高三語法總結(jié)

1、高三語法復(fù)習(xí)內(nèi)容語法復(fù)習(xí)一：句子成分語法復(fù)習(xí)二、主謂一致語法復(fù)習(xí)三：名詞性從句語法復(fù)習(xí)四：定語從句語法復(fù)習(xí)五：強調(diào)句、It的用法、省略和插入語語法復(fù)習(xí)六：狀語從句語法復(fù)習(xí)七：倒裝句語法復(fù)習(xí)八：動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)語法復(fù)習(xí)九：非謂語動詞語法復(fù)習(xí)十：動詞的語氣虛擬語氣語法復(fù)習(xí)十一：助動詞與情態(tài)動詞語法復(fù)習(xí)一：句子成分；簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語和同位語。（二）主語：主語是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當主語不疑問

2、詞時）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名詞）We often speak English in class.（代詞）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm t

3、o the health.（動名詞）The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主語從句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）（三）謂語：謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：1、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。如：He practices running every morni

4、ng.2、復(fù)合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構(gòu)成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系動詞加表語構(gòu)成。如：We are students.（四）表語：表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞）Is it

5、 yours?（代詞）The weather has turned cold.（形容詞）The speech is exciting.（分詞）Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby（愛好）is playing football.（動名詞）The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語）Time is up. The class is over.（副詞）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語從句）

6、（五）賓語：賓語表示動作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展覽）yesterday.（名詞）The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代詞）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（數(shù)詞）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短語）I enjoy l

7、istening to popular music.（動名詞短語）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語從句）賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補），例如：They elected him their monitor.（六）賓語補足語：英語中有些及物動詞，除有一個直接賓語以外，還要有一個賓語補語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補足語的一般句型為：某些及物動詞（如make等+賓語+賓補）。賓補可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當

8、。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名詞）They painted their boat white.（形容詞）Let the fresh air in.（副詞）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短語）We saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句）（七）定語：修飾名詞

9、或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞） There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名詞）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語）The teach

10、ing plan for next term has been worked out.（動名詞）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語）（八）狀語：修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆篖ight travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance exa

11、mination.（不定式短語）He is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語）Wait a minute.（名詞）Once you begin, you must continue.（狀語從句）狀語種類如下：How about meeting again at six?（時間狀語）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因狀語）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（條件狀語）Mr Smith lives on the third

12、 floor.（地點狀語）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的狀語）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結(jié)果狀語）She works very hard though she is old.（讓步狀語）I am taller than he is.

13、（比較狀語）練習(xí)一一、指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces i

14、n Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He managed to finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.14. Do you have anything else to say?15. To

15、 be honest, your pronunciation is not so good.16. Would you please tell me your address?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the room.20. The apples tasted sweet.二、用符號劃出下列短文各句中的主語（）、謂語（）、賓語（）：I hope you are very well

16、. I'm fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow

17、 rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesn't of

18、ten rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.三、用符號劃出下列短文各句中的定語（）、狀語（）、補語（）：Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make

19、 us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. It's great! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I don't, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five

20、 different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents. 四、選擇填空：( )1. _ will leave for Beijing.A. Now there the man B. The man her

21、e nowC. The man who is here now D. The man is here now( ) 2. The weather _.A. wet and cold B. is wet and coldC. not wet and coldD. were wet and cold( ) 3. The apple tasted _.A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet( ) 4. He got up _ yesterday morning.A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter( )5. The act

22、or _at the age of 70.A. dead B. died C. dyed D. deaded( )6. _ were all very tired, but none of _ would stop to take a rest.A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we( )7. He found the street much _.A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly( ) 8.I think _necessary to learn English well.A. its B. it

23、C. that D. that is( ) 9. The dog _ mad.A. looks B. is looked C. is being looked D. was looked( )10.I will never forget the day _ I joined the army.A. that B. when C. in which D. where二、簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句（一）句子種類兩種分類法1、按句子的用途可分四種：1）陳述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.2）疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反

24、意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class4）感嘆句：How clever the boy is!2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：1）簡單句：只有一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawin

25、g and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列連詞（and, but, or等）或分號（；）把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連在一起構(gòu)成。e.g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）復(fù)合句：含有一個或一個以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句）、定語從句和狀語從句等。e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot o

