跨文化交際考前復(fù)習(xí)

1、Unit 1:Economic globalization： the integration of national economic into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.Barter system：(物物交換)farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and service

2、s without the medium of moneyGlobal village： all the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the internetMelting pot： a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalitiesCulture： a learned set of shared in

3、terpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of peopleCultural diversity： the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belongCommunication： meaning to share with or

4、 to make common, as in giving to another a part to share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledgeIntercultural communication： communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol systems are distinct enough alter the communication event (p. 9-10)Components of ConnnunicationSource: The sou

5、rce is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate Encoding: Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbolMessage： The term message identifies the encoded thought Encoding is the process ,the verb; the message is the resulting objectChannel: The term channel is used technical

6、 to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communicationNoise： The term noise technically refers to anything that the message the source encodesReceiver： The receiver is th

7、e person who attends to the messageDecoding： The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols receivedReceiver response： It refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the messageFeedback： Feedback refers to that portion

8、 of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning Context: The final component of communication is context Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes places and which helps define the communicati

9、on1 What are the four trends that make our world more interdependent? (p89)Four trends that lead to the development of the global village： Convenient transportation systems/ Innovative 新進(jìn) 白勺 communication systems/ Economic globalization/Widespread migrations2. What are the three ingredients of cultu

10、re?Artifacts （the material and spiritual products people produce）Behavior （what they do）Concepts （beliefs, values, world, views*） （what they think）3. How to understand cultural iceberg?Just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a large invisible section below the waterlin

11、e, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected and imagedAlso like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface（p7） 注： 文學(xué)手勢：The aspects of culture that are expl

12、icit, visible, taught.（詳述的，明確）看法友誼：The aspects of culture that are intangible and not taught directly. 難以理解4 What are the characteristic of culture?Culture is shared. All communications take place by means of symbols Culture is learned Culture is learned, not inherited It derives from one* s social

13、environment, not from one' s genesEncultxiration （文化習(xí)得）:all the activities of learning one* s culture are called enculturation.Culture is dynamic. （p6） culture is subject to change. It' s dynamic rather than static, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through cont

14、act with other culturesAcculturation （文化適應(yīng)）：the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two culturesCulture is ethnocentric （=ethnocentrism 文化中心主義）.Ethnocentrism is the belief that your own cultural background is superior5 Wh

15、at are the six characteristics of connminication?Dynamic/ irreversible/ symbolic/ systematic/ transactional/ contextual Communication is dynamicCommunication is ongoing, ever-changing activity A word or action does not stay frozen when you communicate; it is immediately replaced with yet another wor

16、d or actionCommunication is irreversible.不可逆的Once we have said something and someone else has received and decoded the message, the original sender cannot take it backCommunication is symbolic符號的Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are comm

17、unicated Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be communicated to another person Communication is systematic 系統(tǒng)的Communication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum （真空）,but rather is part of a large system. It takes place in a physical and a social context; both

18、establish the rules that govern the interactionCommunication is transactionaL （P8）相互作用的A transactional view holds that communicators are simultaneously （同時地）sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversationCommunication is contextual. （P8）文脈的，前后關(guān)系的All communicati

19、on takes place within a setting or situation called a context By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship Thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings.Unit 2-4:Pragmatics：（語用論）the study of ef

20、fect that language has on human perceptions and behaviorSemantics：（語義學(xué)）the study of the meaning of wordsDenotation：（本意）the literal （原意，字面）meaning or definition of a wordthe explicit, particular, defined meaningConnotation：（言夕卜之意）the suggestive meaning of a wordall the values,judgments, and beliefs i

21、mplied by a word The historical and associative secret ion （積累，堆積，添力1 生長）of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaningTaboo:（禁忌） some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasonsEuphemism：（委婉語）the act of s

22、ubstituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh刺耳嚴(yán)厲，blunt率直 鈍，or offensive討厭的,攻擊的.6. How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?（三方面）P2224In Chinese the surname （姓）comes first and is followed by the given name/ but in English this order is reversedAddressing by

23、 names： In China seniority 年長 is paid respect to. Juniors are supposed to address seniors in a proper way. The use of given names is limited to husband and wife, very close friends, juniors by elders or superiors/ Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people address others by using the first name

