如何使句子多樣化

1、 組句一 如何使句子多樣化一篇好文章只是用詞確切還遠遠不夠，還要有效地組詞成句，有效地處理不同的句式。句子可長可短，同一件事，可以用不同的句式表達。如果句子清一色是簡單句，文章必定很單調乏味。如果全篇充滿了冗長的復雜句，讀起來也很費力。最好的方法是以簡單句為基礎，配合適當?shù)牟⒘芯浜蛷碗s句。簡單句可長可短，通常要加些附屬成分，如分詞短語、介詞短語、副詞短語、不定式動詞短語，以及節(jié)縮成分?？傊?，作者可根據(jù)情況，使句子多樣化，使文章靈活多姿。例如，下列五個句子的基本概念一樣，但是句式不同，內容重點也有些差別：(1) The goats grazed peacefully in the farm an

2、d were unaware of the approaching hunter. (并列分句)(2) Grazing peacefully, the goats in the farm were unaware of the approaching hunter. (現(xiàn)在分語短語+簡單句) (3) In the farm, the goats grazed peacefully and were unaware of the approaching hunter. (副詞短語+并列分句) (4) There were goats grazing peacefully in the farm,

3、 unaware of the approaching hunter. (簡單句+形容語短語) (5) As the goats grazed peacefully in the farm, they were unaware of the approaching hunter. (原因副詞從句+主句) 又如對以下兩個簡單句的不同組合：(1) The young pilot was on his first overseas training. (2) He felt very uneasy. a. The young pilot on his first overseas training

4、felt very uneasy. b. The young pilot felt very uneasy during his first overseas training. c. The young pilot's first overseas training made him feel very uneasy. d. Extreme uneasiness seized the young pilot on his first overseas training. e. The young pilot was on his first overseas training, fe

5、eling very uneasy. f. It being his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy. g. Being on his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy.h. The young pilot was on his first overseas training and felt very uneasy.i. The young pilot, who was on his first overseas trainin

6、g, felt very uneasy. j. When the young pilot was on his first overseas training, he felt very uneasy. k. As the young pilot was on his first overseas training, he felt very uneasy. l. The young pilot was on his first overseas training, so that he felt very uneasy.在上述12個句子中，a-g是簡單句；h是并列句；i-l是復雜句。簡單句除

7、b和g之外，其他五樣，用的人并不多。人們最喜歡采用復雜句，尤其是j和k這兩款；接著便是并列句h。如果大多數(shù)人的句子只限于b, g, h, j和k這五種，而其他的棄如敝屣，不是很可惜嗎？ 二 如何增強句子表現(xiàn)力（一）避免使用語意弱的“be”動詞。 1. 把句中的表語轉換為不同的修飾語。例如： 弱句式：The trees are bare. The grass is brown. The landscape seems drab. 改寫句：The brown grass and bare trees form a drab landscape.或：The landscape, bare and b

8、rown, begged for spring green.2. 將作表語用的形容詞或名詞變?yōu)樾袨閯釉~。例如： 弱句式：The team members are good players. 改寫句：The team members play well. 弱句式：One worker's plan is the elimination of tardiness. 改寫句：One worker's plan eliminates tardiness. 3. 在以“here”或“there”開頭的句子中，把“be”動詞后的名詞代詞變成改寫句的主語。例如：弱句式：There is no

9、 opportunity for promotion. 改寫句：No opportunity for promotion exists. 弱句式：Here are the books you ordered. 改寫句：The books you ordered have arrived. （二）多用語意具體的動詞，保持句意簡潔明了。例如： 弱句式：My supervisor went past my desk. 改寫句：My supervisor sauntered (=walked slowly) past my desk. 弱句式：She is a careful shopper. 改寫句

10、：She compares price and quality. （三）盡量運用主動語態(tài)。例如： 弱句式：The organization has been supported by charity. 改寫句：Charity has supported the organization. 弱句式：The biscuits were stacked on a plate. 改寫句：Mother stacked the biscuits on a plate.（四）防止使用語意冗長累贅的詞語。例如：贅句： My little sister has a preference for chocolat

11、e milk. 改寫句： My little sister prefers chocolate milk. 贅句： We are in receipt of your letter and intend to follow your recommendations. 改寫句：We have received your letter and intended to follow your recommendations. 贅句： We had a serious crisis at school yesterday when our chemistry laboratory caught fir

