動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)及語態(tài)+主謂一致

1、三、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)及語態(tài)I時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)考查項(xiàng)目1過去完成時(shí)2現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)3將來完成時(shí)4 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（用于表示客觀事實(shí)/科學(xué)真理）答題依據(jù)：句中時(shí)間狀語主從句謂語動(dòng)詞的先后關(guān)系語境時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng) （the sequence of tenses）時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)是指從句中謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)因受主句中謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的影響而須采用一定的時(shí)態(tài)，從而達(dá)到兩者在邏輯關(guān)系上的一致。（一）主句謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)為現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞根據(jù)實(shí)際情況可用各種時(shí)態(tài)She says she is a college student.she was a college student.she will be a college student

2、.Has he told you when he is to leave for Beijing?Will you tell me when you finished the work?（二）主句謂語動(dòng)詞用過去時(shí)態(tài)1若從句謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作與主句謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，從句用一般過去時(shí)或過去進(jìn)行時(shí)She told me she was a teacher.He said he was studying English.2若從句謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前，從句用過去完成時(shí)或過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)She explained to me that she had made the mistake

3、 chieflyout of carelessness.Betty said that she had been waiting for my call.3若從句謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后，從句用過去將來時(shí)、過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)或過去將來完成時(shí)。He said that he would come back the next day.She said that she would be setting off on the 10 o'lock train.He told them that he would have finished by six o 'clock.

4、4若從句謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前，但從句中有表示某一具體時(shí)間 的狀語，從句用一般過去時(shí)。He told me that he was born in 佃 59.My mother told me that my grandfather went to Germany in 1917.5若從句說明的是客觀事實(shí)或科學(xué)真理，現(xiàn)在依然成立，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。Our teacher said that the earth is round and it goes round the sun.（三）主、從句動(dòng)作都是將來時(shí)，但在時(shí)間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中，從句謂語動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來

5、時(shí)，主句仍用一般將來時(shí)。I will be a teacher when I grow up.What shall we do if it snows?II語態(tài)語態(tài)：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)（一）被動(dòng)語態(tài)考查項(xiàng)目：（1）被動(dòng)語態(tài)進(jìn)行式（2）被動(dòng)語態(tài)完成式（3）不定式被動(dòng)式需要注意：主動(dòng)變被動(dòng)后加to（二）具有被動(dòng)意義的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)（即不該用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的情況）1在 主語+謂語+賓語+過去分詞（作賓補(bǔ)）”結(jié)構(gòu)中謂語動(dòng)詞為使役動(dòng)詞或感官動(dòng)詞Eg. I had the machine repaired.I didn ' t hear my namelled.2在主系表”結(jié)構(gòu)中Eg. The flowers

6、 smell sweet.The food tastes nice.3在 主語+vi. + (adj./adv.)結(jié)構(gòu)中vi.有:open, shut, sell, wear, blow, work, move, lock, cook, wash, clean, read, write, draw, make, burn, eat, blame, photograph, etc.Eg. The goods sells well.The door blew open.The door can 'htut/lock.This material has worn thin.The food

7、is ready to eat.This kind of rice cooks quickly.She doesn 'photograph well.Danish bacon and egg makes a good meal.The mother didn ' t know whobfame for the broken glass.4 sth. want/need to be donesb. want (sb.) to dosth. want/need doingsth. require doingsth. be worth doing / be worthy to be

8、donebe worthy of sth.be worthy of doingEg. The house needs/wants repairing.The book is worth reading.四、主謂一致主謂一致：謂語動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)上與主語一致(一) 主謂一致三原則1語法一致原則：?jiǎn)沃鱰單謂復(fù)主t復(fù)謂2意義一致原則(1)單形主t復(fù)謂Eg. The volleyball team are playing magnificently.The old are respected in China.(2)復(fù)形主t單謂Eg. This works was built in 佃 82.Econo

9、mics was taught by Prof. Li.Is the United States a big country?(3)同一詞作主語時(shí)單 v.時(shí)復(fù)v.Eg. All possible means have been adopted.Every means has been tried.3吸引原則 鄰近原則:NeithernorEither or orNot only but also There be 句型Here引導(dǎo)的句子Eg. Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you.Here are some pieces of paper

10、 and a pen for you. 與第一主語一致主語后跟：(together) with along with as well as like/unlike but/except rather than as much as no less than besides including in addition to not等引導(dǎo)的短語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)按主語的單、復(fù)數(shù)定，即與第一主語一致。Eg. An iron and steel works, with some satellite factories, is to be built here.An expert, togethe

11、r with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.The room with its furniture was rented.The teacher as well as the students was excited.I as well as you am a football fan.He no less than you js my friend.I rather than him am to blame.I, not you, am wrong.You, not I, are. wrong.No one except my

