四級閱讀理解

1、 In recent years，teachers of introductory courses in Asian American studies have been facing a dilemma nonexistent a few decades ago，when hardly any texts in that field were available. Today，excellent anthologies (文選) and other introductory texts exist，and books on individual Asian American national

2、ity groups and on general issues important for Asian Americans are published almost weekly. Even professors who are experts in the field find it difficult to decide which of these to assign to students； nonexperts who teach in related areas and are looking for writings for and by Asian Americans to

3、include in survey courses are in an even worse position.A complicating factor has been the continuing lack of specialized one-volume reference works on Asian Americans， such as biographical dictionaries or desktop encyclopedias. Such works would enable students taking Asian American studies courses

4、(and professors in related fields) to look up basic information on Asian American individuals， institutions， history， and culture without having to wade through（費力的閱讀冗長或艱深的材料） mountains of primary source material. In addition, given such works，Asian American studies professors might feel more free t

5、o include more challenging Asian American material in their introductory reading lists， since good reference works allow students to acquire on their own the background information necessary to interpret difficult or unfamiliar material.(221 words)1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned

6、with doing which of the following？(A) Responding to a criticism(B) Describing a course of study(C) Discussing a problem(D) Evaluating a past course of action2. The “dilemma” mentioned in line 3 can best be characterized as being caused by the necessity to make a choice when faced with a(A) Lack of a

7、cceptable alternatives(B) Lack of strict standards for evaluating alternatives(C) Preponderance of bad alternatives as compared to good(D) Multitude of different alternatives3. Biographical dictionaries and desktop encyclopedias are _.(A) primary source materials(B) introductory texts(C) excellent a

8、nthologies(D) reference materials4. The passage implies that which of the following was true of introductory courses in Asian American studies a few decades ago？(A) The range of different textbooks that could be assigned for such courses was extremely limited.(B) The texts assigned as readings in su

9、ch courses were often not very challenging for students.(C) Students often complained about the texts assigned to them in such courses. (D) Such courses were offered only at schools whose libraries were rich in primary sources.5. According to the passage， the existence of good one- volume reference

10、works about Asian Americans could result in(A) Increased agreement among professors of Asian American studies regarding the quality of the sources available in their field(B) An increase in the number of students signing up for introductory courses in Asian American studies(C) Increased accuracy in

11、writings that concern Asian American history and culture(D) The inclusion of a wider range of Asian American material in introductory reading lists in Asian American studies1.文章初讀：（只讀各段首句）第一段首句：In recent years， teachers of introductory courses in Asian American studies have been facing a dilemma non

12、existent a few decades ago， when hardly any texts in that field were available.翻譯：近些年，亞裔美國人研究中教授基礎課程的老師一直面臨著一個困境。而幾十年前那個領域沒有那么多可選的教材時，這個困境是不存在的。評：這句話給出了文章的大背景，一種現(xiàn)象。提到了問題解決型文章的標志性詞匯dilemma。這是一句非常經(jīng)典的GMAT閱讀句子，邏輯內(nèi)容很豐富，如下表示：幾十年前沒有dilemma幾乎沒有書現(xiàn)在有dilemma？ （書很多）很明顯，作者通過這個句子想暗示的是，現(xiàn)在書很多。果然，下一句話說的就是書很多。第二段首句：A

13、 complicating factor has been the continuing lack of specialized one-volume reference works on Asian Americans， such as biographical dictionaries or desktop encyclopedias.翻譯：一個復雜的因素是一直缺乏專門的關于亞裔美國人的單卷本參考文獻，比如說傳記式字典或者桌面式百科全書。評：上來就有一個因果指示詞factor，可想而知，這段話是將要去分析造成第一段中dilemma的原因。2.文章精讀（精讀各句，把握邏輯關系）第一段：（標記

14、重要邏輯關系詞及態(tài)度評價詞）In recent years， teachers of introductory courses in Asian American studies have been facing a dilemma nonexistent a few decades ago， when hardly any texts in that field were available. Today， excellent anthologies and other introductory texts exist， and books on individual Asian Ameri

15、can nationality groups and on general issues important for Asian Americans are published almost weekly. Even professors who are experts in the field find it difficult to decide which of these to assign to students； nonexperts who teach in related areas and are looking for writings for and by Asian A

16、mericans to include in survey courses are in an even worse position.翻譯：近些年，亞裔美國人研究中教授基礎課程的老師一直面臨著一個困境。而幾十年前在那個領域沒有那么多可選的教材時，這個困境幾乎不存在。今天，優(yōu)秀的選集或者基礎教材比比皆是，關于單獨的亞裔美國籍群體和關于亞裔美國人重要的普遍問題書記幾乎每周都會出版。即便是該領域?qū)＜业慕淌趥円矠橄驅(qū)W生推薦哪本教科書而犯難，更不用說在相關領域教書的非專家們，他們尋找為亞裔美國人或由亞裔美國人所寫的作品，這些作品包括在調(diào)查課程當中。第二段：（標記重要邏輯關系詞及態(tài)度評價詞）A comp

