高中英語(yǔ)代詞

1、句子成分句子有兩個(gè)最重要的成分，那就是主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。主語(yǔ)表明這句話說(shuō)的是誰(shuí)或什么的情況，謂語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的情況（動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)）。e.g. China is advancing.中國(guó)在前進(jìn)。主語(yǔ)一般由名詞或起名詞作用的其他詞類，短語(yǔ)或從句擔(dān)任，謂語(yǔ)主要由動(dòng)詞擔(dān)任，有時(shí)也可由一個(gè)系動(dòng)詞加一個(gè)形容詞或名詞擔(dān)任，e.g. He is a boy. She is pretty.在后一種情況中，用來(lái)與系動(dòng)詞合成謂語(yǔ)的成分，稱為表語(yǔ)。（回頭看） 除了主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)，句子有時(shí)還有其他成分，如賓語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。 賓語(yǔ)一般用在及物動(dòng)詞后面：We love our country. 賓語(yǔ)一般由名詞或與之相當(dāng)?shù)钠渌~類，短語(yǔ)，從

2、句擔(dān)任。定語(yǔ)用來(lái)修飾或限制名詞或代詞。 China is a great country.狀語(yǔ)用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞或整個(gè)句子。e.g. They are working hard.He works very hard.The situation is excellent indeed. 狀語(yǔ)主要由副詞或與之相當(dāng)?shù)钠渌~類，短語(yǔ)或從句擔(dān)當(dāng)。代詞代詞可以分為下列九類1 人稱代詞（personal pronouns）: I You She2 物主代詞 （Possessive Pronouns）: My, His3 自身代詞 （self pronouns）: myself4. 相互代詞 （rec

3、iprocal pronouns）: one another, each other5. 指示代詞（demonstrative Pronouns）:this, that, those, these6. 疑問(wèn)代詞 （interrogative pronouns）: who, whom, whose, what, which用來(lái)構(gòu)成特殊問(wèn)句的。7. 關(guān)系代詞 （relative pronouns）: who, whom, whose, that, which等引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的。8. 連接代詞（conjunctive pronouns）:疑問(wèn)代詞都可以用作連接代詞，來(lái)引起主語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句。

4、9 不定代詞 （indefinite pronouns）: all, each, both等一 人稱代詞英語(yǔ)中主要有以下這些人稱代詞： 數(shù) 格 人稱單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)一二三一二三主格Iyouhe, she, itweyouthey賓格meyouhim, her, itusyouthem人稱代詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)用主格，做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)用賓格。在作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，用賓格較多，例如：Who is knocking at the door? - Its me.但在強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中卻常用主格：It was he who did it.It is she who wants this clothes.在使用人稱代詞時(shí)有下面幾點(diǎn)值得注意：1）sh

5、e可以用來(lái)代表國(guó)家，船只，大地，月亮等。e.g. I think England will do what she promised to do.2) 在并列的主語(yǔ)中，I總放在最后。e.g. Mary and I will be in charge of the case.3) 第三人稱，男女兩性并用時(shí)，男先女后。He and she still dont agree to the plan.二 物主代詞英語(yǔ)中主要有下列這些物主代詞：類型 詞義我的你的他（她，它）的我們的你們的他們的形容詞性物主代詞myyourHis, her, itsouryourtheir名詞性物主代詞mineyoursH

6、is, hers, itsoursyourstheirs1. 形容詞性的物主代詞只能作定語(yǔ)，如my brother 名詞性的物主代詞可以作：1） 表語(yǔ)Whose dictionary is this? -its mine.2) 主語(yǔ) Ours is a big family.3) 賓語(yǔ)Lets clean their room first and ours later.2. “of +名詞性物主代詞”可用作定語(yǔ)That car of hers is always breaking down.= Her car is .三 自（反）身代詞單數(shù)myselfyourselfhimselfhersel

