11NUU22FeCuFekppppmI R

24、21PP21PPP 11PPP2202222*22022222220220cos1coscos1cosFekFekNFekkNNkNmU IpmI RmU IpmI RS IpmI RpPSPP *12III11NUUcos( )f0ddmaxFeCuppNmax0FepP2CukNpP000.20.40.60.81020406080100Load factor BataEfficiency Yeta %The Efficiency of Transformer20000NSkVA047PkW0*(75)0.008kCR*0.0725kX 0(75)160kNCPkW2cos0.8*22(co

25、ssin) 100%(0.008 0.80.0725 0.6) 100%4.99%NNkkuIRX202201cos47 16010.98798.7%20000 0.847 160NkNNNNNkNpPSPP *0470.542160mmkNPIP0max2021cos22 4710.989298.92%0.542 20000 0.82 47mNpSP ACBBBCc2c1b2b1a2a1AA111UUUkk1U1UcI2U2U1U2U負(fù)負(fù)載載AXaxk1k2U1I1I2I2I2I1)1)刀閘刀閘 和和 都斷開：都斷開：k1k112202011UUUUUUUkk112020UUUUkk2121

26、211222kkZZZZk ZZZZZZk11CkkUUIZZ2)2)刀閘刀閘 閉合，產(chǎn)生環(huán)流：閉合，產(chǎn)生環(huán)流：k1U1UcI2U2U1U2U負(fù)負(fù)載載AXaxk1k2U1I1I2I2I2I3)3)刀閘刀閘 閉合，副邊端電壓變化不大，循環(huán)電流和空載運行時差不多一樣大。閉合，副邊端電壓變化不大，循環(huán)電流和空載運行時差不多一樣大。1k負(fù)載時各二次電流負(fù)載分量分別為負(fù)載時各二次電流負(fù)載分量分別為 和和 ，則各二次電流為：，則各二次電流為：LILI22LCLCIIIIII因為因為 ，該變壓器負(fù)荷加重，實際可，該變壓器負(fù)荷加重，實際可輸出容量減小。輸出容量減小。2LII結(jié)論：要求變比結(jié)論：要求變比 相差小

27、于相差小于0.5%0.5%k1U1UcI2U2U1U2U負(fù)負(fù)載載AXaxk1k2U1I1I2I2I2I2UA(a)A(a)B B2NU2NU1NU222*2*2sin150.5185.18NNCkkUUUUIZZ*0.1kkZZ1UkZkZ2U2I2LII2LIILZ2222,kkkkkkZZIIIIZZZZ22kkIZIZ2222kkkkZZIIIZIZ11kkkkkkXXtgtgRR2222222222*2*2*22()()kkkkNNNkkNNNkkZIZIUIIIIZZIUZIIZIZIIZ*2*2kkZIIZ*22()II*kkZZ*:NNNkkkSSSIIISSSZZZ111:kk

28、kIIIZZZ2*111NkNkSZUZLSSSS2*11113(= ) 33NNNNkkkkNNNUUUUYZZZZSSI接 ：5000NSkVA6300NSkVA*0.07kZ*0.075kZ1I2I3I113322N1N1N2N2N3N3m1223311122331 1223 30mN IN IN IF111112222233333EjI XEjI XEjI X 、 、 123EEE 、 、2122131331EjI XEjI X 、 1211232332EjI XEjI X 、 1311323223EjI XEjI X 、 212I11223321E21E2I2121221EjI X

29、2121,XM1 212112212NMN Ni2222221123322UI RjI XjI XjI XE+3333331132233UI RjI XjI XjI XE+11111121311111112213311UI RjI XEEEI RjI XjI XjI XE+1U2U3U111222NUkNU222333NUkNU111333NUkNU2233121311,IIIIkk21223133,Uk UUk U22221222331333,XkXXkX121212Xk X131313312312 132332,Xk XXXk k XX2221223133,RkRRkR2121,sXM1

30、212112212NMN Ni1111112213311UI RjI XjI XjI XE+2222221123322UI RjI XjI XjI XE+3333331132233UI RjI XjI XjI XE+1230III312III 213III 121111123123122222312312()()()UUI RjIXXXXI RjIXXXX +-+-131111123123133333123123()()()UUI RjIXXXXI RjIXXXX +-+-122211UUI ZI Z +133311UUI ZI Z +111222333ZRjXZRjXZRjX11123123

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