哈工大天線基本知識(shí)實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告

1、Harbin Institute of Technology天線原理實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告(2).接收天線電參數(shù)：課程名稱:院系：班級(jí)：天線原理電信學(xué)院姓名學(xué)號(hào)指導(dǎo)教師實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)間實(shí)驗(yàn)成績(jī)哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康?. 掌握喇叭天線的原理。2. 掌握天線方向圖等電參數(shù)的意義。3. 掌握天線測(cè)試方法。實(shí)驗(yàn)原理1. 天線電參數(shù)(1).發(fā)射天線電參數(shù)： a.方向圖：天線的輻射電磁場(chǎng)在固定距離上隨空間角坐標(biāo)分布的圖形。Smax 與b.方向性系數(shù)：在相同輻射功率，相同距離情況下，天線在該方向上的輻射功率密度無方向性天線在該方向上的輻射功率密度S0之比值。c.有效長(zhǎng)度:在保持該天線最大輻射場(chǎng)強(qiáng)不變的條件下，假設(shè)天線上的電流均勻

2、分布時(shí)的等效長(zhǎng)度。d.天線效率:表征天線將高頻電流或?qū)Р芰哭D(zhuǎn)換為無線電波能量的有效程度。e.天線增益:在相同輸入功率、相同距離條件下，天線在最大輻射方向上的功率密度Smax 與無方向性天線在該方向上的功率密度S0之比值。h.頻帶寬度：天線電f.輸入阻抗：天線輸入端呈現(xiàn)的阻抗值。g.極化：天線的極化是指該天線在給定空間方向上遠(yuǎn)區(qū)無線電波的極化。參數(shù)保持在規(guī)定的技術(shù)要求范圍內(nèi)的工作頻率范圍。除了上述參數(shù)以外，接收天線還有一些特有的電參數(shù)：等效面積和等效噪聲溫度。a.等效面積：天線的極化與來波極化匹配，且負(fù)載與天線阻抗共軛匹配的最佳狀態(tài)下，天線在 該方向上所接收的功率與入射電波功率密度之比。b.等

3、效噪聲溫度：描述天線向接收機(jī)輸送噪聲功率的參數(shù)。2. 喇叭天線由逐漸張開的波導(dǎo)構(gòu)成，是一種應(yīng)用廣泛的微波天線。按口徑形狀可分為矩形喇叭天線與圓形喇叭天線等。波導(dǎo)終端開口原則上可構(gòu)成波導(dǎo)輻射器,由于口徑尺寸小,產(chǎn)生的波束過寬；另外，波導(dǎo)終端尺寸的突變除產(chǎn)生高次模外，反射較大,與波導(dǎo)匹配不良。為改善這種情況，可入射波的幅度、相位條件來確定最小測(cè)試距離。使波導(dǎo)尺寸加大，以便減少反射，又可在較大口徑上使波束變窄。H面扇形喇叭。H面扇形喇叭。(1) .H面扇形喇叭：若保持矩形波導(dǎo)窄邊尺寸不變，逐漸張開寬邊可得(2) .E面扇形喇叭：若保持矩形波導(dǎo)寬邊尺寸不變，逐漸張開窄邊可得(3) .角錐喇叭：矩形波導(dǎo)

4、寬邊和窄邊同時(shí)張開所形成的。(4) .圓錐喇叭：圓波導(dǎo)半徑逐漸張開形成。3. 方向圖測(cè)量(測(cè)試環(huán)境、最小測(cè)試距離、極化)測(cè)試環(huán)境：最理想的場(chǎng)地是自由空間，可以通過微波暗室來模擬，本次實(shí)驗(yàn)在實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行測(cè) 量，測(cè)量過程中由于各種反射折射及其他無線電波的干擾，對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果有一定干擾。最小測(cè)試距離：實(shí)際測(cè)量中，發(fā)射天線到接收天線距離有限，為保證測(cè)量精度需規(guī)定被測(cè)天線(1).將發(fā)射角錐喇叭天線與接收喇叭天線(E面扇形喇叭)垂直固定于工作盤，使其在同一高極化：天線在給定空間方向上遠(yuǎn)區(qū)無線電波的極化，通常指天線在其最大輻射方向上的極化。天線不能接收與其正交的極化分量，只有天線極化與來波極化一致時(shí)為極化匹配，接

