西方文明史ppt

1、2021/6/161Colonialism2021/6/162Context The general introduction about colonialism The colonial policy of different countries The triangular trade ImpactsThe earlier period:Spain and Portugal The latter period:British and France2021/6/163Definition: Colonialism is the establishment, maintenance, acqu

2、isition and expansion of colonies in one territory by people from another territory. It is a process where a foreign state claims sovereignty over the colony and the social structure, government, and economics of the colony are changed by colonizers. Colonialism is a set of unequal relationships bet

3、ween the metropole (hub state) and the colony and between the colonists and the indigenous population.2021/6/164Types of colonialism Settler colonialism Exploitation colonialism Plantation colonialism Surrogate colonialism Internal colonialism2021/6/165Age of Discovery Modern colonialism started wit

4、h the Age of Discovery. Portugal and Spain discovered new lands across the oceans and built trading posts. For some people, it is this building of colonies across oceans that differentiates colonialism from other types of expansionism. This period is also associated with the Commercial Revolution. T

5、he late Middle Ages saw reforms in accountancy and banking in Italy and the eastern Mediterranean. These ideas were adopted and adapted in western Europe to the high risks and rewards associated with colonial ventures.2021/6/166European expansionMotivated by: Need to settle excess population Search

6、for wealth (trade、mineral sources) The description about the outside world in literary works Intellectual curiosity, the spirit of adventure Struggle for dominance of the sea Religious reasons2021/6/167Religious Freedom After the fall of the Roman Empire, many parts of Europe began to become less ci

7、vilized again (especially in the north). The Church retained much control through religion, and churches were often strongholds against marauders(搶劫者). After the separation of the Church into Roman Catholicism and Protestant， many bloody wars and persecution happened within countries. Spanish Inquis

8、ition2021/6/168European expansionPremises: Monarchy centralized (money support) The development of technology and science (shipping) The appearance of “ptolemy map” (15th Europe, 8th Arab) More resources, a larger population and strategic locations increased potential military and political strength

9、2021/6/169Spanish EmpireBy colonizing the Americas, Spain became one of the richest and most powerful countries of the 16th century. At the height of its power in 1588, the Spanish Empire included the West Indies, Cuba, Florida, Mexico, Central America, much of South America, and the Philippines.202

10、1/6/1610Simn Bolvar Simn Bolvar helped win independence from Spain for Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Revered throughout South America, Bolvar earned the name The Liberator.2021/6/1611Jos de San Martn Argentine general Jos de San Martn helped lead South America to freedom from Span

11、ish rule. San Martn is regarded as one of Argentinas foremost heroes.2021/6/1612Declaration of Peruvian Independence Argentine soldier Jos de San Martn took charge of Perus struggle for independence in 1820. The following year he occupied Lima and on July 28, 1821, he proclaimed Perus independence f

12、rom a balcony in the center of Lima. 2021/6/1613The Philippines In the mid-16th century, Spaniards settled some of the many islands in the Philippines, which were named in honor of Spanish King Philip II. This photo shows a village on northern Luzon, the largest island and the second settled by Spai

13、n.2021/6/1614Manila, Philippines Manila is the capital and largest city of the Philippines. The Pasig River divides Manila between the original city, on its southern bank, and the more modern section, on its northern bank. Spanish colonists founded the city in 1571, and Spanish influence is apparent

14、 in the old districts architecture.2021/6/1615Portuguese Empire Its biggest colony was Brazil Brazil had perfect spoil for agriculture, had wood (brazil wood), sugar, and gold. Portuguese brought African slaves and used natives as labor Justified conquest of Brazil with Christianization of the peopl

15、e2021/6/1616Jesuits Spain and Portugal are very Catholic They used their Jesuit priests to convert the natives Their churches were called missions They also served as mini-hospitals2021/6/1617Portuguese Empire Portugal was always the smaller brother to Spain Very wealthy through trade It was too sma

16、ll to defend such a big empire (African and South America) England, Holland & France easily captured many Portuguese territories2021/6/1618Rise of the British Empire Late 16th early 17th Centuries, England dominated 17th -18th Centuries: Defeated France and Holland in a series of wars to become

17、the main colonizer2021/6/1619British Colonialism America Africa Australia Canada India/Pakistan Malaysia Hong Kong Gibraltar 2021/6/1620British Empire, Early 20th CenturyThe British Empire, established over the course of three centuries, began in the late 16th century with chartered commercial ventu

18、res in sugar and tobacco plantations, slave trading, and missionary activities in North America and the Caribbean Islands. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the British Empire reached the height of its power, ruling over large parts of Africa, Asia, and North America.2021/6/1621British

19、India, 1858 Indias boundaries were gradually expanded after the British government took over the administration of India from the English East India Company in 1858. British India eventually came to include what are now the independent countries of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar (formerly known as Bu

20、rma), and Sri Lanka (Ceylon).2021/6/1622British Family in India The British presence in India began with the English East India Companys founding of a trading post at Surat in 1612. By the early 1800s, most of India was under the control of the East India Company, and in 1858 the British Crown took

21、over administration of India. Here, members of a British family in India pose with their servants.2021/6/1623Western Powers in Asia, Early 1900s. Initially, Western powers came to Asia to trade. But they soon demanded concessions from Asian governments, such as land for military bases, to protect th

22、at trade. Although the Westerners built railroads, canals, roads, and schools, the profits from trade went to the West.2021/6/16242021/6/1625French colony During the 19th and 20th centuries, the French colonial empire was one of the largest in the world, behind the British Empire, the Russian Empire

23、 and the Spanish Empire: it extended over 12,898,000 km at its height in the 1920s and 1930s. The French colonial empire was the largest empire in 17th century and the Second Empire in 1929. 2021/6/1626French colony France began to establish colonies in North America, the Caribbean and India, follow

24、ing Spanish and Portuguese successes during the Age of Discovery. In the 19th century, France established a new empire in Africa and South East Asia.2021/6/1627Map of French colonies In Africa2021/6/1628French North Africa French Algeria (18301962) (Now Algeria) Egypt (ownership (17981801) French Tu

25、nisia (18811956) (protectorate) (Now Tunisia) Libya2021/6/1629 French Morocco France showed a strong interest in Morocco as early as 1830. In 1904 France and Spain carved out zones of influence in Morocco. The 1912 Treaty of Fez made Morocco a protectorate of France. In March 1956 the French protect

26、orate was ended and Morocco regained its independence from France and Spain as the Kingdom of Morocco. 2021/6/1630Slave Trade Trade between Europe and Africa soon became focused on slave trade. Africans wanted European goods and all the Europeans wanted were slaves. Most slaves were captured in raids or were prisoners of war. Some were criminals