12、e. 改寫句：We had a crisis at school yesterday when our chemistry laboratory caught fire. 贅句： My sister and I bought the same, identical dress in different stores. 改寫句：My sister and I bought the same dress in different stores. （五）杜絕濫用陳舊詞語或難懂的專業(yè)術語。例如： 陳詞： They will not agree to his proposals in any shape

13、 or form. 改寫句： They will not agree to any of his proposals. 專業(yè)術語：I need her financial input before I can estimate our expenditures next fall. 改寫句： I need her financial figures before I can estimate our expenditures next fall.三 英語寫作常見病句與分析（一）不一致（Disagreements）所謂不一致不光指主謂不一致，還包括數(shù)的不一致、時態(tài)的不一致及代詞不一致等。如：Wh

14、en one have money, he can do what he want to.(人一旦有了錢，他就能想干什么就干什么。)剖析：one是單數(shù)第三人稱，因而本句的have應改為has；同理，want應改為wants。本句是典型的主謂不一致。改為：Once one has money, he can do what he wants (to do).（二）修飾語錯位（Misplaced Modifiers）英語與漢語不同，同一個修飾語置于句子不同的位置，句子的含義可能引起變化對于這一點中國學生往往沒有引起足夠的重視，因而造成了不必要的誤解。如：I believe I can do it

15、well and I will better know the world outside the campus.剖析：better位置不當，應置于句末。（三）句子不完整（Sentence Fragments）在口語中，交際雙方可借助手勢、語氣、上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解。可是書面語就不同了，句子結構不完整則意思表達不清，這種情況常常發(fā)生在主句寫完以后，筆者又想加些補充說明時發(fā)生。如：There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on.剖析：本句后半部分“for

16、example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on .”不是一個完整的句子，僅為一些不連貫的詞語，不能獨立成句。改為：There are many ways to know society, for example, by TV, radio, and newspaper.（四）懸垂修飾語（Dangling Modifiers）所謂懸垂修飾語是指句首的短語與后面句子的邏輯關系混亂不清。例如：At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 剖析：這句中“at the age of ten”只點出十歲時，但沒有說明“誰”十歲時。按一般

17、推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我們把這個懸垂修飾語改明確一點，全句就不那么費解了。改為：When I was ten, my grandfather died. 又如：To do well in college, good grades are essential.剖析：句中不定式短語 “to do well in college”的邏輯主語不清楚。改為：To do well in college, a student needs good grades.（五）詞性誤用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)詞性誤用常表現(xiàn)為：介詞當動詞用；形容詞當副詞用；名詞當

18、動詞用等。如：None can negative the importance of money.剖析：negative 系形容詞，誤作動詞。改為：None can deny the importance of money.（六）指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)指代不清主要講的是代詞與被指代的人或物關系不清，或者先后所用的代詞不一致。試看下面這一句：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.(瑪麗和我姐姐很要好，因為她要她做她的伴娘。)讀完上面這

19、一句話，讀者無法明確地判斷兩位姑娘中誰將結婚，誰將當伴娘。如果我們把易于引起誤解的代詞的所指對象加以明確，意思就一目了然了。這個句子可改為：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.又如：We can also know the society by serving it yourself.剖析：句中人稱代詞we 和反身代詞yourself指代不一致。改為：We can also know society by serving it ourselves.（七）不間斷句子(Ru

20、n-on Sentences)什么叫run-on sentence? 請看下面的例句：There are many ways we get to know the outside world. 剖析：這個句子包含了兩層完整的意思：“There are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside world.”。簡單地把它們連在一起就不妥當了。改為：There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或：There are many ways through which we can b

21、ecome acquainted with the outside world.（八）措詞毛病(Troubles in Diction)Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何適當?shù)剡x用詞語的問題，囿于教學時間緊迫，教師平時在這方面花的時間往往極其有限，影響了學生在寫作中沒有養(yǎng)成良好的推敲、斟酌的習慣。他們往往隨心所欲，拿來就用。所以作文中用詞不當?shù)腻e誤比比皆是。如：The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.(農業(yè)方面化學物質使用的不斷增加也造成了污染。)剖析：顯然，考生把obstac

22、les“障礙、障礙物”誤作substance“物質”了。另外“the increasing use (不斷增加的使用)” 應改為“abusive use (濫用)”。改為：The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.（九）累贅(Redundancy)言以簡潔為貴。寫句子沒有一個多余的詞；寫段落沒有一個無必要的句子。能用單詞的不用詞組；能用詞組的不用從句或句子。如：In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.本句的“t