5、收機(jī)才可 獲得最大功率，極化失配時(shí)需乘以失配因子。4. E面、H面、主瓣寬度等概念(1) .E面：通過最大輻射方向并與電場(chǎng)矢量平行的平面。(2) .H面：通過最大輻射方向并與磁場(chǎng)矢量平行的平面。，與主瓣相反方b.半功率點(diǎn)波瓣寬(3) .天線的極坐標(biāo)方向圖呈波瓣形。最大的波瓣叫做主瓣，其余的叫副瓣或旁瓣 向上的副瓣叫后瓣。a.零功率點(diǎn)波瓣寬度：是指主瓣最大值兩邊兩個(gè)零輻射方向之間的夾角。度：是指主瓣最大值兩邊場(chǎng)強(qiáng)等于最大場(chǎng)強(qiáng)的0.707倍的兩輻射方向之間的夾角。波瓣參數(shù)是輻射能量在空間分布的一種表征。實(shí)驗(yàn)儀器發(fā)射喇叭天線：楔形角錐喇叭功率顯示器：電源、接收喇叭天線：H面扇形喇叭、E面扇形喇叭、楔

6、形角錐喇叭、圓錐喇叭 工作盤四、實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟0 °。度，并對(duì)準(zhǔn)開口測(cè) E面方向圖。(2).左右旋轉(zhuǎn)接收喇叭天線同時(shí)觀察功率表找到最大值點(diǎn)，將該點(diǎn)對(duì)準(zhǔn)刻度盤(3).向左旋轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)盤，每轉(zhuǎn) 1 °讀一次示數(shù)并記錄，讀到電流變不再有示數(shù)顯示為止。(4) .刻度盤歸零，向右旋轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)盤步驟同上一步。(5) .接收喇叭天線換成其他類型，測(cè)岀數(shù)據(jù)，步驟同上。(6).用matlab將所得數(shù)據(jù)換算成dB值并進(jìn)行歸一化處理。在OriginPro上輸入數(shù)據(jù)，畫岀極 坐標(biāo)圖。五、實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)2176695-02227632720.9-0.4575743640.8-0-969154540.675-1.706966

7、5460.575-24033276330.475-32330587320.4-3-979498240.3-5.22879W9203.25-6.02061110170.2125-6.726411211150.1875-7269991312130.1625-7.891471413110.1375-8.616971514100125-9.0309161590.1125-9.438471715801-10181710.0875-10-5799191850.0625-12.0412201940v05-13.0103212030,0375-K2597222120.025-16.0206232220.025

8、-16-0206242320.025-16,0206252420.025-16.0206262520.025-16.02062725201.025-16.0206282720.025-16-020629281°#NUM!3029'#NUM!80 E扇形E面0103132333012110.025#NIUM4023°#NUM-16.02063412220.025-15.0206352120.025-15.0206362030.0375-14.259了371940.05-13.0103381860.075-11.2494391770,0875-10.5799401690

9、.1125-9.488474115110.1375-8.616974214120.15-8.239094313U0.175-7.569624412170.2125-6.726414511200.25-6.02064610240.3-5.22879479320.4-3.9794488380.475-3.23306497460.575-2.4033250660075-124939515680.35-0.70581524740.925-0.33858533770.9625-0.165995428010551801056 一t #NUM!57E扇H面#NUM!5807010591690.935714-

10、0.06249602660.942857-0.25554613630.9-0.4575762460'0.857143-0.66947635570.8W286-0.39223646550.785714-104735657620J42857-129095668500.714236-1.4612867949'0.7-1.549026S10480.685714-1638576911470.671429-1.737012460-657143-1.82347113450.642857-191386721443.0.6U286-2.11637315390.557143-2.540337416