7、fItself復(fù)數(shù)ourselvesyourselves themselves1這些詞可用來(lái)：1） 作賓語(yǔ)I cant express myself in English.2) 作表語(yǔ)I am not quite myself these days. 我近來(lái)身體不大舒服。3）作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ)The theory itself is all right.在作同位語(yǔ)時(shí)，自身代詞常譯作“本人”或“親自”They must make investigation themselves.他們必須親自作調(diào)查。與by oneself較難區(qū)分By oneself 譯為“一個(gè)人干（不要?jiǎng)e人幫助）”They m

8、ade the machine all by themselves. 這機(jī)器完全是他們自己制造的。2自身代詞常和某些動(dòng)詞連用Enjoy oneself, behave oneself(使自己舉止良好)， help yourself to sth. 請(qǐng)吃點(diǎn)。Come to oneself蘇醒3常與某些介詞連用By oneself 一個(gè)人做（不要?jiǎng)e人幫助）For oneself替自己，自己He has a right to decide for himself. 他有權(quán)自己決定。In oneself 本身This is not a bad idea in itself. 這主意本身并不錯(cuò)。To o

9、neself供自己用She had a room to herself.她自己住一間房。四 相互代詞One another與each other由于表示相互關(guān)系，稱為相互代詞，兩者的用法是差不多的。We can help one another (each other).We are eager to learn from each other.我們都急欲向彼此學(xué)習(xí)。五 指示代詞有this, that, these, those.注意：1 前面剛提到的東西，英語(yǔ)中常用that (或those)表示，而漢語(yǔ)中卻常用“表示?！眅.g. We have no time to do it. Thats

10、 our trouble.我們沒(méi)有時(shí)間做這事。這就是我們的問(wèn)題。2. 指下面要談到的事物時(shí)，常用this, 例如I want to know this: has John been here?3 those在下面的這種類型的句子里常出現(xiàn)，表示人們或東西（后面多有一定定語(yǔ)修飾）Those who wish to go to the concert may sign up here.He was among those who attended it. 他是到會(huì)人之一。六 疑問(wèn)代詞有who, whom, whose, what, which都是來(lái)構(gòu)成特殊問(wèn)句的。Who通常做主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)，whom做賓

11、語(yǔ)。1 what, who一般來(lái)說(shuō)，what 問(wèn)的是職業(yè)或地位，who問(wèn)的是姓名。-What was her husband?- He was a lawyer.比較 - who was her husband? - He was John Smith, the son of a famous writer.2 which, whatWhich用于已知情況的選擇，其后可以跟of, 而what用于未知情況的疑問(wèn)，其后不能跟of.What fruit do you like best?Which do you like better, oranges or apples?3 在以這類代詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，

12、后面的動(dòng)詞可以用復(fù)數(shù)形式，也可以用單數(shù)形式，要看所代表的人或物是復(fù)數(shù)還是單數(shù)來(lái)決定。e.g. Who live(s) in this room? 如果不清楚代表的東西是復(fù)數(shù)還是單數(shù)，則動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式。-Whats there on the desk?- Therere some books on it.七 關(guān)系代詞 關(guān)系代詞有who, whom, whose, that, which，是用來(lái)引起定語(yǔ)從句的。它一面代表定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的那個(gè)名詞（或代詞），一面又在從句內(nèi)擔(dān)任一個(gè)成分。舉列問(wèn)學(xué)生：The worker who invented the machine is now studying

13、 at Qinghua University.Who指這個(gè)工人，在從句中做主語(yǔ)。He is no longer the man that he was. That指這個(gè)man, 在從句中做表語(yǔ)。1 Who, whomWho, whom代表人，在從句中做主語(yǔ)時(shí)用who, 做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)用whom.The girl who spoke is my best friend.I want to find someone with whom I can discuss such things.2 whose代表“某個(gè)人的”，在從句中做定語(yǔ)。Do you know anyone whose family is

14、in Xian?3. which 代表事物，在從句中可以用作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。He told a story which moved us deeply.4 that代表事物的時(shí)候更多些，也可代表人，在從句中做主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)。例子不舉了，太多。需要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1 在先行詞是anything, all, much等詞的句子中，多用that,不要用which.I never took anything that didnt belong to me.2. 定語(yǔ)從句有限制性和非限制性兩種，在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，如果前面緊挨著介詞，則不能用that.He is a man from whom we are

