高考非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞講解與練習(xí)English-G2

1、文檔供參考，可復(fù)制、編制，期待您的好評(píng)與關(guān)注！ 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式的句法功能:動(dòng)詞不定式除了不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)外，幾乎能充當(dāng)句子中所有的句子成分。1.不定式做主語(yǔ)：(1) To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 動(dòng)詞不定式(短語(yǔ))作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用it代替它作形式主語(yǔ)： It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. (2)不定式和動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)的區(qū)別: 動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)往往表示普通的、一般的行為，在意義上是比較抽象的、一般的，時(shí)間概念不強(qiáng)，不是指某一次的動(dòng)作；不定式做主語(yǔ)常表示某次具體的行為。 例如

2、： Doing sports is good for peoples health. To do too much exercise is not good for him as he has a heart illness.2.不定式作表語(yǔ)(1)表示主語(yǔ)的具體內(nèi)容。The duty of a postman is to deliver letters and newspapers.注意：主語(yǔ)部分有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do 時(shí)，表語(yǔ)中可以省略to。 What he did first was (to) walk up to his friend and hug him. (2)“be to do”還可以表

3、示不同的情態(tài)意義。 Children are not to smoke. (禁止)They are to marry next week. (安排)You must be patient and persistent if you are to succeed. (愿望) Man is to live a better life in the next century. (事態(tài)發(fā)展或預(yù)期的結(jié)果)注意:有幾個(gè)不定式作表語(yǔ)，需用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)：Parents are to blame if their children do not have good manners. 3.不定式做賓語(yǔ)(1)接不定式

4、做賓語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞：afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, begin, choose, come, dare, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, happen, help, hope, learn, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, want, wish 注意: demand/hope只能接to do 不能接sb to do。 (2)一些動(dòng)詞要用疑問(wèn)詞+不定式作賓語(yǔ)。 常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有：d

5、ecide, know, learn, wonder, find out, remember, see 等。 I dont know how to do it. I havent decided whether to sell it or not. (3)feel, find, judge, make, think, believe, consider等動(dòng)詞后如果是不定式作賓語(yǔ)，補(bǔ)語(yǔ)是形容詞（間或是名詞），常用it 作形式賓語(yǔ)，把不定式后移。I thought it a great pity not to have invited her. I find it hard to work wit

6、h him. (4)在表示“希望、打算”等動(dòng)詞(如hope, expect, intend, mean, want等)的過(guò)去式后，可接動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式來(lái)表示沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作。 We meant to have stayed there a week. (= We had meant to stay there a week.)(5)在介詞but 和except后的動(dòng)詞形式：在這種句式中，如介詞前有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do, 后面接不帶to的不定式；如果是其他動(dòng)詞, 則接帶to不定式。 On that rainy night I had nothing to do but stay in my car. H

7、e didnt say a word but to listen. (6)作形容詞的賓語(yǔ)句子的主語(yǔ)是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)。 John was happy to be given the job.句子的主語(yǔ)是不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。 This problem is easy to solve.She is hard/difficult to get along with.The chair is comfortable to sit on. He is pleasant to work with.

8、 即在easy, hard, difficult, pleasant, interesting等形容詞后的不定式用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。4.不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(1)v.+ sb.+ to do 常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞：allow, ask, advise, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, order, permit, persuade, teach, tell, want, warn, wish(2) v.+sb./sth.+ to bebelieve, consider, find, feel, imagine, judge, know

9、, prove, think, suppose, understandHe judged her to be a thief. (3) v.+ sb./sth. + do 感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞與不帶to的不定式連用, 但這種句式在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)應(yīng)帶to。如see, watch, notice, hear, make, have, let等。Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister.(4) help sb. (to) do Id like to help

10、 him ( to ) work out the problem. 5.不定式作定語(yǔ)(1)不定式可以修飾作主語(yǔ)的名詞，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，表明動(dòng)作即將發(fā)生。The conference to take place next month will certainly be a great success. (= The conference which will take place)(2)動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。與所修飾詞有如下關(guān)系：動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。I have much to do. I have a question to ask. 如果該不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，其后應(yīng)有必要的介

11、詞。She has a big house to live in. The lonely man has no one to talk to. 但：She has no place to live.主謂關(guān)系。此時(shí)被修飾詞常為：the first, the second, the last, the best, the only thing 等常跟不定式作定語(yǔ)。He is always the first to come. He is the only one to pass the exam. 同位關(guān)系。表示被修飾詞的具體內(nèi)容。 I lost the opportunity to give m