11、340.485714-3.136197517280,4-197947618230.328571-4.8337771920'0.285714-5.440687820180.257143-5.398267921170.242857-6.146498022170.242857-6.146498123170.242857-6.146498224160.228571-6.4097883251402-6.98978426110.157143-8.03705852780.114236-9420088628&0.085714-10.669587一2960.085714-10.669588306

12、0.085714-10.6695893160.085714-10u6695903240.057143913340.057143923430.0428575占3530.042857943630.042857953730-042857963820.028671973920.028571984020.020571994120.0285711004220-02S5711014320.02S571102loT104105-1701106270_ 1 1107370110847011095680.9714291106660.94285711176410.9142861128600.857143113956

13、0l811410540.77142911511520.74285711612500.71423811713480.685714111814480.68571411915470.671429-12,4304-12.4304-13.6798-13.6798-13.6798-13,6798-15.4407 -15.4407 -15.4407 -15.4407 -15,4407 -15.4407 f#NUM! ：#NUM!00000.125890.255540.389180.66947-0.96911.127041.290951.461231.638571.63857 -1.73112016440.6

14、2S571 -2.0164512117420.6 -2.2134912218380.542857 -2.6531412319340.435714 -3.1361912420280.4-3.9794112521240,342857 -464S8712622200.235714 -5.44O6S12723160.228571 -6.4097812824160.228571 -6.4097812925160.22S571 -6.4097813026le0-22S571 -6.4097813127150.2U286 -6.6900713亍28150.214286 -6.6900713329120.17

15、1429 -7.659171343080.114236 -9.420081353160.035714 -10;66951363260.035714 -10.66951373350.071429 -11.46131383450.071429 -11,46131393540.057143 -12.43041403640.057143 -12,430414T3730.042857 -13.67981423830.042857 -13.67981433930.042857 -13.67981444030.042857 -1167981454130-042857 -13.67981464220.0285

16、71 -15.440714743F #NUM!14844#NUM!14945k#NUM15015115215315446圓錐喇叭08084勺NUM0.9523811#NUM!-0.21189101552841015638410157484101585820.97619-0.10465159680'0.952381-0.2118911607780.922571-0.321851618720.857143-0.G69471629670.797619-O'.982O416310600.714286-1.4612816411500.595238-2.25309116512460.547

17、619-2.6152116613400.47619-3.2221916714330.392857-4.0576516815290.345238-4.6188116916240.285714-5.44068117017200.238095-6.2324917118160.190476-7.2015917219120.142857-8.450981732080.095238-1021191742160.071429-1146131752240.047619-1322221762330.035714-1447161772420.0238116.23251782520'j02381-16.23

18、25179260o'k#NUM1803218132筒NUM18232*#NUM!18332#NUM!18432#NUM1851860820.97619 -0.104651871780.928571 -0.321851882750.892857 -0.49218189370'0.833333 -0.7918111904640.761905 -1.180991915560.666667 -1.7S091192660'0.596238 -2.253091937470.559524 -2.521811948400.47619 -3.2221911959350.416667 -3

19、.8021119610290.345238 -4.6183119711240.285714 -5.4406819812200.238095 -6.2324919913IS0.170571 -74318820014100.119048 -9.242792011580.096238 -1021192021660.071429 -11.46132031740.047619 -1322222041830.035714 -144716205192O'iO2381 -16.2325206202O'jO2381 -15.23252072110.011905 9.2428208221 00f#

20、NUM!20911芻 NUM'2110角錐E面r #NIUM!21103410212134102132320.941176-0.263292143300.832353-0.543582154260.764706-L165062165220.647059-1.390562176180.529412-2.762062187120.352941-4.522982198100.294113-5.31479220980.235294-6.233892211060.175471-7.533232221140.117647-9.294192231230.088235-10.54362241320.0

21、58824-12J0452251420.058824-1230452261520.058824-12.30452271620.058824-12.3045228r#NUM!229-134102302320.941176-0.263292313320.941176-0.263292324280.823529-0.843212335260.764706-1.165062346200.538235-2.304492357160.470583-3.273592363120.352941-4.52293237980.235294-6.283892381060.178471-7.533282391140.

