全球商務(wù)專業(yè)詞匯中英文對照

1、1.全球化的商務(wù)活動國際商務(wù):(internationalbusiness)跨國企業(yè):(multinationalenterprise)對夕卜直接投資:(foreigndirectinvestment)全球商務(wù):(globalbusiness)新興經(jīng)濟體:(emergingeconomies)新興市場:(emergingmarkets)國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值:(grossdomesticproduct)購買力評價法:(purchasingpowerparity)三大經(jīng)濟體:(triad)金字塔底層：(baseofthepyramid)反向創(chuàng)新:(reverseinnovation)外派經(jīng)理:(expat

2、riatemanager)跨國補貼：(internationalpremium)外商劣勢:(liabilityofforeignness)全球化:(globalization)風(fēng)險管理:(riskmanagement)情景規(guī)戈U:(scenarioplanning)半全球化:(semiglobalization)非政府組織:(nongovernmentqrganization)2.理解政治、法律和經(jīng)濟制度:(institutions)制度轉(zhuǎn)型:(institutionaltransitions)制度基礎(chǔ)觀:(institution-basedview)制度框架:(institutionalfr

3、amework)正式的制度：(formalinstitutions)規(guī)章支柱:(regulatorypillar)非正式制度:(informalinstitutions)規(guī)范支柱:(normativepillar)認(rèn)知支柱:(cognitivepillar)交易成本:(transactioncosts)機會主義:(opportunism)有限理性:(boundedrationality)政治體制：(politicalsystem)民主制：(democracy)集權(quán)制：(totalitarianism)政治風(fēng)險:(politicalrisk)法律體系:(legalsystem)大陸法:(civi

4、llaw)普通法:(commonlaw)神權(quán)法:(theocraticlaw)智力資產(chǎn):(intellectualproperty)知識產(chǎn)權(quán):(intellectualpropertyrights)國有企業(yè):(state-ownedenterprise)道德風(fēng)險:(moralhazard)專禾ij:(patent)版權(quán):(copyright)商標(biāo):(trademark)盜版:(priracy)經(jīng)濟體制：(economicsystem)市場經(jīng)濟體制:(marketeconomy)計戈U經(jīng)濟體制:(commandeconomy)混合經(jīng)濟體制:(mixedeconomy)主權(quán)貝才富基金:(sover

5、eignwealthfund)3.重視文化、道德和規(guī)范民族中心主義:(ethnocentrism)社會結(jié)構(gòu):(socialstructure)社會分層:(socialstratification)社會流動性:(socialmobility)低語境文化：(low-contextculture)權(quán)禾ij距離:(powerdistance)個人主義:(individualism)集體主義:(collectivism)文明:(civilization)族群:(cluster)男性特征:(masculinity)女性特征:(femininity)不確定性規(guī)避:(uncertaintyavoidance)

6、長期導(dǎo)向:(long-termorientation)道德:(ethics)行為準(zhǔn)貝U:(codeofconduct)道德相對主義：(ethicalrelativism)道德帝國主義:(ethicalimperialism)腐敗:(corruption)文化智慧:(culturalintelligence)反海外腐敗法:(ForeignCorruptPracticesAct)4 .在全球利用能力資源基礎(chǔ)觀:(resource-basedview)SWOT分析:(SWOTanalysis)資源:(resources)能力:(capability)價值鏈:(valuechain)基準(zhǔn)分析法:(be

7、nchmarking)商品化:(commoditization)外包:(outsourcing)離岸經(jīng)營:(offshoring)近岸經(jīng)營:(onshoring)圈養(yǎng)資源:(captivesourcing)因果模糊:(causalambiguity)輔助資產(chǎn);(complementaryassets)社會復(fù)雜性:(socialcomplementary)VRIO框架:(VRIOframework)有形的資源與能力:(tangibleresourcesandcapabilities)無形的資源與能力:(intangibleresourcesandcapabilities)原始設(shè)備制造商:(ori

8、ginalequipmentmanufacturer)原始設(shè)計制造商:(originaldesignmanufacturer)原始品牌制造商:(originalbrandmanufacturer)5.國際貿(mào)易貿(mào)易逆差:(tradedeficit)貿(mào)易順差：(tradesurplus)貿(mào)易平衡:(balanceoftrade)古典貿(mào)易理論:(classicaltradetheories)現(xiàn)代貿(mào)易理論:(moderntradetheories)重商貿(mào)易理論:(theoryofmercantilism)保護主義:(protectionism)自由貿(mào)易:(freetrade)絕對優(yōu)勢理論:(theor