12、y opinion on it.Some children had no chance to go to school. 6.不定式做狀語(yǔ)(1) 表示目的。不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后，一般放在句子后部。但如要表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，也可以位于句首，前面可加in order, 但不能用so as。其否定式不能用not + to do, 必須用in order not + to do 或so as not to do。I opened the window to let some fresh air in. In order to catch the train, they too

13、k a taxi. Lets hurry so as not to be late for the meeting.注意：在英語(yǔ)中，目的一般用不定式表示，不用for + doing這一形式。We eat to live. (不用for doing)(2) 作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。What have I said to make you so angry?不定式表示結(jié)果常見(jiàn)于下列句型：only to do; so as to do; such as to do; enough to do; too to do。 The news reporters hurried to the airport, only

14、to be told the film stars had left. (表示該結(jié)果出乎意料)Would you be so kind as to help me carry the big bag for me?下列形容詞是對(duì)人進(jìn)行表?yè)P(yáng)或批評(píng)的，后面常接不定式表示結(jié)果: nice, polite, generous,kind, selfish, silly等。 You were silly not to have locked your car.He is generous to lend us a large sum of money.（3）表示原因。常表示引發(fā)某種情緒的原因。 Im ha

15、ppy to see that. We were surprised to hear the news. （4）表明說(shuō)話(huà)人的態(tài)度，在句中作獨(dú)立成分。To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked.三、動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)1.句子的主語(yǔ)就是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)。 I have much to do. 2.當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)不是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，需要加上邏輯主語(yǔ)。在Its + adj. + for sb. to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)中，形容詞往往表示事物的性質(zhì)。It is important for us to study English. It i

16、s easy for us to get the latest information. 在 Its + adj. + of sb. + to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)中，形容詞通常表示人物的性格和特征。Its nice of you to give me so much help. (=You are nice to give me so much help.) 四、補(bǔ)充句型1.主語(yǔ)+ be said/reported/believed/thought/considered+to do He is said to have traveled to many countries. (= It is

17、said that he has travelled to many countries.)This pop group is believed to be the best of this year. (= It is believed that this pop group is the best of this year.) 2. There is no need + to do There is no need to suffer in silence. (二) 動(dòng)名詞 一、動(dòng)名詞的形式一般式：doing / being doneMr. Green failed to catch th

18、e plane to Mexico, so he escaped being killed in the plane crash.完成式：having done / having been doneHaving studied computer is an important qualification for the job.否定式：not + 動(dòng)名詞二、動(dòng)名詞的句法功能動(dòng)名詞具有名詞詞性， 在句子中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。1.作主語(yǔ)Shaking ones head means “no” and nodding means “yes”.動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)，有時(shí)也會(huì)用it 作形式主語(yǔ)：Its

19、 no use crying over spilt milk. Its no good drinking too much alcohol. 2.作表語(yǔ) My job is teaching. Your task is learning English well. 一般，主語(yǔ)與表語(yǔ)可互換。Teaching is my job.Learning English well is your task.3.作賓語(yǔ)(1) 動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)：有些動(dòng)詞后加動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)名詞形式作賓語(yǔ)。 常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞包括：admit, advise, allow, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay , de

20、ny, enjoy, escape, encourage, finish, forbid, imagine, keep, mention, mind, miss, practice, permit, resist, risk, suggest, understand 等，其中有些可用sb./sth. doing 結(jié)構(gòu)。注意其中advise, allow, forbid, encourage, permit可用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。We dont allow smoking in the office.We dont allow them to smoke in the office.主語(yǔ)+nee

21、d/want/require doing , 意思是 “主語(yǔ)需要被” The flowers want watering. ( =The flowers want to be watered.)Our house needs repairing. ( = Our house needs to be repaired.)有些動(dòng)詞后面既可以接動(dòng)名詞，也可以接不定式作賓語(yǔ)。意義基本相同的: begin, continue, start, love, like, hate, prefer, stand意義不同的：forget, remember, regret, stop, go on, try, m

22、ean, cant help(2)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)be busy, be worth，cant help, end up，feel like, give up等。(3)介詞短語(yǔ) spend time (in) doing sth, have difficulty/ trouble (in) doing sth, have a hard time (in) doing sth注意:下列短語(yǔ)中的to是介詞，而不是動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)，因此后面要接動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)名詞形式。 be used to, devote oneself to, get down to, lead to, look forward to, m

23、ake a contribution to, object to, pay attention to, prefer doing to doing ,stick toMrs. Wang devoted herself to protecting wildlife.Im looking forward to hearing from you.4.作定語(yǔ)表示被修飾詞的用途a walking stick, a washing machine, a waiting room, a dressing mirror三、動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)1. 當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)為所有格形式。Toms/His co

