實(shí)用英漢翻譯教案(第一章)

1、第一章 緒論. Class Hours: 1 hour. Objectives: Familiarity with the definition, nature, objective, criteria and meaning of translation. Key points: criteria and course of translation. Procedures:1. 翻譯的定義 1) To render in another language. -American Heritage Dictionary轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種語(yǔ)言。 -韋氏大詞典2) “Translation is the

2、expression in one language (or target language 譯入語(yǔ)) of what has been expressed in another language (source language 原語(yǔ)), preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences.” Dubois3) “把一種語(yǔ)言的文字用另一種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)出來(lái)” -辭海、現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)詞典翻譯是許多語(yǔ)言活動(dòng)中的一種，它是用一種語(yǔ)言形式把另一種語(yǔ)言形式里的內(nèi)容重新表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐活動(dòng)。這一活動(dòng)分為口頭和書(shū)面兩種形式，有時(shí)在不同的語(yǔ)言之間進(jìn)行，有時(shí)在同一國(guó)家的不同民族

3、和地區(qū)之間進(jìn)行，這種實(shí)踐活動(dòng)更多的應(yīng)用于前者。2. 翻譯的目的翻譯作為一門(mén)課程，其目的就是在掌握漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)這兩種語(yǔ)言的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合不斷的翻譯實(shí)踐，學(xué)習(xí)翻譯的各種技巧，提高翻譯水平。翻譯是較高層次的一門(mén)課程，其主要對(duì)象為英漢兩種語(yǔ)言都達(dá)到了相當(dāng)水平的學(xué)生和自學(xué)者。因此通過(guò)翻譯，對(duì)已掌握的聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫(xiě)的能力可以進(jìn)行一次全方位的檢驗(yàn)，找出漏洞，彌補(bǔ)不足，并使這些能力在應(yīng)用中得到鞏固和提高。學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的主要目的是搞翻譯，而翻譯又可以反過(guò)來(lái)進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)。3. 翻譯的歷史1）Translation in BibleOn the history of translation there is a central

4、 paradigm in the western countries. That is the history of translation in the Bible, the most translated book in the world.Now the whole earth had one language and few words. And as men migrated from the east, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled thereThen they said, “Come, let us bu

5、ild ourselves a city, and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves, lest (otherwise) we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.” And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the sons of men had built. And the Lord said, “Behold, they are

6、one people, and they have all one language; and this is only the beginning of what they will do; and nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them. Come, let us go down, and there confuse their language, that they may not understand one anothers speech.”So the lord scattered them a

7、broad from there over the face of all the earth, and they left off building the city. Therefore its name was called Babel, because there the Lord confused the language of all the earth; and from there the Lord scattered them abroad over the face of the earth.上帝造人之后，賜福于人，人們安居樂(lè)業(yè)。然后，一群無(wú)聊人士希望后世記住這個(gè)時(shí)代，決心

8、合力修建一座通天高塔，即Babel Tower。上帝恐慌，不希望這個(gè)奇觀建成，于是讓人們分化成不同的語(yǔ)言，令其不能交流。之后，因?yàn)闇贤ú粫?，工程被迫放棄，而且人類從此不再團(tuán)結(jié)，因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)言不通而分化成不同部落，并由于溝通問(wèn)題，經(jīng)常發(fā)生戰(zhàn)亂，因此再無(wú)力撼動(dòng)上帝的權(quán)威。巴別塔就是通天塔，比喻不可能完成的工程，也表示變亂（人類不再團(tuán)結(jié)）。拜Lord所賜，我們今天要拼命學(xué)英語(yǔ)，外國(guó)人也要受漢語(yǔ)煎熬。而且，各種分歧，甚至戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，都或多或少由語(yǔ)言文化溝通不良引發(fā)。2) Translation in ChinaActually the earliest translation can be dated back

9、to ancient time. Versions in two languages used in 3000 BC were found in Egypt, which indicates that translation began at least 5000 years ago. In China, according to a history book, there had been a special title for translators as early as in Zhou Dynasty. The book, 周禮 秋官大行人, said that“屬象胥， 喻言語(yǔ)”,