22、117647-9294192401230.088235-10-54362411330.038235-10.54362421420.058824-12.30452431520'>058824-1230452441620.058824-1230452451720.058824-12.30452461820.058824-12.30452471920.058824-12.30452482020.058824-12.3045249250角錐H面1°#NUM2510800.888839-0.511532521860.965556-0.19744253290102543880.97

23、7778-609762554840.933333-0.2996325657&0.844444-0.73429257670'0.777778-1091442587620.688889-1.618512598550.611111213882609600.555556-2.5527326110420.466667-3.3099326211340.377778-4.2276426312270.3-5.2287926413190.211111-6.7548926514150.166667-77815126615120.133333-8.750612671610'0.111111-

24、9.542432681790.1-102691870'；077778-11,09142701960.066667-1L76092712040.044444-1152182722130.033333-14.77122732220.022222-16.53212742320.022222-15.5321275241O'.OlllllJ9.5424276251O'.Olllll-19-54242772610.011111-19.542427827O'0r#NUM!279281#NUIM!280°#NUM2810800,888889-0,51153282-1_

25、70_0.777778-1.091442832620.688889-1618512843540.6-2.218492854480.533333-2.730012865420.466667-3.309932876340.377778-4.227642887280.311111-5.070842898200.222222-6.532132909160.177778-7.5012329110120.133333-87506129211100.111111-9.542432931280.088889-10.511529413I60.066667-11.76092951440044444-13.5218

26、2961530.033333-1477122971620.022222-16-53212981720.022222-16.5321299181O'.Olllll-19.54243001910.011111 -19.54243012010.011111-19.54243022100爭(zhēng)NUM!3031#NUM!304H面扇形E3050700.853659-0.637153061660.804273-0,94273072640.730488-1.076343083620.756098-1.214223094600.731707-1.356633105580.707317-1.50386511

27、6580.707317-1.503863127560.632927-1.656263138540.658537-1.81423149520.634146-1.9781131?10500.609755-2.143443116114G0.560976-2.5105631712400.487805*3.1175431813360.439024-3.5751131914330.402439-3.95332015280.341463-4.6655632116240.292683-5.3360332217240.292633-5.3360332318200.243902-6.1278432419200.2

28、43902-6.1278452520180.219512-6.5354132621160.195122-7.0969432722W0.170732-7.6768632823120.145341-8.3463332924100.121951-9.138143302580.097561-1010723312640.04878-13.11753322730.036535-14.3S69333282O'jO2439-16.12783342920.02439-15.127353530203439-16127833631F#NUM!33732F#NUM!33833F#N UM!33934F#NIU

29、IIW!340F#NUM!3410760.926829-0.33342-1720.878049-0.564813432720.878049-0.554813443740.902439-0.445823454760.926829-0333465780.95122-0.217193476760.926829-0.333487780.95122-0.217193498780:95122-0.217193509770.939024-0.2732335110800.97561-0.1072435211810.987805-0.0532935312810.987805-0.0532935413821035

30、514800:97561-0.1072435615780.95122-0.2171935716770.939024-0.2732335817740.902439-0.4458235918660.804873-0;942736019560.632927-1.6552636120500.609756-2.1484436221400.487805-3.1175436322360.439024-3.5751136423280.341463-4.6665656524220.268293-57139136625180.219512-6.5354136726130.219512-6.585413682717

31、0.207317-6.8336536928140.170732-7.6768637029130.158537-7,9937137130180.219512-6.5854137231200.243902-6.1278437332240.292683-5.3360337433240.292683-5.3360337534220-268293-57139137635200.243902-6.1278437736W0.170732-7.6768637837100.121951-9.138143793860.073171-1135663803940:04673-1311753814020.02439-1

32、6.12733824120.02439-16.12783834220.02439-16.127838443r#NUM!385#NIUIIM!386H面扇總H面f#NUM!3870421 103881400.952381-0.211893892380.904762-0.434663903340.809524-0:91773914300.714285-1.461233925250.595238-2.253093936220.52331-2.808273947180.428571-3.679773958140.333333-4.771213969120.235714-5.440633971090.2

33、14286-6.690073981160.142857-8.450983991250119048-9.242794001340.095233-10.21194011430.071429-11.46134021520.047619-13.22224031610.02381-16.23254041710:02331-1623254051300r#NIUM!4061900r#NUM!4070尸#NUM!408042104091421041102400.952381-0.211894113380.904762-0.434664124370.830952-0.550434li5320.761905-1.

