大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)考試閱讀中的長(zhǎng)難句

1、閱讀中的長(zhǎng)難句在四六級(jí)考試中，通過(guò)關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到原文中的關(guān)鍵句，這些關(guān)鍵句就是我們所說(shuō)的“鏈”。如何找到“鏈”-精準(zhǔn)定位法；如何理解“鏈”-長(zhǎng)難句剪枝法。精準(zhǔn)定位法利用關(guān)鍵詞（點(diǎn)）去尋找關(guān)鍵句（鏈）時(shí)，我們要運(yùn)用同義轉(zhuǎn)述原則。篇章閱讀真題示例：精準(zhǔn)定位法：題干中的關(guān)鍵詞為accomplish和planet。由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到原文最后一段。定位段第一句說(shuō)明，爭(zhēng)奪資源會(huì)將我們的星球引向地獄，除非人類懂得分享。而隨后一句指出，完成這一任務(wù)需要每個(gè)人都承擔(dān)起責(zé)任，并且只有共同合作才能完成。可見(jiàn)，保護(hù)地球必須聚集眾人的努力，選項(xiàng)D）中的pooling their efforts together是對(duì)原

2、文accomplished together with others的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，所以D)為本題答案。信息匹配真題示例：精準(zhǔn)定位法：題干中的關(guān)鍵詞為the majority of和rival。由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到原文最后兩句。定位句提到，由于美國(guó)在冷戰(zhàn)中大獲全勝，似乎我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制已沒(méi)有真正的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手。而一旦失去了國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，我們就沒(méi)有必要證明我們的體制能夠?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)公民帶來(lái)利益。題干中的the majority of和rival分別是原文中的most of和competitor的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為E)。長(zhǎng)難句剪枝法長(zhǎng)難句，顧名思義，即長(zhǎng)又難，主要難在用詞、結(jié)構(gòu)等方面。掌握了剛才說(shuō)的精準(zhǔn)定位法后，如果

3、定位到的句子是長(zhǎng)難句，這個(gè)方法就要排上用場(chǎng)了長(zhǎng)難句剪枝法。先快速找到句子的主干，再掌握細(xì)節(jié)要素。1. 找主干，明結(jié)構(gòu)即：撥開(kāi)枝杈，直撲主干；排除干擾，確定結(jié)構(gòu)；首先抓住中心內(nèi)容?？吹揭粋€(gè)難句，不要被它嚇住，首先要集中精力，找出句子主干。句子再長(zhǎng)，主干不會(huì)長(zhǎng)，根據(jù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)，主干還是不難找到的。只要找到句子的主干，就能明確句子的結(jié)構(gòu)（是簡(jiǎn)單句，還是并列句、主從復(fù)合句、倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句等），也就明白句子主要講了什么。下面是一些真題中的長(zhǎng)難句，我們對(duì)主干部分進(jìn)行了鋪底：例1Inequality is dangerous, he argued, not merely because it doesn

4、't look good to have a large gap between the rich and the poor, but because inequality itself destroys upward mobility, making it harder for the poor to escape from poverty.例2While Wall Street executives used their expensive lawyers to ensure that their ranks were not held accountable for the mi

5、sdeeds that the crisis in 2008 so graphically revealed, the banks abused our legal system to foreclose （取消贖回權(quán)） on mortgages and eject tenants, some of whom did not even owe money.例3But for students who havent yet done enough research, or who are still constantly changing their minds on favorite scho

6、ols, the early-decision system needlessly and prematurely narrows the field of possibility just at a time when students should be opening themselves to a whole range of thrilling options.例4The shift, little noticed outside the medical establishment but already controversial inside it, suggests that

7、doctors are starting to redefine their roles, from being concerned exclusively about individual patients to exerting influence on how healthcare dollars are spent.例5There are some very commendable characteristics of the CFLcompact fluorescent (熒光的) light bulb, yet the selection of any light source r

8、emains inseparable from the luminaire (照明裝置) that houses it, along with the space in which both are installed, and lighting requirements that need to be satisfied.2. 理枝杈，明各層即：變長(zhǎng)為短，層層理清；修飾成分，對(duì)號(hào)入座；仔細(xì)搞清各層意思。這里的關(guān)鍵就是修飾語(yǔ)和被修飾語(yǔ)要能對(duì)得起來(lái)，從而理清句子的層次，一層層地搞清楚句子的意思。還是以上面5個(gè)真題長(zhǎng)難句為例：例1Inequality is dangerous, he argued

9、, not merely because it doesnt look good to have a large gap between the rich and the poor, but because inequality itself destroys upward mobility, making it harder for the poor to escape from poverty.剪枝法分析： 用剪枝法先找到有引導(dǎo)詞也有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的從句：兩個(gè)由because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句，并用關(guān)聯(lián)詞組not merelybut相連接。然后用剪枝法剪掉各個(gè)短語(yǔ)，并掌握這些細(xì)節(jié)信息：

