成考專升本英語詞匯與語法部分一

1、成考專升本英語詞匯與語法部分一第一節(jié)名詞(null大綱要求掌握:一、可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞二、可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式三、名詞的所有格四、名詞在句子中的作用一、可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞名詞分可數(shù)與不可數(shù)兩種。可數(shù)名詞表示某類人或東西中的個體。如table, country.或表示若干個體組成的集合體。如 family, people, committee, police.不可數(shù)名詞表示無法分為個體的實(shí)物。如air, tea, furniture, water.或表示動作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念。如work, information, advice, happiness.有些名詞在一種場合下是可數(shù)名詞,

2、在另一種場合下是不可數(shù)名詞。如room 房間(可數(shù),空間(不可數(shù)time 時間(不可數(shù),次數(shù)(可數(shù)fish 魚(不可數(shù),各種各樣的魚(可數(shù)比較下列例句:There are nine rooms in the house. (房間,可數(shù)名詞There isn't enough room for us three in the car . (空間,不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量可以通過在其前面加單位詞來表示。如:一塊肉 a piece of meat兩條長面包 two loaves of bread三件家具 three articles of furniture一大筆錢 a large sum

3、 of money二、可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。名詞復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成如下:1.一般情況下在名詞后加-s.如:girls, books.濁輔音、元音結(jié)尾,s發(fā)z2.以s, x , ch, sh結(jié)尾的詞在名詞后加-es.如:glasses, boxes, matches, bushes. 以s, x , ch, sh結(jié)尾,es發(fā)iz3.“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的詞,變y為i再加-es.如:city-cities, country-countries.4.以o結(jié)尾的詞多數(shù)加-es.如:heroes, tomatoes, potatoes.radios, zoos, photos, pia

4、nos, kilos 例外。5.f, fe 結(jié)尾的詞,多數(shù)變f,fe為v再加-es.如:thief-thieves, leaf-leaves, half-halves, life-lives, wife-wives, knife-knives.少數(shù)名詞有不規(guī)則的復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, child-children, mouse-mice.可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)一般情況下考不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)形式。個別名詞的單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)的形式是一樣的。如Chineses, Japanese, sheep, deer.三、名詞的所有格名詞的所有格表示所屬

5、關(guān)系,起形容詞的作用。當(dāng)名詞表示有生命的東西時,所有格一般是在詞尾加 's .如:Jean's room, my daughter-in-law's friends, my daughters-in-law's friends, children's books.如果名詞已經(jīng)有了復(fù)數(shù)詞尾s,則只需加'.如:the teachers' books, my parents' car.時間名詞的所有格在后面加's ,復(fù)數(shù)加' .如:today's newspaper, five minutes' walk

6、.當(dāng)名詞表示無生命的東西時,所有格常由“of”短語構(gòu)成。如:the top of the world, the cover of the book, China's capital.加 's 或 ' 的名詞所有格可以表示店鋪或某人的家。如:the grocer's, the tailor's, the Smith's .名詞所有格考試常見部分是名詞表示沒有生命的東西時,不能直接在其后加's.時間名詞所有格在其后加's,或復(fù)數(shù)名詞后直接加'.四、名詞在句子中的作用1.主語是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式;主語是復(fù)數(shù)時,謂

7、語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。All roads lead to Rome.(條條大路通羅馬。His brother is an industrial engineer.The number of the students attending the party is increasing.th e number of 表示數(shù)量,無論后面名詞是復(fù)數(shù)還是單數(shù),謂語動詞是單數(shù)形式。Two-thirds of the shop belongs to me.two-thirds 三分之二幾分之幾作主語,謂語是單數(shù)形式。Both of us are studying English.總結(jié):在名詞作主語時,the n

8、umber of 謂語動詞單數(shù)形式;幾分之幾,謂語單數(shù)形式;both 謂語使用復(fù)數(shù)形式。2、主語是不可數(shù)名詞、不定式或動名詞詞組、從句時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。All the money he received was given to his mother.Forgetting the past means betrayal.What we are talking now is useless.3.主語部分若有as well as, with, together with, like, but, except等短語,謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)與短語前面的名詞一致。Mary, as well as he

9、r two sisters, is a student of this school.(as well as her two sisters 作主語Mary的主語補(bǔ)足語,主語 Mary 是單數(shù),所以謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式No one except my friends knows anything about it.4.表示時間、距離、重量、價值等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時,如果當(dāng)作整體看待,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。“+(×=”算式中的謂語動詞也用單數(shù)形式。Three times two is six.Three kilometers is 3,ooo metres. (three kilomete

