完形1 說明文類完形填空題解題指導與訓練

1、說明文類完形填空解題指導與訓練資料來源：廣東教育·高中2009年第2期佛山市順德區(qū)一中高中部 鐘雪梅一、文章特點常見的說明文有自我介紹、人物介紹（傳記）、地方介紹、習俗介紹、節(jié)日介紹、方法（步驟）介紹，產品說明、實驗報告、科普小品、讀書報告、新聞報道等。這類文章主要有以下幾個特點： 1. 內容的客觀性說明文客觀地說明、介紹、解釋或報道客觀的人物、事物或發(fā)生的現象，使讀者獲取一定的信息或知識，語言直白，沒有主觀的評論或情感的抒發(fā)。2. 篇章的條理性說明文層次分明，脈落清晰，有條有理。有的按空間順序進行說明，有的按時間順序進行說明，有的按因果關系進行說明，有的按先主后次的順序進行說明，有

2、的先概述后舉例，有的先舉例后概述，也有的按事情的邏輯關系展開（如：解析為什么，如何做等方面的問題），等等。3. 語言的樸實性 說明文的目的是讓讀者獲取信息，明白事理，因此，文章的作者會用樸實、易懂和準確的語言或使用數據進行說明，不浮夸，不加描述和議論。 二、解題技巧要保證答題的速度和效率，可采用下列解題技巧：1. 根據上下文的詞語暗示來選擇找到上下文的相關信息，特別是有暗示性的詞語，就容易找到正確的選項了。2. 根據上下文的行文邏輯來選擇短文是由有一定邏輯關系的句子組成的，任何一句話都不是孤立存在的，而是要靠上下文作依托，相互之間存在一定的聯系。只要我們把握好了空格上下文的行文邏輯，再活用所學

3、語言知識，就能選出正確答案。 3. 根據文化背景和生活常識來選擇有時,先前所積累的文化背景知識和生活常識有利于正確解答完形填空題。4. 緊扣上下文，巧用排除法：有時，做題有時很難從正面確定答案，尤其是答案碰巧是一個你不認識的單詞，而其他三個選項你都認識的時候，緊扣上下文，巧用排除法往往會給你驚喜。當然，有時一個技巧可以解一題，有時解一題需用到多個技巧和多項知識，而有時單憑語感就能找到答案。不管怎樣，不斷積累語言知識，豐富文化背影知識，提高快速閱讀，特別是跳讀的能力，借鑒上述解題方法加以多練，并不斷進行反思和總結，就一定會享受到解題的成功感。三、實例分析閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從110各題

4、所給的A、B、C和D項中，選出最佳選項。Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland (since 1437 as well as one of the biggest and most important cities in the country, the seventh biggest in the United Kingdom. The _21_ of the city is around half a million. It lies in the southeast of _22_. As the capital city it is also

5、 the seat of the Scottish Parliament (created in 1999. It is the second most _23_ city in the United Kingdom after London, with 13 million visitors a year. The _24_ of Edinburgh is 100 square miles (259 square kilometers. The historical centre of the city is divided into two main parts, the Old Town

6、 and the New Town. They are _25_ Princes Street Gardens. Both districts were _26_ as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995. Edinburgh is quite famous for its annual Edinburgh Festival held four weeks from early August. Edinburgh has been connected with many_27_people through its whole history. Famous

7、 authors of the city _28_Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the _29_ of Sherlock Holmes, or nowadays J. K. Rowling, the author of Harry Potter. As far as the _30_ is concerned, the most famous people connected with Edinburgh are Charles Darwin (the biologist, Alexander Graham Bell (the telephone pioneer, and s

8、o on.21. A. people B. number C. area D. population22. A. England B. Britain C. Wales D. Scotland23. A. travelled B. visited C. seen D. explored 24. A. land B. amount C. area D. boundary 25. A. separated by B. divided into C. divided by D. separated into 26. A. regarded B. thought C. listed D. treate