10、插入語(yǔ)he argued，補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明全句的信息來(lái)源，介詞短語(yǔ)between the rich and the poor作名詞gap的后置定語(yǔ)，現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)making it harder for the poor to escape from poverty作伴隨狀語(yǔ)，對(duì)原因狀語(yǔ)從句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。圖解結(jié)構(gòu)：參考譯文： 他提出，不公平是危險(xiǎn)的，不僅僅是因?yàn)樨毟徊町惔罂雌饋?lái)不好，更是因?yàn)椴还奖旧砥茐牧松鐣?huì)階層向上提升的流動(dòng)性，令貧困者難以擺脫貧困。例2While Wall Street executives used their expensive lawyers to ensure that t

11、heir ranks were not held accountable for the misdeeds that the crisis in 2008 so graphically revealed, the banks abused our legal system to foreclose （取消贖回權(quán)） on mortgages and eject tenants, some of whom did not even owe money.剪枝法分析： 用剪枝法先找到有引導(dǎo)詞也有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的從句： While引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明主句的時(shí)間；而該時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中又包含that引導(dǎo)

12、的賓語(yǔ)從句充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中ensure的賓語(yǔ)，該賓語(yǔ)從句也是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句，包含that引導(dǎo)的限定性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾說(shuō)明名詞misdeeds。然后用剪枝法剪掉各個(gè)短語(yǔ)，并掌握這些細(xì)節(jié)信息：to foreclose （取消贖回權(quán)） on mortgages and eject tenants為動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)，而其中還包含一個(gè)介詞of+whom引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明之前的名詞tenants。圖解結(jié)構(gòu)：參考譯文： 當(dāng)華爾街的行政長(zhǎng)官雇用費(fèi)用高昂的律師來(lái)確保他們?cè)?008年金融危機(jī)所顯現(xiàn)出的罪行中不承擔(dān)任何責(zé)任時(shí)，銀行就濫用了法律體系的權(quán)利來(lái)取消抵押的贖回權(quán)，并把房客驅(qū)逐出去，有些房客甚至沒(méi)

13、有欠款。例3But for students who haven't yet done enough research, or who are still constantly changing their minds on favorite schools, the early-decision system needlessly and prematurely narrows the field of possibility just at a time when students should be opening themselves to a whole range of t

14、hrilling options.剪枝法分析： 用剪枝法先找到有引導(dǎo)詞也有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的從句：定語(yǔ)從句when students should be opening themselves to a whole range of thrilling options，修飾時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)中的名詞time；兩個(gè)并列定語(yǔ)從句who haven't yet done enough research和who are still constantly changing their minds on favorite schools由連詞or連接，修飾students。然后用剪枝法剪掉各個(gè)短語(yǔ)，并掌握這

15、些細(xì)節(jié)信息：just at a time為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)；介詞短語(yǔ)for students置于句首，強(qiáng)調(diào)描述的對(duì)象和范圍。圖解結(jié)構(gòu)：參考譯文： 但是，對(duì)于那些沒(méi)有做足夠功課的或者是在自己喜歡的學(xué)校上搖擺不定的學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，提前錄取則沒(méi)有必要，并且過(guò)早地縮小了他們可能的選擇范圍，而這個(gè)時(shí)候他們應(yīng)該放開(kāi)自己去面對(duì)所有令他們心動(dòng)的選擇。例4The shift, little noticed outside the medical establishment but already controversial inside it, suggests that doctors are starting to re

16、define their roles, from being concerned exclusively about individual patients to exerting influence on how healthcare dollars are spent.剪枝法分析： 用剪枝法先找到有引導(dǎo)詞也有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的從句：that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，作主句動(dòng)詞suggests的賓語(yǔ)；how引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，作介詞on的賓語(yǔ)。然后用剪枝法剪掉各個(gè)短語(yǔ)，并掌握這些細(xì)節(jié)信息：插入語(yǔ)部分little noticed outside the medical establishment but a

17、lready controversial inside it作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明shift；from being concerned exclusively about individual patients to exerting influence on 是由fromto連接的介詞短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明roles。圖解結(jié)構(gòu)：參考譯文： 這一變化，盡管在醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)以外還鮮受關(guān)注，但在其內(nèi)部已備受爭(zhēng)議，這意味著醫(yī)生們要重新定義其角色，從單純考慮病人個(gè)體轉(zhuǎn)為對(duì)醫(yī)療費(fèi)用的使用施加影響。例5There are some very commendable characteristics of the CFLco

18、mpact fluorescent (熒光的) light bulb, yet the selection of any light source remains inseparable from the luminaire (照明裝置) that houses it, along with the space in which both are installed, and lighting requirements that need to be satisfied.剪枝法分析： 本句為并列句，由并列副詞yet連接兩個(gè)主干，分別是There be句型和系表結(jié)構(gòu)。用剪枝法先找到有引

19、導(dǎo)詞也有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的從句：that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句houses it，修飾luminaire；in which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句both are installed，修飾space；that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句need to be satisfied，修飾requirements。然后用剪枝法剪掉各個(gè)短語(yǔ)，并掌握這些細(xì)節(jié)信息：of the CFL和of any light source是定語(yǔ)，分別修飾characteristics和selection；from the luminaire為補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明inseparable，along with the space, and lighting requirements是補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，對(duì)luminaire進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。圖解結(jié)構(gòu)：參考譯文： 緊湊型熒