12、parents knows anything about it.（二）用單數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞的情況1 each/either/neither/復(fù)合不定代詞做主語Eg. Is there anything in the box?Neither is good.2整體看待的數(shù)目，時(shí)間，價(jià)值，重量等復(fù)數(shù)n.做主語Eg. Twenty minutes is not enough.Three feet is a yard.Fifteen dollars is the price.999 is a large number.3不可數(shù)名詞，動(dòng)名詞，不定式，從句做主語 （what從句根據(jù)句義定）What he sai

13、d is correct.What he left me are.but a few old books.4單數(shù)名詞+ and +單數(shù)名詞"結(jié)構(gòu)表示一種概念或事物如何確定此結(jié)構(gòu)表示一種概念或事物 ：第二個(gè)名詞前無冠詞，第一個(gè)名詞前可有可沒有冠詞Eg. The hammer and sickle was flying over the roof.A knife and fork was placed before every guest.The poet and writer is_ one of my friends.Butter and bread is_ usually eate

14、n with smoked salmon.Truth and honesty is the best policy.The girl ' teacher and friend is a young doctor.To love and to be loved js the greatest happiness.Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.5形復(fù)單義詞做主語headquarters, works, news, 以-ics 結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名詞，國名，運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目politics / mathematics / ph

15、ysicsthe United Nations / the United StatesEg. The news was very exciting.Their headquarters is at the foot of the mountain.6 each/every修飾名詞做主語“ each/every單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 +each/every+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞"結(jié)構(gòu)做主語Eg. Every hour and every minute isimportant.Each boy and each girl wishes to serve the people in the future.E

16、very man, woman and child is an important being.7 “ more than one單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞"結(jié)構(gòu)及“many a+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞"結(jié)構(gòu)做主語。但 more +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one "結(jié)構(gòu)和“ many +復(fù)數(shù)名詞"結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語動(dòng)詞多用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Eg. More than one question was asked.More members than one are against your plan.Many a student likes popular songs.=Many students

17、 like popular songs.8名詞所有格之后的名詞被省略，這種情況一般只指商店、工廠、或個(gè)人的住宅，做主語時(shí)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)。女口the baker', the barbar', the carpenter's, the Zhang's Eg. The doctor ' js on the side of the street.My uncle ' _is not far from here.注：表示店鋪的名詞，一般作集體名詞看待，但用作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)。Eg. Richardson ' have a lot of i

18、mported goods to sells.9 a series of / a species of + n”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。注意：series, species的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式相同，女口果 series, species之前不是 “a”而是 “two"一類的表示復(fù)數(shù)的詞，其謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。Eg. A series of actions is repeated over and over again.There are two series of experiments: chemical and physical.（三）用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞的情況1 and連接兩個(gè)名詞做主

19、語（不表示同一概念或事物時(shí)，即兩個(gè)名詞前都有冠詞或限定詞）;bothand短語做主語Eg. The professor and the scientist give us lectures every week.2集合名詞做主語 一些集合名詞做主語，謂語動(dòng)詞要求復(fù)數(shù)cattle, police, people, mankind, poultry, militia, verminEg. The police have caught the burglar.Cattle are selling at reasonable price. 一些集合名詞做主語，謂語要求單數(shù)machinery, equi

20、pment, merchandise, jewelryEg. How much machinery has been installed?一些集合名詞做主語看成整體時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)個(gè)成員時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；family, team, committee, crew, staff, audience, club, class, company, crowd, enemy, government, group, public, population Eg. His family is going to have a long juourney.The whole family are w

21、atching TV .The population in China is_very large, and eighty percent of the population in Chinaare farmers.3 the + adj.表示一類人做主語Eg. The old are respected in China.4 all, none, some, any, more, most 等不定代詞及 the rest, the majority 做主語,修飾或指代可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，要求復(fù)數(shù)謂語；修飾或指代不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，要求單數(shù)謂語.None but短語視其后 名詞定Eg. Most of hi

22、s friends are rich.Most of his time is spent playing.All are agreed.All goes well.None but the brave man deserves a reward.None but the fools are prepared to believe that.5分?jǐn)?shù)，百分?jǐn)?shù),half修飾可數(shù)名詞做主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；修飾不可數(shù)名詞做主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；Eg. More than 70% of the surface of the earth is工overed with/by water.Three-fo

23、urths of the students in our class are League Members.one and a half + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞=one + 單數(shù)名詞 +and a half如果表示時(shí)間，距離，重量，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)如果表示數(shù)量，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)Eg. One and a half miles has been covered.One and a half apples were left in the plate.6名詞性物主代詞做主語時(shí)，視其義定.Eg. His _js. a new bike. / His (books) are new.Ours are old bik

24、es.7 such，the same起指示代詞作用時(shí)，應(yīng)根據(jù)其所指的內(nèi)容來決定單、復(fù)數(shù)。Eg. Such is our plan.Such are his words.8關(guān)系代詞 who, that，which等在定語從句中做主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的Eg. Those who want to go please sign your names here.Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun.在 “one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/which/that "引導(dǎo)的從句結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系代詞 who/which/that的先行詞是靠近它的復(fù)數(shù)名詞而不是one,因此從句中的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該是復(fù)數(shù)形式。但是當(dāng)one之前有the only等修