9、d 27. A. great B. historical C. famous D. intelligent 28. A. include B. contain C. have D. are 29. A. author B. discoverer C. director D. creator 30. A. science B. biology C. art D. literature答案與解析本文介紹了愛丁堡這個城市的地理概況、人口、節(jié)日和所產出的名人等情況。21. D。根據下文的around half a million可知。22. D。根據常識得知。23. B。根據下文visitors的暗示

10、。 24. C。根據下文的100 square miles (259 square kilometers.25. A。根據常識；分辨be divided into和 be separated from，緊扣語境來選擇。26. C。根據詞義辨析。這里指“新舊城均被列入聯合國教科文組織世界文化遺產”。27. C。據上下文的行文邏輯。下文講的都是愛丁堡的名人。28. A。根據上下文的行文邏輯 ，此句意為“名作家包括柯南.道爾或J.K羅琳?！?contain是指“一種物質內含什么東西作為它其中的一部分” 。29. D。根據文學常識。30. A。根據下文biologist和telephone pione

11、er的提示。四、即時練習閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從110各題所給的A、B、C和D項中，選出最佳選項。(1October 15th, 2008, is the first Global Handwashing Day. Activities are planned in more than twenty _21_to get millions of people in the developing world to wash their hands with soap. Experts say people around the world wash their hands but ver

12、y few use soap at so-called critical(關鍵 _22_. These include after using the toilet, after cleaning a baby and before touching food.Global Handwashing Day is the idea of the Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing with Soap. Partners include the United Nations Children's Fund, American governm

13、ent agencies, the World Bank and soap _23_ Unilever and Procter and Gamble. The goal, they say, is to _24_ a culture of hand washing with soap. The organizers say all soaps are equally_25_ at removing disease-causing germs. They say the correct way to wash is to _26_your hands with a small amount of

14、 water and cover them with soap. Rub it into all areas, including under the fingernails. _27_ for at least twenty seconds. Then, rinse(沖洗 well under running water. _28 _, dry your hands with a clean _29_or wave them in the air.The partnership says washing with soap before eating and after using the

15、toilet could _30_ more lives than any vaccine or medicine. 21. A. districts B. areas C. organizations D. countries22. A. situations B. emergency C. moments D. locations23. A. makers B. brands C. makes D. creator24. A. create B. build C. invent D. enjoy25. A. suitable B. effective C. acceptable D. im

16、portant26. A. wash B. wet C. fill D. cover27. A. Hold B. Rub C. Keep D. Wash28. A. Eventually B. Additionally C. Then D. Finally29. A. clothing B. paper C. cloth D. clothes30. A. save B. rescue C. help D. protect(2Most people think heart-healthy living involves sacrifice. Give up your favorite foods

17、. Break a sweat. Lose weight. But some of the best things you can do for your 21 do not involve deprivation(剝奪 or medication. Simple and even pleasurable changes in the foods you 22_ can rival medication in terms of the benefit to your heart. Just a few small changes eating more fish, vegetables, nu

18、ts and fiber can have a _23_ impact on your risk for heart problems. For some people, drinking moderate(適度 amounts of wine may 24 additional benefits. Even a 55-year-old man who is about 20 pounds 25 and does not exercise regularly will have a heart-disease risk far below average if he 26 consumes f

19、ish, nuts, fiber and vegetables and drinks 27 amounts of wine.Its hard to believe that such 28 food changes can make a meaningful difference, but data from hundreds of studies show they can. For instance, a review of nearly 100 studies showed just how effective fish can be as a heart protector. In s

20、tudies of people who consume diets 29 in omega-3 fatty acids like those found in fish, heart risk was 23 percent 30 compared with a control group. The 2005 review appeared in The Archives of Internal Medicine. (Note：Break a sweat：use a lot of energy or efforts）21. A. health B. heart C. body D. head2

21、2. A. choose B. buy C. eat D. buy23. A. major B. serious C. main D. small 24. A. afford B. suffer C. affect D. offer 25. A. heavy B. fat C. overweight D. light 26. A. mainly B. regularly C. hardly D. rarely 27. A. moderate B. additional C. large D. small 28. A. green B. delicious C. easy D. simple 2