17、licating factor has been the continuing lack of specialized one-volume reference works on Asian Americans， such as biographical dictionaries or desktop encyclopedias. Such works would enable students taking Asian American studies courses (and professors in related fields) to look up basic informatio

18、n on Asian American individuals， institutions， history， and culture without having to wade through mountains of primary source material. In addition，given such works， Asian American studies professors might feel more free to include more challenging Asian American material in their introductory read

19、ing lists， since good reference works allow students to acquire on their own the background information necessary to interpret difficult or unfamiliar material.翻譯：一個復雜的因素是一直缺乏專門的關于亞裔美國人的單獨成卷的參考文獻，比如說傳記式字典或者桌面式百科全書。這樣的文獻可以讓學習亞裔美國人研究課程的學生（以及相關領域的教授們）查詢關于亞裔美國個人、制度、歷史和文化的基本信息而不用跋山涉水以獲取一手資料。此外，有了這樣的文獻，亞裔

20、美國人研究的教授們可能會感到在他們推薦的閱讀書單中可以更自由地包括更多挑戰(zhàn)性的亞裔美國人研究材料，因為好的參考文獻可以讓學生基于其個人背景知識獲取必要的信息以解釋困難的或者不熟悉的材料。3.做題：1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with doing which of the following？(A) Recommending a methodology(B) Describing a course of study(C) Discussing a problem(D) Evaluating a past course o

21、f action(E) Responding to a criticism評：1) 主旨題：正確答案為(C)。文章類型為解決型文章，主旨必為正態(tài)度或無態(tài)度，不過本題中五個選項都不涉及負態(tài)度，不能排除。但是有萬能選項(C)，再分析其它選項看是否有硬傷，以確定(C)項是否正確。2) 錯項分析：(A)： 無中生有：方法論是一套系統(tǒng)的原則、做法或方法，文章并未提及。(B)： 無中生有：作者并未描述亞裔美國人研究中的一門專門的課程，而是指出了在這個領域中所有課程都有的問題。(D)： 與原文相反：作者討論的是現(xiàn)狀，開頭的in recent years暗示了時間段。(E)： 無中生有：如果作者是要回應一個批

22、評，文章應該要引用批評的來源，并且討論這些來源的基礎。但是文章并沒有引用這樣的來源。2. The “dilemma” mentioned in line 3 can best be characterized as being caused by the necessity to make a choice when faced with a(A) Lack of acceptable alternatives(B) Lack of strict standards for evaluating alternatives(C) Preponderance of bad alternatives

23、 as compared to good(D) Multitude of different alternatives(E) Large number of alternatives that are nearly identical in content1) 直接細節(jié)題：正確答案為(D)。問題是讓讀者考慮作者使用“dilemma”的語境。原文第一句指出這種困境從前不曾有過，因為當時幾乎沒有可用的教材。第二句介紹了現(xiàn)狀：當有如此多的可選教材時，從中選擇存在困難。2) 錯項分析：(A)： 背道而馳：原文第二句說了現(xiàn)狀不是缺乏而是過剩。(B)： 無中生有：原文并沒有提及評價各種的教材的嚴格標準。(

24、C)： 與原文相反：作者稱anthologies excellent， 并且沒有以負面的態(tài)度描述alternatives(E)： 與原文相反：原文第二句給出了四種材料： anthologies， introductory texts， books on individual nationality groups， books on general issues. 這些材料內(nèi)容各異。3. The passage suggests that the factor mentioned in lines 15-18 complicates professors attempts to construc

25、t introductory reading lists for courses in Asian American studies in which of the following ways？(A) By making it difficult for professors to identify primary source material and to obtain standard information on Asian American history and culture(B) By preventing professors from identifying excell

26、ent anthologies and introductory texts in the field that are both recent and understandable to students(C) By preventing professors from adequately evaluating the quality of the numerous texts currently being published in the field(D) By making it more necessary for professors to select readings for

27、 their courses that are not too challenging for students unfamiliar with Asian American history and culture(E)By making it more likely that the readings professors assign to students in their courses will be drawn solely from primary materials.評：1)間接細節(jié)題：正確答案為(D)。the complicating factor指的是缺乏參考文獻。而在文章