26、f pictures when they were at the Great Wall.（二）簡單句的五種基本句型1、主語+系動詞+表語：e.g. He is a student.2、主語+不及物動詞：e.g. We work.3、主語+及物動詞+賓語：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.4、主語+及物動詞+雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語）：e.g. My father bought me a car.5、主語+及物動詞+復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.注：其他各種句子都可由這一種基本句型擴展、變化或省略而構(gòu)成。（三）并列

27、句的分類1、表示連接兩個同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等連接。e.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.2、表示選擇，常用的連詞有or, eitheror, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or youll miss the train.3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, b

28、ut he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（四）高考考點探討1、簡單句的五大句型是最基本的句型。雖然近幾年單純考查這種基礎(chǔ)句型的題不多，但是在閱讀中有時需借助于劃分句子成分去理解，在書面表達中，沒有最基本的遣詞造句的能力是不可能用地道的英語句子

29、來表達清楚的。2、祈使句、反意疑問句和感嘆句是高考命題的熱點之一。有時把祈使句與反意疑問句結(jié)合于一體來考查。一個題目，幾個考點，是近幾年命題的發(fā)展趨勢。3、高考對簡單句、并列句和各種復(fù)合句的考查常表現(xiàn)在對連詞的選擇和使用上。如：and, but, or, while，以及其它連接名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句的連接詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞。4、各種主從復(fù)合句的考查常常與動詞的時態(tài)聯(lián)系在一起，以賓語從句與狀語從句最為明顯，時間從句與條件從句中，如果主句是將來時，從句則用一般式表將來，這一點在高考中經(jīng)?？疾?。如：We will go outing if it doesnt rain tomorrow。練習(xí)二、簡

30、單句、并列句和復(fù)合句一、判斷下列句子是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.3. There is a chair in this room, isnt there?4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.5. He is i

31、n Class One and I am in Class Two.6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isnt it?9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.二、判斷下列短文中

32、各句是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：I hope you are very well（）. I'm fine, but tired（）. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm（）. August is the hottest month here（）. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（） Sometimes we go on working

33、 after dark by the lights of our tractors（）. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat（）. We have a lot of machines on the farm（）. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him（）. But he employs more men for the harvest（）. My b

34、rother takes care of the vegetable garden（）. It doesn't often rain in the summer here（）. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden（）. Every evening we pump water from a well（）. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden（）.Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even a

35、t harvest time（）. These parties often make us very happy（）. We cook meat on an open fire outside（）. It's great（）! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion（）. Some of my friends drink beer（）. I don't, because I have to drive home after the party（）. In your letter you asked about the

36、 time in different areas of the States（）. There are five different time areas in the States（）. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time（）. How many different time areas do you have in China（）? Well, I must stop and get some sleep（）. Please give my best regards to your parents（）. 三、選擇填空：

37、1. Give me one more minute _ Ill be able to finish it.A. andB. orC. ifD. so2. Its the third time that John has been late, _?A. hasnt heB. isnt he C. isnt itD. hasnt it3. _ joyful he was to meet his brother again!A. HowB. WhatC. What aD. What an4. Let us pass, _?A. shant weB. shall weC. wont weD. wil

38、l you5. I suppose hes serious, _ ?A. do IB. dont IC. is heD. isnt he6. You had better not smoke here, _?A. will youB. had youC. shall youD. have you7. Train as hard as you can _ youll win the swimming competition.A. thenB. butC. andD. or8. Im sorry to have to say this, _ you forgot to turn off the l

39、ights when you left the room last night.A. andB. butC. soD. because9. John has not yet passed the driving test, and _.A. Henry hasnt too B. Henry also has not either C. neither Henry has D. neither has Henry10. There are many sports lovers in his office. Some love climbing, _ others enjoy swimming.A

40、. orB. forC. whileD. so11. - Do you feel like going out _ would you rather have dinner at home? - Id like to go out.A. orB. andC. butD. so12. - “_ is the temperature today?”-“Its 38 degrees.”A. WhichB. HowC. How hotD. How high13. - Your uncle isnt an engineer, is he?- _.A. Yes, he isntB. No, he isnt