10、rs作為整體來看5.Either, neither作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。Neither of us has been to Italy.Has either of them been to Shanghai?none代表可數(shù)的人或東西時,謂語動詞可以用單數(shù)也可以用復(fù)數(shù),代表不可數(shù)的東西時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。None of the students have/has seen the film.None of the money belongs to me.6.主語由eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut also連接時,謂語形式由最鄰近的主語決定。Not on

11、ly you but also I am wrong.Neither my aunt nor I am going out this afternoon.Either you or she is to do the work.7.主語中有and,如果表示單一概念,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。The bread and butter is nice.8.主語前有many a, more than one修飾時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。Many a book has been read by the students.many a book=many booksMore than one person has b

12、een to the Great Wall.9.集合名詞作主語,當(dāng)作整體看待時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式,當(dāng)作每個獨(dú)立的個體看待時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。The committee meets once a year. (作為整體The committee are having a meeting now. (作為獨(dú)立個體People, police作主語時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。The police have come to arrest him.名詞部分考試重點(diǎn)1、可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞里,哪幾個詞是不可數(shù)名詞。2、可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式重點(diǎn)掌握不規(guī)則形式,單、復(fù)數(shù)相同的名詞。3、名詞所有格重點(diǎn)掌握時間名詞所有

13、格在其后加's,復(fù)數(shù)加'.4、名詞在句中的作用,重點(diǎn)掌握剛才的9點(diǎn)?？键c(diǎn)測試1.Ten days _ long enough for Mr. Carter to finish his design. He doesn't need any more.A. isB. has beenC. wasD. had beenten days 作為一個整體看待,謂語用單數(shù)形式。(注意時態(tài)答案 A2. Now, many people use the word Ms instead of Miss or Mrs, for example, before the names of _

14、in business letters.A. woman managerB. women managerC. woman managersD. women managersnames 是復(fù)數(shù)形式,其后的名詞肯定是復(fù)數(shù)。兩個名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù),兩個都要變。答案 D3. The number of students who failed the chemistry examination _ to fifteen.A. have increasedB. has increasedC. is increasedD. are increasingthe number of 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。答案 B4. Ne

15、ither John nor his father _ able to wake up early enough to catch the morning train.A. wasB. wereC. would beD. have beenneithernor謂語動詞跟相鄰的主語一致。答案 A5. The room is eight _ long.A. footB. footsC. feetD. feetsfoot 英尺,復(fù)數(shù)形式 feet答案 C8. Not only the students but also their teacher _ at the meeting.A. was pr

16、esentB. were presentC. have been presentedD. has been presentednot only but also 謂語動詞與相鄰名詞一致。present 呈現(xiàn),介紹答案 A9. One of the things she wrote about _ life on a small farm at the beginning of the century.A. isB. wasC. areD. wereone of 謂語用單數(shù)。答案 B10. Only about one out of twelve of the young men and wom

17、en of this country _ college education.A. receiveB. receivesC. have receivedD. have been receivedone out of 謂語用單數(shù)形式。答案 B11. Never before _ so many people been engaged in producing goods just for the comfort of man.A. hasB. haveC. willD. wouldnever before開頭,句子倒裝。主語so many people為復(fù)數(shù)。engage in doing st

18、h. 忙于做某事。答案 B12. At the bus stop were a soldier and two young people on their way to North Carolina.A. wereB. wasC. isD. sits and waits主語 a soldier and two young people為復(fù)數(shù)答案 A13. There _ the last piece of cake and the last spoonful of ice cream.A. goesB. goC. goneD. was gone主語 the last piece of cake

19、 and the last spoonful of ice cream復(fù)數(shù)答案 B14. Mr. Brown, and not I , _ chosen to be the representative of the class.A. isB. amC. areD. have been主語 Mr.Brown答案 A15. The teacher, as well as a number of students, _ to attend the party.A. askB. asksC. was askedD. were asked謂語動詞與as well as前面的名詞一致。答案 C16. T

20、he hostess together with the guests of honor _ comfortably in the living room. A. was seated B. seated C. were seated D. were seating 謂語與 together with 前的名詞一致 be seated 就坐 Please be seated ladies and gentlmen. Seat the boy next to his brother. 答案 A 17. The father， rather than the brothers， _ respons

21、ible for the accident. A. is B. are C. have been D. has 主語 the father ，單數(shù) be responsible for 對負(fù)責(zé) 答案 A 18. Either Carol or Grace _ to the concert， but one of them has to stay home. A. is coming B. are coming C. will coming D. have come eitheror 謂語動詞與臨近主語一致。 答案 A 19. The total amount of money _ 100 dollars. A. is B. are C. has D. have money 不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞單數(shù)。 答案 A 20. Great quantities of fish _ on high seas. A. is caught B. are caught C. catch D. is catching quantities 復(fù)數(shù)形式 答案 B 21. Either of the young la