34、180994146300.714236-1.461284157240.571429-2.430334163200.47619-3.222194179160.380952-4.1912941810140333333-4.7712141911100.239095-6.232494201280.190476 -7.201594211360.142857 -8.450984221450.119048 -9242794231540.0952381021194241630.07142911.46134251720.047619 -13.22224261820.047619 -13.22224271910-

35、02381 -1623254282010.02381 -16.23254292100%NUM!4302200°#NUM!八、實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果各圖如下ilfl-1*A/-HWwFHMHtrtn«(D i<*弓305.h* 厶七、實(shí)驗(yàn)總結(jié)通過本次實(shí)驗(yàn)，對(duì)天線的原理有了更深刻的理解。試驗(yàn)中我們小組對(duì)四種不同的喇叭天線 進(jìn)行了功率測(cè)量，并且通過將實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)導(dǎo)入軟件來觀測(cè)了天線的方向圖。通過對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)原理的學(xué)習(xí)和測(cè)量的結(jié)果的分析，可以看岀E面和H面的輻射場(chǎng)分別與天線開口口徑存在線性關(guān)系，所 以可以通過調(diào)整天線口徑大小從來調(diào)整天線的輻射方向圖的主瓣的寬度，從而滿足不同的需 求。雖然實(shí)驗(yàn)中由于實(shí)

36、驗(yàn)設(shè)備互相干擾等實(shí)驗(yàn)環(huán)境因素導(dǎo)致實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果與理論間確實(shí)存在一定的 差距，但仍在誤差允許的范圍內(nèi)，可以認(rèn)為實(shí)驗(yàn)是成功的。希望自己在今后可以通過實(shí)驗(yàn)得到更多的提升。演示實(shí)驗(yàn)1 .通過觀看“微波暗室測(cè)試天線”視頻教學(xué)內(nèi)容你了解了幾個(gè)問題？將這些問題概括岀 來并作簡(jiǎn)要回答。(1).微波暗室構(gòu)成:屏蔽室：由屏蔽殼體、屏蔽門、通風(fēng)波導(dǎo)窗及各類電源濾波器等組成，其中門的造價(jià)最 咼。吸波材料：錐形含碳海綿吸波材料，錐形含碳海綿吸波材料是由聚氨脂泡沫塑料在碳膠溶其它：主要有信號(hào)傳輸板、轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)、天線、監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)等。(2).功能：提供人為空曠的“自由空間”條件，用吸波材料來制造一個(gè)封閉空間，這樣就可 在暗室內(nèi)制造岀一個(gè)純

37、凈的電磁環(huán)境。在暗室內(nèi)做天線、雷達(dá)等無線通訊產(chǎn)品和電子產(chǎn)品測(cè)試 可以免受雜波干擾，提高被測(cè)設(shè)備的測(cè)試精度和效率。(3).工作原理：根據(jù)電磁波在介質(zhì)中從低磁導(dǎo)向高磁導(dǎo)方向傳播的規(guī)律，利用高磁導(dǎo)率吸波 材料引導(dǎo)電磁波，通過共振，大量吸收電磁波的輻射能量，再通過耦合把電磁波的能量轉(zhuǎn)變成 熱能。2 .通過觀看“矢量網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析儀的使用”視頻教學(xué)內(nèi)容你了解了幾個(gè)問題？將這些問題概 括岀來并作簡(jiǎn)要回答。(1) .什么是矢量網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析儀?矢量網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析儀器是一種電磁波能量的測(cè)試設(shè)備。矢量網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析儀的原理與使用力直接決 于系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)態(tài)范圍指標(biāo)。相位波動(dòng)參數(shù)的測(cè)試是利用矢量網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析儀的電子延遲功能來實(shí)現(xiàn) 的。(2) .為何矢量網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析儀這么貴?矢量網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析儀除信號(hào)捕獲