22、9. A. much B. rich C. full D. enough 30. A. lower B. less C. higher D. more(3After a hard-fought campaign, Democratic Senator Barack Obama has won the US presidential election, and will become the 44th President of the United States the first African-American in the countrys history to do so. Presid

23、ent-elect Obama marked his _21_with a speech to a crowd of tens of thousands of people in his hometown of Chicago. Obama _22_his election as a “defining moment” in the history of the Unites States, saying that “_23_ has come to America”. The BBCs correspondent in Washington says that in electing Bar

24、ack Obama, the American people have _24_ their unhappiness with the status quo(現狀 and rejected their countrys historical racial divisions. The Australian Prime Minister summed up how many people felt when he _25_ President-elect Obama. “Forty-five years ago Martin Luther King had a _26_ of an Americ

25、a where men and women would be judged not on the colour of their_27_but on the content of their character. Today what America has done is turn that dream into a _28_.” said Prime Minister Kevin Rudd. President-elect Obama will not take office until 20 January next year. However, when he does become

26、_29_, he will face many serious _30_, including two foreign wars, climate change and what he has described as "the worst financial crisis in a century". 21. A. election B. debate C. excitement D. victory 22. A. described B. said C. expressed D. knew 23. A. success B. luck C. fortune D. cha

27、nge 24. A. expressed B. written C. said D. spoken 25. A. celebrated B. observed C. cheered D. congratulated 26. A. wish B. request C. dream D. demand27. A. hair B. skin C. eyes D. clothes 28. A. practice B. life C. reality D. fact 29. A. master B. leader C. president D. president-elect 30. A. challe

28、nges B. chances C. failures D. questions答案與解析(1本文介紹了首屆世界洗手日、洗手日的發(fā)起者、正確的洗手方法和意義。21. D。從上句的Global得到提示。22. C。從下文after using the toilet, after cleaning a baby and before touching food得知，在這幾個關鍵時刻很少有人用肥皂洗手。situations“境遇，形勢”，emergency“緊急情況”， locations “位置”，均不符語境。23. A。由常識可知，下文的“聯合利華”“寶潔”是肥皂制造商。24. A。分辨詞義，緊

29、扣語境來選擇。create “創(chuàng)造”，其對象往往是精神上的， 如藝術，文學作品中的人物以及新的科學領域等；可以用來表示創(chuàng)設一種氣氛、營造一種文化；invent 著重指“發(fā)明、創(chuàng)造”世界上前所未有的東西，其對象往往是物質性的；build主要指“建造”建筑物。根據句意，成立洗手日的目的是要營造用肥皂洗手的文化。25. B。透過上下文的字里行間，我們可知，用肥皂洗手-不管是哪一種肥皂，對祛除致病病菌一樣有效。26. B?？筛鶕畛ＷR，洗手時，先弄濕手在涂肥皂，故選B。27. B。根據語境，洗手的第三步是，把肥皂搓遍全手，包括指甲下面，搓20秒鐘；hold意為“保持某一種狀態(tài)”；keep意為“保持某

30、一種狀態(tài)或留在某處”28. D。根據詞義辨析。eventually和 finally都有“最后”之意。但 finally可表列舉的最后次序。根據上下文的行文邏輯，此處講的是洗手的最后步驟，不適合用then。29. C。根據詞義辨析。clothing衣物的總稱；clothes 衣服（復數）； cloth “布料（不可數）或用作某一用途的一塊布（可數）； paper 作紙張解時，不可數。. 30. A。根據上下文的行文邏輯來選擇。上文說“所有肥皂對祛除致病病菌一樣有效”，故其可以救命,選A。 rescue“拯救”往往指“從危險、緊急境遇中營救某人, 不符合語境。(2本文介紹了一種簡單、令人愉快的飲食變化吃多些魚、蔬菜、堅果和纖維并喝適量的酒，就能降低心臟病的風險。21. B。通過上下文可知全文講的是使心臟健康的飲食變化。22. C。從下文的small changes eating more fish, vegetable