9、yofabsoluteadvantage)比較優(yōu)勢:(comparativeadvantage)絕對優(yōu)勢:(absoluteadvantage)機會成本:(opportunitycost)要素稟賦：(factorendowments)要素稟賦理論:(factorendowmentstheory)先動者優(yōu)勢:(first-moveradvantage)鉆石理論:(diamondtheory)資源可流動性：(resourcemobility)關(guān)稅壁壘:(tariffbarrier)進(jìn)口關(guān)稅：(importtariff)凈損失成本:(dead-weightcosts)非關(guān)稅壁壘：(nontariff

10、barrier)補貼:(subsidies)進(jìn)口酉己額:(importquota)自愿出口限制:(voluntaryexportrestraint)當(dāng)?shù)睾恳?(localcontentrequirement)行政管理政策:(administrativepolicy)反傾銷稅:(antidumpingduty)幼稚產(chǎn)業(yè)觀點:(infantindustryargument)貿(mào)易禁令:(tradeembargo)國家產(chǎn)業(yè)競爭優(yōu)勢理論:(theoryofnationalcompetitiveadvantageofindustries)戰(zhàn)略性貿(mào)易理論:(strategictradetheory)產(chǎn)品

11、生命周期理論：(productlifecycletheory)戰(zhàn)略性貿(mào)易政策:(strategictradepolicy)6 .對外直接投資對外證券投資:(foreignportfolioinvestment)管理控制權(quán):(managementcontrolrights)歐力優(yōu)勢：(OLIadvantages)所有權(quán):(ownership)區(qū)位:(location)內(nèi)部化:(internalization)擴散風(fēng)險:(disseminationrisks)積聚效應(yīng):(agglomeration)知識溢出:(knowledgespillover)市場失敗:(marketfailure)激進(jìn)觀點:

12、(radicalviewonFDI)市場的不完善:(marketimperfection)自由市場觀點：(freemarketviewonFDI)實用民族主義:(pragmaticnationalism)技術(shù)溢出:(technologyspillover)示范效用:(demonstrationeffect)議價能力:(bargainingpower)沉沒成本:(sunkcost)議價能力衰減:(obsolescingbargain)感染和模仿效應(yīng):(contagionorimitationeffect)水平對外直接投資:(horizontalFDI)垂直對外直接投資:(verticalFDI)

13、上游垂直對外直接投資：(upstreamverticalFDI)下游垂直對外直接投資：(downstreamverticalFDI)對外直接投資流量：(FDIflow)對外直接投資存量：(FDIstock)7.外匯交易夕卜匯匯率:(foreignexchangerate)升值:(appreciation)貶值:(depreciation)國際收支平衡:(balanceofpayments)浮動匯率制:(floatingexchangeratepolicy)自由浮動:(cleanfloat)有管理的浮動：(dirtyfloat)目標(biāo)匯率:(targetexchangerates)爬行帶:(cra

14、wlingbands)固定匯率制:(fixedexchangeratepolicy)盯住:(peg)順風(fēng)車效應(yīng):(bandwagoneffect)資本外逃:(capitalflight)金本位制：(goldstandard)兌換中介:(commondenominator)酉己額:(quota)夕卜匯市場:(foreignexchangemarket)即期交易:(spottransaction)遠(yuǎn)期交易:(foreigntransaction)貨幣套期保值:(currencyhedging)遠(yuǎn)期貼水:(forwarddiscount)遠(yuǎn)期升水:(forwardpremium)貨幣互換:(curr

15、encyswap)最低報價:(offerrate)買入價:(bidrate)價差:(spread)夕卜匯風(fēng)險:(currencyrisk)戰(zhàn)略性對沖:(strategicheadging)貨幣局制度:(currencyboard)布雷頓森林體系:(BrettonWoodsSystem)國際貨幣基金組織:(InternationalMonetaryFund)8,全球與區(qū)域一體化多邊貿(mào)易體制:(multilateraltradingsystem)非歧視性:(non-discrimination)自由貿(mào)易區(qū):(freetradearea)關(guān)稅同盟:(customsunion)共同市場:(common

16、market)經(jīng)濟聯(lián)盟:(economicunion)貨 幣 聯(lián) 盟:(monetaryunion)政 治 聯(lián) 盟:(politicalunion)區(qū) 域 經(jīng) 濟 一 體化:(regionaleconomicintegration)全球經(jīng)濟一體化:(globaleconomicintegration)9 .進(jìn)入外國市場區(qū)位優(yōu)勢:(location-specificadvantages)文化距離:(culturaldistance)制度差異:(institutionaldistance)先 動 者 優(yōu) 勢:(first-moveradvantages)后 動 者 優(yōu) 勢:(late-movera