41、C. No, he isD. He is14. _ friendly _ to everyone!A. How, is sheB. What, is sheC. How, she isD. What, she is15. Mary went to bed early, _ she felt very tired.A. orB. soC. forD. yet16. Mother _ a dress when she cut her finger.A. was makingB. makesC. is makingD. made17. He lay in bed _ read something b

42、orrowed from library.A. butB. andC. orD. yet18. - Id really like some lunch but I have so much work to do. - _ what you want and I can get it for you.A. Tell meB. If you would say to meC. You will tell meD. If you tell me19. As he is strong, _ can lift one hundred pounds.A. yet heB. but heC. andD. h

43、e20. - I thought you had an umbrella.- I had, _ Ive lost it.A. sinceB. butC. becauseD. so21. _ down the radio - the babys asleep in the next room.A. Turning B. To turnC. Turned D. Turn22. - I dont like chicken _ fish.- I dont like chicken _ I like fish very much.A. and, andB. and, butC. or, andD. or

44、, but23. - Would you like to come to dinner tonight?- Id like to, _ Im too busy.A. andB. soC. asD. but24. Would you like a cup of coffee _ shall we get down to business right away?A. andB. thenC. orD. otherwise25. She set out soon after dark _ home an hour later.A. arrivingB. to arriveC. having arri

45、vedD. and arrived26. “Cant you read?” Mary said _ to the notice.A. angrily pointingB. and point angrilyC. angrily pointedD. and angrily pointed27. She thought I was talking about her daughter, _, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.A. whomB. whereC. whichD. while28. _ it with me and Ill see wha

46、t I can do.A. When leftB. LeavingC. If you leaveD. Leave29. - Alice, you feed the bird today, _?- But I fed it yesterday.A. do youB. will youC. didnt youD. dont you30. _ him and then try to copy what he does.A. MindB. Glance atC. Stare atD. Watch四、按要求完成下列句子：1. He dares to tell the truth.（改為否定句）2. Th

47、ey have lived here for more than ten years.（對畫線部分提問）3. There will be a sports meet at the end of this month, _?（完成反意疑問）4. You must be careful with your pronunciation.（改為祈使句）5. They went for a walk after supper yesterday evening.(改為一般疑問句)6. It is an interesting story.（改為感嘆句）7. This magazine comes out

48、（出版）every other week.（對畫線部分提問）8. They could hardly believe his words, _?（完成反意疑問）9. The moon is shining brightly.（改為感嘆句）10.Our English teacher is always encouraging us to speak English in class. （對畫線部分提問）語法復(fù)習(xí)二、主謂一致在英語句子里，謂語受主語支配，其動詞必須和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，這就叫主謂一致。尋其規(guī)律，大致可歸納為三個原則，即語法一致、邏輯意義一致和就近一致原則。（一）語法一致原則

49、：語法上一致就是謂語動詞和主語在單、復(fù)數(shù)形式上保持一致。1、以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語或從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式；主語為復(fù)數(shù)時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eye

50、s.注意：由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句，后面的謂語動詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但若表語是復(fù)數(shù)或what從句是一個帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時，主句的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.2、由連接詞and或both and連接起來的合成主語后面，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語動詞。如：Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised w

51、hen they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers.注意： 若and所連接的兩個詞是指同一個人或物時，它后面的謂語動詞就應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如：The writer and artist has come.; / 由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語前如果分別有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修飾時，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room. / No boy and no girl likes i

52、t.3、主語為單數(shù)名詞或代詞，盡管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短語，謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式；若主語為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and T

53、om, is very tall.4、either, neither, each, every 或no +單數(shù)名詞和由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter.注意： 在口語中當either或neither后跟有“of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞（或代詞）”作主語時，其謂語動詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. 若none of后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，它的謂語動詞就要用單數(shù)；若它后面的名詞是復(fù)

54、數(shù)，它的謂語動詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。如：None of us has (have) been to America.5、在定語從句時，關(guān)系代詞that, who, which等作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.6、如果集體名詞指的是整個集體，它的謂語動詞用單數(shù)；如果它指集體的成員，其謂語動詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。這些詞有family, class, crowd, committee,

55、population, audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. 注意：people, police, cattle等名詞一般都用作復(fù)數(shù)。如：The police are looking for the lost child.7、由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名詞”構(gòu)成的短語以及由“分數(shù)或百分數(shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語作主語，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。如：There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50%