28、最后一句討論了這個因素如何影響教授制定其引導性書單：如果學生有好的參考文獻可供查詢，教授們的書單選材自由度可以更大，可選更多有挑戰(zhàn)性的材料。言外之意即是：當前教授沒法將挑戰(zhàn)性材料列入書單因為這種材料對學生而言太難或太不熟悉。2)錯項分析：(A)： 確定最重要的第一手材料不是問題，作者指出(B)： 缺乏參考文獻并不阻礙教授們鑒定近期出版的大量可用資源。第二段提到這些資源(C)： 無中生有：作者并沒有將參考材料缺乏和教材評估不足聯(lián)系起來。(E)： 無中生有：文章沒有暗示教授們僅僅會使用最重要的材料。4. The passage implies that which of the following

29、 was true of introductory courses in Asian American studies a few decades ago？(A) The range of different textbooks that could be assigned for such courses was extremely limited.(B) The texts assigned as readings in such courses were often not very challenging for students.(C) Students often complain

30、ed about the texts assigned to them in such courses.(D) Such courses were offered only at schools whose libraries were rich in primary sources.(E) Such courses were the only means then available by which people in the United States could acquire knowledge of the field.評：1） 間接細節(jié)題：正確答案為(A)。根據(jù)原文第一句：近年來

31、，老師們面臨著過去幾十年不曾有過的困境，那些年幾乎沒有教材可選。根據(jù)這句話，可以合理推測幾十年前，這個領域中的基礎課程老師鮮有教材可選。2） 錯項分析：(B)： 無中生有：文章沒有信息可以推斷出關于過去閱讀的難度。(C)： 無中生有：文章沒有涉及學生對閱讀材料作何反應的信息。(D)： 無中生有：文章沒有討論可在學校圖書館獲取的首要來源材料。(E)： 無中生有：作者沒有說基礎課程是獲取該領域知識的唯一方法。5. According to the passage， the existence of good one-volume reference works about Asian Americ

32、ans could result in(A) Increased agreement among professors of Asian American studies regarding the quality of the sources available in their field(B) An increase in the number of students signing up for introductory courses in Asian American studies(C) Increased accuracy in writings that concern As

33、ian American history and culture(D) The use of introductory texts about Asian American history and culture in courses outside the field of Asian American studies(E) The inclusion of a wider range of Asian American material in introductory reading lists in Asian American studies評：1） 間接細節(jié)題：正確答案為(E)。第二

34、段中作者確定了有一本專門的關于亞裔美國人的參考文獻帶來的好處：a. 學生可以更容易地查詢基本信息， b. 教授可以推薦更有挑戰(zhàn)性的教材，因為學生有地方查詢用于理解這些教材的信息。E項符合好處b。2）錯項分析：(A)： 無中生有：作者沒有暗示參考文獻有助于增加關于資源質(zhì)量意見的共識，也沒有質(zhì)疑這些資源的質(zhì)量。(B)： 無中生有：作者沒有將參考文獻的可用性和課程的普及程度聯(lián)系起來。(C)： 無中生有：作者沒有說參考文獻的可用性將提高有關該領域作品的精確性。(D)： 無中生有：文章沒有信息暗示一本上乘的專門關于亞裔美國人的參考文獻的出現(xiàn)將使這個領域外的其它領域也受益。 Recent research

35、 has claimed that an excess of positive ions in the air can have an ill effect on peoples physical or psychological health. What are positive ions？Well，the air is full of ions，electrically charged particles，and generally there is a rough balance between the positive and the negative charged. But som

36、etimes this balance becomes disturbed and a larger proportion of positive ions are found. This happens naturally before thunderstorm，earthquakes when winds such as the Mistral，Hamsin or Sharav are blowing in certain countries. Or it can be caused by a build-up of static electricity indoors from carp

37、ets or clothing made of man-made fibres，or from TV sets，duplicators or computer display screens. When a large number of positive ions are present in the air many people experience unpleasant effects such as headaches，fatigue，irritability，and some particularly sensitive people suffer nausea or even m

38、ental disturbance. Animals are also affected，particularly before earthquakes，snakes have been observed to come out of hibernation，rats to flee from their burrows，dogs howl and cats jump about unaccountably. This has led the US Geographical Survey to fund a network of volunteers to watch animals in a

39、n effort to foresee such disasters before they hit vulnerable areas such as California.Conversely，when large numbers of negative ions are present，then people have a feeling of well-being. Natural conditions that produce these large amounts are near the sea，close to waterfalls or fountains，or in any

40、place where water is sprayed，or forms a spray. This probably accounts for the beneficial effect of a holiday by the sea， or in the mountains with tumbling streams or waterfalls.To increase the supply of negative ions indoors，some scientists recommend the use of ionisers：small portable machines，which generate negative ions. They claim that ionisers not only clean and refresh the air but also improve the health of people sensitive to excess positive ions. Of course，there are the detractors，