24、, even when people meet for the first time（intimacy and equality） （親密平等）Addressing by relationship： Chinese often extend kinship 親丿屬 terms to people not related by blood or marriage These terms are used after the surname to show politeness and respect/ The English equivalents of the above kinship te

25、rms are not so used Even with relatives, Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationshipAddressing by title, office, profession： Another common Chinese form of address is the use of a person* s title, office, profession to indicate the person* s influential status In

26、 English, only a few occupations or titles could be used（P24） Americans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are（Doctor, Judge, Governor, Mayor, Professor, Nurse and ranks in the armed forces like Captain）7. W

27、hat are the social functions of compliments? （p60）（答案 p50 第一段）case 1, case 2（pl7） ; case 4（pl9）; case 2 （p43）; case 3 （p45）; case 1 （p67）; case 3 （p69）Unit 5:Chronemic： 時間學(xué) the study of how people perceive and use timeMonochromic time： 單元時間 paying attention to and doing only one thing at a timePolyc

28、hromic time：多元時間 being involved with many things at onceProxemics： 空間學(xué) the perception and use of spaceKinetics:肢體語言 the study of body language.Paralanguage：副語言 involving sounds but not words and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication9. What are the different feature of m-time and p-time? P

29、97M： Do one thing at a time/Take time commitments seriously /Are committed to the job /Adhere religiously to plans /Emphasize promptness /Are accustomed to short-term relationshipsP： Do many things at once/ Consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible /Are committed to people a

30、nd human relationships /Change plans often and easily /Base promptness on the relationship /Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear s

31、tructureP-time is less rigid and clock-bound It features several activities at the same time and time is perceived as more flexible and more human-centeredPU4 ( E Discover the meaning of some common gestures in English )Case 1 (p85); case 3 (p87); case 5, 6 (p90); case 7 (p91)Unit 6:精講案例：Case 1 (pl

32、15); case 2(pl 16); pl24-pl26 中的小案例 思考題：How is gender different from sex? (pl29)(答案 pll9/120)Sex： biological, permanent, with a individual propertyGender: socially constructed, varied over time and across cultures, with a social and relational qualityWhat has influenced the gender socialization?(答案

33、pl21)There are two primary influences on gender socialization： family communication, particularly between mothers and children, and recreational interaction among childrenDaughters identify with mothers, a son can* t identify fully with the mother Girls tend to define self in relation to others, whi

34、le boys typically define self independent of others It* s hardly surprising that women are generally comfortable with building close relationship and confiding to others, while most men are reserved about involvement and disclosureGirls play house, play hide and seek or jump rope, boys play competit

35、ive team sports like football and basketballWhat are the six principles for effective cross-gender communication? (pl29)(答 案 P127-128)P129 ( B what are the characteristics of feminine talk and masculine talk respectively)Unit 7:精講案例：Case 1 (pl37); case 3(pl39)思考題：Discuss the concepts of high context

36、 culture and low context culture (pl53)(結(jié) 合最后一個單元，了解 high-context culture 和 low-context culture)High-context cultures assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message In high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes th

37、e overall relationship between all the people engaged in communicationLow-context cultures exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely on the objective communication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture In low-context cultures, the message itself means everything

38、 High-context culture involves interaction via nonverbal language, behavior, social status, relationships, rather than verbal language, contextual information is neededIn low context culture people interacted mainly via verbal language, primary purpose of communication is the exchange of information

39、.High: Asian French Spanish Greek Low: Swiss German USAUnit 9:A planetary culture：行星文化 a culture that integrates eastern mysticism with western science and rationalismIntercultural personhood:跨文化人格 represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open

40、 to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture思考題：Identify the features of each of four Hofstede' s cultural dimensions and use them to analyze the case(案例分析)Individualism VS collectivism /Masculinity VS femininity /Power distance/Uncertainty avoidanceWhat are the Ameri

41、can / Chinese cultural values like in terms of cultural orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck?充內(nèi)容)Chinese cultxire valuesAs far as the human culture is concerned, Chinese culture holds that it is good but corruptible without proper education As to the relation of human to nature, they think mankind can live in harmony with nature They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past-oriented They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eterna 1They are quit