10、here, “象胥” is the title for translators while “喻” means understand. We all remember it was in 1st century that Buddhism was introduced to China by translation. And then in 2nd century, Buddhist books were formally translated into Chinese, which marked the beginning of translating industry in China.I

11、n China, the history of translation can be mainly divided into four periods:1) The translation of Buddhist scripture from the East Han Dynasty to Song Dynasty.2) The translation of science works during the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty.3) The translation of Western natural sc

12、ience and social science from the Opium War to the May 4th movement.4) The mass translation since the policy of reform and opening up to the outside world.4. 翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) In 1791, a British theorist Alexander Fraser Tytler wrote a book entitled “Essays on the Principles of Translation” on which he proposed

13、 three principles for translation:1) The translation should give a complete transcript of the idea of the original work.譯文應(yīng)完全復(fù)寫(xiě)出原作的思想（相當(dāng)于“信”）2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.譯文的風(fēng)格和筆調(diào)應(yīng)與原文的性質(zhì)相同（相當(dāng)于“雅”）3) The translation should have all the ea

14、se of the original composition.譯文應(yīng)當(dāng)和原文同樣流暢（相當(dāng)于“達(dá)”）In fact, these principles coincide with the criteria proposed by a famous Chinese translator Yanfu, which are faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance（信達(dá)雅：即忠實(shí)于原著，譯文流暢，文字典雅）。 張培基英漢翻譯教程提出了翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是“忠實(shí)、通順”。“忠實(shí)”就是正確的理解和表達(dá)原文的思想，“通順”就是譯文文字地道流暢。對(duì)初學(xué)者來(lái)說(shuō)做到這兩點(diǎn)已屬不

15、易，隨著學(xué)習(xí)者翻譯水平的不斷提高可以有更高的要求。5. 翻譯的過(guò)程西方翻譯界常將翻譯前的各種準(zhǔn)備工作，甚至包括與出版商打交道也視為翻譯過(guò)程的組成部分。在我們看來(lái)，翻譯過(guò)程主要包括理解、表達(dá)和校核這三個(gè)方面。（一）理解 理解（comprehension）可分為廣義理解和狹義理解。廣義理解指對(duì)原文作者的個(gè)人、原文產(chǎn)生的時(shí)代背景、作品的內(nèi)容以及原文讀者對(duì)該作品的反應(yīng)。狹義的理解僅指對(duì)原作本文的理解。這種理解主要包括語(yǔ)法分析、語(yǔ)義分析、語(yǔ)體分析和語(yǔ)篇分析（grammatical analysis, semantic analysis, stylistic analysis and text analy

16、sis）。理解是翻譯成功與否的先決條件和重要步驟，務(wù)必正確可靠，杜絕謬誤。1) 語(yǔ)義理解He has badly wounded in the head. 他頭部受了重傷。He has a good head for mathematics. 他的數(shù)學(xué)能力很強(qiáng)。The dinner cost us five dollars a head. 這頓飯花去我們每人5元錢。Go and ask the head of our department. 問(wèn)我們系上的頭去。Where is the head? 廁所在哪？（船上用語(yǔ)）2) 語(yǔ)境理解e.g. “You have left the door op

17、en.” has different utterance meanings:(1). Report a fact that you forgot to close the door.(2). That is why the room is so cold.(3). Close the door, please. 3) 文化理解大家見(jiàn)面招呼聲：“吃了嗎”？“菜不好，請(qǐng)將就吃了吧!”American dancer: Your husband is very handsome.Deng （thinking herself to be clever）那我們換一下吧。(a failure of cros

18、s- cultural communication)(二) 表達(dá)表達(dá)是理解后能否保證譯文成功的又一重要關(guān)鍵步驟，是理解的深化和體現(xiàn)。在這一過(guò)程中，譯者要注意恰到好處地再現(xiàn)原文的思想內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)體色彩，使譯文既忠實(shí)于原作又符合譯入語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法和表達(dá)習(xí)慣。要做到這一點(diǎn)，譯者就必須在選詞用字、組詞成句、組句成篇上下功夫，在技巧運(yùn)用上下功夫。能直譯則直譯，不能直譯則可考慮意譯，靈活運(yùn)用翻譯技巧。例如：My dear girls, I ambitious for you, but not to have you make a dash in the world-marry rich men merely bec