24、ming made me very excited. 2. 當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)可為所有格或普通格。Do you mind him/his/Toms/Tom sitting here?注：當(dāng)邏輯主語(yǔ)為無(wú)生命的東西時(shí)，用普通格。Can you imagine a plane dropping down on the roof of a house? （三） 分詞一、現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞的基本意義過(guò)去分詞的基本意義1.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，即與被修飾詞構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系。1.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，即與被修飾詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系。2.進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，即表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行、即將發(fā)生或表示某個(gè)狀態(tài)。2.完成時(shí)態(tài)，即表示已經(jīng)完成

25、的動(dòng)作或所處的狀態(tài)。現(xiàn)在分詞的形式過(guò)去分詞的形式doing/being donedonehaving done/having been done 現(xiàn)在分詞的形式過(guò)去分詞的形式doing/being donedonehaving done/having been done 現(xiàn)在分詞的形式過(guò)去分詞的形式doing/being donedonehaving done/having been done 現(xiàn)在分詞的形式過(guò)去分詞的形式doing/being donedonehaving done/having been done Can you see the star moving in the sky

26、?Do you know the number of people coming to the party?There is a piano standing in the corner.Is this the book written by Henry?Dressed in white, she suddenly appeared.二、分詞的形式現(xiàn)在分詞的形式過(guò)去分詞的形式doing/being donedonehaving done/having been done1.現(xiàn)在分詞的形式(1)現(xiàn)在分詞的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：一般式：現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。完成式：現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)

27、作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，常作狀語(yǔ)。They went to the park, singing and talking. Having done his homework, he played basketball.(2)現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：一般式：表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。完成式：表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。The problem being discussed is very important. Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. (3)否定式：not + 現(xiàn)在

28、分詞2. 過(guò)去分詞的形式：過(guò)去分詞只有done這一種形式，表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或所處的狀態(tài)。Lost in deep thought, he didnt hear the sound.三、分詞的句法功能具有形容詞和副詞詞性。因此在句子中可以充當(dāng)：定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。但：現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式（即having done / having been done）通常作狀語(yǔ)。Having been in bed for three days, he was sent to hospital.She is the girl having amazed me with her talent. (

29、5;) 1. 作表語(yǔ) 分詞作表語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于形容詞現(xiàn)在分詞: 表示主語(yǔ)所具有的特征; “令人的” 過(guò)去分詞: 表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)；“感到的” The book interests me. ( The book 動(dòng)作發(fā)出者；me 動(dòng)作承受者) The book is interesting. I am interested in the book. 2. 作定語(yǔ) English-speaking countries spoken English當(dāng)分詞動(dòng)作與被修飾詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分詞；如果是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，用過(guò)去分詞。另外，不及物動(dòng)詞的分詞形式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，過(guò)去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)

30、作。 developing countries fallen leavesdeveloped countries falling stones關(guān)于定語(yǔ)的位置，一般是單個(gè)分詞前置，分詞短語(yǔ)后置。the girl smiling at me the man injured by a car注意In order to make others obey her, she always looked at others with a frightening look. Seeing the snake, she ran away with a frightened look.3. 分詞作賓補(bǔ)(1)感官動(dòng)

31、詞后的分詞賓補(bǔ)這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有see, observe, notice, watch, hear, smell, listen to, look at, find，feel等。She smelt something burning.He heard his name called.比較： 感官動(dòng)詞后接分詞作賓補(bǔ)，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行；而若接不帶to的不定式則表示動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程，且動(dòng)作已完成。I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.She felt someone pat her on the head.(2)使役、致使動(dòng)

32、詞后的分詞賓補(bǔ) 這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有have, make, catch, get, keep, leave等They caught him smoking in the kitchen.Dont leave the water running.注意：make sb do/ done 不可以說(shuō)make sb doing She still could not make herself understood in English. 4. 分詞作狀語(yǔ)(1)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：相當(dāng)于一個(gè)when/while引導(dǎo)的從句，或直接與while/when等詞連用如：Working in the factory, he was

33、an advanced worker. (= While/When he worked)When asked for his name, he just kept silent. (= When he was asked)(2)作原因狀語(yǔ): 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)as, because, since 引導(dǎo)的從句，如：Being a League member, he is always helping others. (=Because he is a League member,.) Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. (=Because he was praised by the neighbours,.)(3)作方式或伴隨狀語(yǔ): 可以改寫(xiě)成并列句，如：He walked down the hill, singing to himself.(= He walked down the hill a