完全版英語詞匯學名詞解釋

1、第一章 word1.Word - A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion.第三章 formation 11. Morpheme - A morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.2. Allomorph - Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to th

2、eir position in a word. Such alternative morphs are know as allomorphs.3. Free morphemes (Free root - They are morphemes which are independent of other morphemes.4. Bound Morphemes - They are morphemes which cannot occur as separate words.5. Bound root - A bound root is that part of the word that ca

3、rries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words.6. Affixes - Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.7. Inflectional affixes - Affixes attaches to the

4、 end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as inflectional morphemes.8. Derivational affixes - Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.9. Prefixes - Prefixes are affixes that come before the word.10. Suffixes - suffixes are affixes that come a

5、fter the word.11. Roo t - A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.12. Stem - a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.第四章 formation 21. Affixation - affixation is generally defined as the formation of words b

6、y adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems.2. Prefixation - is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Suffixation - is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.3. Compounding(Compositon - is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.4. Convers

7、ion - is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.5. Blending - is the formation of new words by combined by parts of two words or a word plus a plus a part of another word.6. Clipping - is the formation of new words by shortening a longer word by cutting apart of

8、f the original and using what remain instead.7. Acronymy- is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.8. Back-formation- is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the

9、deletion of a supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit.第五章 meaning1. Reference - the relationship between language and the world.2. Concept - which beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.3 .Sense denotes the relationshi

10、p inside the language.4. Motivation -accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.5. Onomatopoeic Motivation -These words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.6. Morphological Motivation-Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the mean

11、ing of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined. 7. Semantic Motivation -refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.8. Etymological Motivation-The history of the word explains the meaning of the word9 . Grammatical meaning refer to that part of the meanin

12、g of the word which indi cates grammatical concept or relationships.10 .Lexical meaning-is constant in all the words within or without context related to the notion that the word conveys.11. Conceptual meaning (denotative meaning the meaning given in the diction ary and forms the core of word-meanin

13、g12. Associative meaning the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual me aning. It is open-ended and indeterminate13. Connotative meaning -the overtones or association suggested by the conceptual meaning14. Stylistic meaning stylistic features make the words appropriate for different cont ex

14、ts.15. Affective meaning the speakers attitude towards the person or thing in question .第六章 Sense Relations and semantic Field23. Abbreviation includes four types : I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III. Acronyms I .II. Initialisms-are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as

15、letters. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=International Monetary Fund.III.IV . Blends-are words that are combined by parts of other word12. Opaque Words-Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove.13. Transparent Words-Words that

16、 consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able, door-man(door+man.14. Morphs-Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.15. All

17、omorps-Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality -s has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/.16. Derivat

18、ion or Affixation -Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation.17. Polysemy the word with more than one senses or which can be used to express more meaning.18. Diachronic approach Diachron

19、ically , polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. This first meaning is the primary meaning. With the advance of time and the development of language , it took on more and more meanings. These latter meanings are called derived me

20、anings.19. Synchronic approach synchronically , polysemy is viewed as the coexistent of various meaning of the same word in a certain historical period of time. The basic meaning of a word is the core of word meaning. The core of word meaning called the central meaning (secondary meaning .20. Radiat

21、ion a semantic process which shows that the primary meaning stands at the center and each of the derived meanings proceed out of in every direction like rays.21. Concatenation meaning “ linking together ” , is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first se

22、nse by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the tern had at the begining.22. Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only

23、in sound or spelling.23. Perfect Homonyms are words identical both in sound and spelling , but different in meaning.24. Homographs are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning.25. Homophones (most common are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meani

24、ng.26. Synonyms are words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.27. Absolute Synonyms are words , which are identical in meaning in all itsaspects , i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning , including conceptual and associative meanings.28.

25、 Relative synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.29. Antonyms are words which are opposite in meaning.Types of Antonyms (according to the semantic opposition 1 Contradictory terms these antonyms are truly

26、represent oppositeness of meaning. They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. They assertion of one is the denial of the other.2 Contrary terms a scale running between two poles or extremes.3 Relative terms consist of relational opposite

27、ness. The pairs of words indicate such a social relationship that one of them can not be used without suggesting the other, the type is also reverse terms. The two words of each pair interdependent. . Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific

28、 word is included in that of another more general word. These specific words are known as hyponyms(下義詞 . For instance, tulip and rose are hyponyms of flower. The general word flower is the superordinate term(上 義詞 and the specific ones tulip and rose are the subordinate terms(下義詞 . 第七章 changes in wor

29、d meaning1. Extension (generalization It is a process by which a word with a specialized sense is generalized to cover a broader or less definite concept.2. Narrowing (specialization It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.3. Elevation or amelioration

30、 refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.4. Degradation or pejoration of meaning It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.5. Transfer It is a process by which a

31、 word denoting one thing changes to refer to different but related thing.第八章 contextThe extra-linguistic context may extend to embrace the entire culture background.Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical contextLexical Context refers to the words occur together wit

32、h the word in question. Grammatical context The meanings of a word may be inflected by the structure in which it occurs.第九章:idioms1. Idiom idioms consist of set phrases and short sentences, which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas.2.Characteristics

33、 of idiomsa. Semantic unity - Idioms each consist of more than one word, but each is a semantic unity. Though the various words which make up the idiom have their respective literal meanings, in the idiom they have lost their individual meaning. Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meani

34、ng of the whole idiom. The part of speech of each element in no longer important. Quite often the idiom functionsas one word.b. Structural Stability the structure of an idiom is to a large extent unchangeable.True idioms the meaning of the idiom cannot be deduced from those of the individual constit

35、uents.Regular combination the speaker of the regular collocations, the meaning of the idiom can be understood from the literal meaning of the constitute.Semi-idioms the meanings are in a way related to the meanings of the constitute but are not themselves explicit.1. Idioms nominal in nature(名詞性 hav

36、e a noun as the key word and function as a noun.2. Idioms adjective in nature (形容詞性 - function as adjectives but the constituents are not necessary adjectives.3. Idioms verbal in nature(動詞性 this is the largest group.Phrasal verbs idioms which are composed of a verb plus a prep and/or a particle.4. Idioms adverbial in nature(副詞性5. Sentence Idioms are mainly proverbs and sayings including