19、ause they are rich, or have splendid houses, which are not homes because love is wanting. 親愛(ài)的姑娘們，我對(duì)你們的期望很高，可并不是叫你們?cè)谑郎铣鋈祟^地的要你們嫁給富人，僅僅因?yàn)樗麄冇绣X，有奢華的住房，缺少愛(ài)情的話，豪華的住房算不得上家。（在詞意選擇上，英語(yǔ)ambitious 既可表示“雄心壯志”也可表示“野心勃勃”的意思，這里選用褒義詞“期望很高”翻譯比較妥當(dāng)。） It was morning, and the new sun sparkled gold across the ripples of ge

20、ntle sea. 清晨，初升的太陽(yáng)照著平靜的海面，微波蕩漾，閃著金色的光芒。（英語(yǔ)the ripples of the gentle sea譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)在結(jié)構(gòu)上作了調(diào)整，這樣譯文念起來(lái)意思清楚，行文漂亮。）同時(shí)，在表達(dá)時(shí)還應(yīng)當(dāng)注意避免翻譯腔、過(guò)分表達(dá)和欠表達(dá)。所謂翻譯腔，就是指譯文不符合漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法表達(dá)習(xí)慣，晦澀難懂。例如：To appease (安撫；撫慰) their thirst its readers drank deeper than before, until they were seized with a kind of delirium(神志昏迷，說(shuō)胡話). “為了解渴，讀者比以前

21、越飲越深，直至陷入了昏迷狀態(tài)?！?這個(gè)句子死摳原文形式死摳字典釋義，翻譯腔嚴(yán)重，讓人難以明白其意思，可改譯為：“讀者為了滿足自己的渴望，越讀越想讀，直到進(jìn)入了如癡如醉的狀態(tài)。所謂過(guò)分表達(dá)，就是指譯文畫(huà)蛇添足，增加了原文沒(méi)有的東西；而欠表達(dá)則是省略或刪節(jié)原文的內(nèi)容。翻譯時(shí)均應(yīng)避免這類錯(cuò)誤。（三）校核校核是對(duì)理解和表達(dá)質(zhì)量的全面檢查，是糾正錯(cuò)誤、改進(jìn)譯文的極好時(shí)機(jī)，切不可認(rèn)為是多余之舉。優(yōu)秀的譯者總是十分重視校核的作用，總利用這一良機(jī)來(lái)克服自己可能犯下的錯(cuò)誤，初學(xué)翻譯的人就更應(yīng)該如此了。6. 翻譯課的任務(wù)與譯者的素質(zhì)（一）翻譯課的任務(wù)翻譯的任務(wù)就是把一種文字的意義用另一種文字表達(dá)出來(lái)。而本課程的任

22、務(wù)就是通過(guò)本書(shū)的學(xué)習(xí)，了解翻譯理論、明確翻譯方法，從而提高翻譯水平。（二）譯者應(yīng)具備的能力1、精通兩種語(yǔ)言：英漢語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)和表達(dá)能力必須扎實(shí)。2、通曉兩種文化：英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)反映兩種不同的文化，這就要求譯者深入了解本國(guó)和他國(guó)的歷史背景、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、思想、宗教、地理環(huán)境、政治制度等。如：Greek meets Greek, then comes the tug of war. 張飛殺岳飛，殺得滿天飛。（正確譯法應(yīng)為“兩雄相遇，其斗必烈”）注解：古希臘（公元前800公元前146年）是西方歷史的開(kāi)源，公元前5、6世紀(jì)，特別是希波戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)以后，經(jīng)濟(jì)生活高度繁榮，產(chǎn)生了光輝燦爛的希臘文化，對(duì)后世有深遠(yuǎn)影響。古希臘人唉哲學(xué)思想、歷史、建筑、文學(xué)、戲劇、雕塑等諸