17、dvantages)進(jìn) 入 規(guī)模:(scaleofentry)進(jìn) 入 模 式:(modeofentry)非 股 權(quán) 模 式:(non-equitymode)股 權(quán) 模式:(equitymode)交 鑰 匙 工 程:(turnkeyproject)研 發(fā) 合 同： (R&Dcontract)聯(lián) 合 營銷:(co-marketing)合資企業(yè):(jointventure)全資子公司:(whollyownedsubsidiary)綠地運營:(greenfieldoperation)10.創(chuàng)業(yè)型企業(yè):(smallandmedium-sized)倉業(yè):(entrepreneurship)倉業(yè)者:

18、(entrepreneurs)國際倉業(yè):(internationalentrepreneurship)風(fēng)險投資者：(venturecapitalist)小額信貸:(microfinance)天生國際企業(yè)：(bornglobal)直接出口:(directexport)信用證:(letterofcredit)許可證:(licensing)特許經(jīng)營:(franchising)間接出口:(indirectexport)出口中介:(exportintermediary)連續(xù)倉業(yè)者:(serialentrepreneur)階段模型:(stagemodel)11.聯(lián)盟與收購戰(zhàn)略聯(lián)盟:(strategical

19、liances)契約性聯(lián)盟:(contractualalliances)基于股權(quán)聯(lián)盟：(equity-basedalliances)戰(zhàn)略性投資:(stragicinvestment)交叉持股：(crossshareholding)收購:(acquisition)合并:(merger)盡職調(diào)查:(duediligence)實物期權(quán):(realoption)學(xué)習(xí)競賽:(learningrace)關(guān)系能力:(relationalcapability)收購溢價:(acquisitionpremium)戰(zhàn)略匹配:(strategicfit)組織匹酉己:(organizationalfit)干中學(xué):(le

20、arningbydoing)過度自信：(hubris)管理動機:(managerialmotives)12.管理動態(tài)競爭動態(tài)競爭:(competitivedynamics)競爭者分析:(competitoranalysis)合謀:(collusion)隱性合謀:(tacitcollusion)顯性合謀:(explicitcollusion)反托拉斯法：(anti-trustlaw)囚徒困境:(prisonersdilemma)博弈論:(gametheory)集中度:(concentrationratio)價格領(lǐng)袖:(priceleader)懲罰能力:(capacitytopunish)市場共通

21、性:(marketcommonality)多市場競爭:(multimarketcompetition)相互容忍:(mutualforbearance)跨市場報復(fù):(cross-marketretaliation)競爭政策:(competitionpolicy)申通定價:(collusiveprisesetting)掠奪性定價:(predatorypricing)傾銷:(dumping)反傾銷法:(antidumpinglaw)資源相似性：(resourcesimilarity)攻擊:(attack)反擊:(counterattack)藍(lán)海戰(zhàn)略:(blueoceanstrategy)防御者:(d

22、efender)擴展者:(extender)躲避者:(dodger)競爭者:(contender)13 .戰(zhàn)略與結(jié)構(gòu)地區(qū)調(diào)適:(localresponsiveness)母國復(fù)制戰(zhàn)略：(homereplicationstrategy)當(dāng)?shù)鼗瘧?zhàn)略:(localizationstrategy)卓越中心:(centresofexcellence)全球托管:(worldwidemandate)跨國戰(zhàn)略:(transnationaldivisionstrategy)國際部結(jié)構(gòu):(internationaldivision)地理區(qū)域結(jié)構(gòu):(geographicareastructure)全球矩陣結(jié)構(gòu):(gl

23、obalmatrix)組織文化:(organizationalculture)知識管理:(knowledgemanagement)顯性知識:(explicitknowledge)隱性知識:(tacitknowledge)開放式創(chuàng)新:(openinnovation)全球虛擬團隊：(globalvirtualteam)吸收能力:(absorptivecapacity)社會資本:(socialcapital)子公司主導(dǎo):(subsidiaryinitiative)全球客戶結(jié)構(gòu):(globalaccountstructure)整合-響應(yīng)模型:(integration-responsivenessfra

24、mework)全球標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化戰(zhàn)略:(globalstandardizationstrategy)國家或區(qū)域經(jīng)理:(countrymanager)全球產(chǎn)品部結(jié)構(gòu):(globalproductdivisionstructure)微觀-宏觀聯(lián)系:(mocro-macrolink)基于解決方案的結(jié)構(gòu):(solutions-basedstructure)14 .公司治理融資:(financing)公司治理:(corporategovernance)股權(quán):(equity)股東:(shareholder)債務(wù):(debt)債券:(bond)債券持有人：(bond-holder)違約:(default)資本成本:(costofcapital)跨境上市:(cross-listing)集中的所有權(quán)及控制權(quán):(concentratedownershipandcontrol)所有權(quán)分散:(diffusedownership)所有權(quán)和控制權(quán)相分離:(separationofownershipandcontrol)首席執(zhí)行官:(chiefexecutiveofficer)高管團隊:(topmanageme