15、 all ready to learn.3. 在非限制性定從中，不能用that, 只能用who, whom代表人，用 which代表物。My sister, who is a nurse, came home for a few days.在這種從句中，which有時(shí)可代表前面說(shuō)的整個(gè)情況或主句的某一部分，而不只代表一個(gè)詞。He failed his exam, which proves that he wasnt working hard enough.八 連接代詞疑問(wèn)代詞都可以用作連接代詞，來(lái)引起主語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句。e.g. It is not decided who will

16、hold the meeting?Do you know whose pen it is?The question is whom I should trust.1 代詞what有時(shí)可以用來(lái)表示the thing which這種意思。What (the thing which) she lacks is experience.We should never pretend to know what we dont know. (這里常出現(xiàn)that這個(gè)迷惑項(xiàng)。)2 who(m), which, what可以和ever構(gòu)成合成詞，和前面所提到的疑問(wèn)代詞一樣，引導(dǎo)主從或賓從。（也就是whatever

17、, whichever, whoever的用法）Whatever he did was right.Whoever makes mistakes must correct them.九 不定代詞英語(yǔ)中有下面這些不定代詞：all, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no.以及一些復(fù)合不定代詞，如：anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something, everyone, eve

18、rything, nobody, nothing.1 none, no one, nothing的用法區(qū)別（1）none即可指人，也可指物，且一定是特指，常用來(lái)回答how many/much引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句；no one只能指人，而且只能是泛指概念，常來(lái)回答who引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句；nothing側(cè)重于物，常用來(lái)回答what引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句。-How many people are there in the room?- None. (問(wèn)學(xué)生)Who is in the room?- No one./nobody.(2) none后面可加of引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)，而something, anything, eve

19、rything, nothing, someone.卻不能。（3）none后面的謂語(yǔ)用什么？單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。答：none做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果側(cè)重所有人的情況，動(dòng)詞多用復(fù)數(shù)，如果側(cè)重每個(gè)人的情況，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。a. None of us are perfect.我們都不是完人。b. None of us has got a bike. 我們誰(shuí)都沒(méi)有自行車。(非考試重點(diǎn))2 each 和every的區(qū)別（1）each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體，every強(qiáng)調(diào)“全體”。不可用not each來(lái)表示部分否定，而not every表示部分否定。Every man is not honest.并非每個(gè)人都誠(chéng)實(shí)（讓學(xué)生翻）。not e

20、very man is honest.(2) every還可以表示“每隔。的；每。中的”Every year or two每一兩年 every other day每隔一天 one car to every 20 people每20人承一輛車。 3 another, other, the other, others, the others的用法(1) another經(jīng)常指三者或三者以上中的另一個(gè)，意思是“另外一個(gè)”，表示泛指。I dont like this coat. Show me another, please. (2) other表示“另外的”，只作定語(yǔ)。Any other plant,

21、 some other day(某天)（3）the other,兩者中的另一個(gè)。常與one連用，構(gòu)成onethe other (一個(gè)。另一個(gè))（4）others泛指別的人或物，是other的復(fù)數(shù)形式，泛指別的人或物（但不是全部，全部是“the others”）e.g. some others(5) the others特指其余的人或物,是the other的復(fù)數(shù)形式。4 全部否定和部分否定（1）All, both, everyone, everybody, everything 和every加名詞都表示全部肯定，no one, none, nobody, nothing, notany（其實(shí)是我們接觸過(guò)最簡(jiǎn)單的句型） 和no +名詞都表示全部否定；但當(dāng)not出現(xiàn)在含有表示全部肯定的不定代詞的句子中，不管not在他們之前還是之后都表示部分否定；e.g. Both of them havent read this story. (not在后) 他們兩人并沒(méi)有都看過(guò)這個(gè)故事。only one of them has read this story.All bamboo