23、he fact that he is lazy”系同謂語從句，我們按照上述“能用詞組的不用從句”可以改為：In spite of his laziness, I like him. 又如：For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need.剖析：整個句子可以大大簡化。改為：Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.（十）不連貫(Incoherence)不連貫是指

24、一個句子前言不對后語，或是結構上不暢通。這也是考生常犯的毛病。如：The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth. 剖析：The fresh water 與逗號后的it不連貫。It與things在數(shù)方面不一致。改為：Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.（十一）中式英語有時學生作文中句式的錯誤是因為受到了中式思維及漢語表達習慣的影響，這一點應引起考生的重視。以下是五種常見的由于中式思維而導致的病句：1“There be”結構考生病句：a. There

25、are many people like to go to the movies.b. There are different kinds of vegetables can be bought on the market by people.正確表達：a. There are many people who like to go to the movies.b. There are different kinds of vegetables that people can buy on the market.這兩個例句的錯誤較有普遍性，因為在歷次考試中有不少考生不能正確運用there be這

26、一最常用的句式。在這種結構中，there是引導詞，沒有實際意義。be在句中作謂語，有時態(tài)和數(shù)的變化。例如：a. There was no school in the village at that time. (=there was not a school.)注意：在否定句中，否定詞用no，也可用not a或not any。not a后接單數(shù)名詞，not any 后接復數(shù)名詞，no后面的名詞單復數(shù)都可以。b. There is not a moment to be lost.c. There are many people rushing into the cities every year

27、.d. There are many things we can do to prevent traffic accidents.e. There is no use holding back the wheel of history.從以上例句還可看出，句中的主語后面可接多種修飾語，如介詞短語、不定式短語、定語從句、分詞短語等等。這無疑使該結構增加了表現(xiàn)力，使句子表達內容更加豐富。在運用這一結構時，考生最容易犯的錯誤是在there be之后又用了一個動詞作謂語，使句子結構出現(xiàn)嚴重錯誤。2比較結構考生病句：The climate in Beijing is colder than other

28、cities.正確表達：The climate in Beijing is colder than that of other cities.在上例中，考生誤將“天氣”與“城市”進行比較，而二者沒有可比性，只有將后者改為“其他城市的天氣”才符合邏輯。很顯然，考生的錯誤是受了漢語表達習慣的影響。比較結構是常用結構，正確地使用這一結構可以使文章的句式增加變化，有利于提高寫作成績。下面是比較結構的一些常用的表達方法。同級比較a. In 1998 we produced as many cars as we did in the previous five years.b. We have accom

29、plished as much in the past three years as would have taken ten years in the past.比較級a. Children now enjoy better medical treatment than before.b. We can live longer without food than we can (live) without water. 最高級a. This is the most interesting book I've ever read.b. Of all his novels I like

30、this one best.the morethe more結構a. The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.b. The more a man knows, the more he discovers his ignorance.選擇比較a. I prefer staying at home to going out.b. They prefer to work rather than (to) sit idly.c. He prefers to work alone.對比a. Motion is absolute wh

31、ile stagnation is relative.b. He is tired out, whereas she is full of vigor.3表達原因的結構考生病句：a. The real reason to our failure is not far to seek.b. The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.正確表達：a. The real reason for our failure is not far to seek.b.

32、The reason for this is that some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.評議與分析：第一個句子屬搭配錯誤。英語習慣reason應接介詞for；第二句犯了一個中國學生常犯的錯誤，就是用because引起表語從句，但是按照英語習慣，because這個詞不能引起表語從句，在本句中只能改用that才正確。掌握好表達原因的結構是十分重要的，幾乎所有的寫作試題都要求寫原因或可以寫原因。在英語專業(yè)四級考試、甚至研究生入學英語考試以及TOEFL考試中，寫作的文體有很多是議論文，而議論文的基本模式是擺事實

33、、講道理，講道理就是說明原因。這種寫作文體決定了表達原因結構的重要性。英語中用來表達原因這一概念的結構有多種。我們可用as , because, since, seeing that, considering that, now that, not that.等詞組引出表示原因的從句。例如：a. Now that we have seen these great achievements with our own eyes, we feel more proud than ever of our country.b. Professor Liu is strict with us becaus

34、e he wants us to make rapid progress.c. Since we live near the sea, we enjoy a healthy climate.d. Pollution is still a serious problem, not that we don't have the ability to solve it, but that some people have not realized the consequences of the problem.另外，還可以借助某些詞語用簡單句表達原因結構。例如：a. The reason f

35、or this change is quite obvious.b. Diligence is the key factor of success.c. Idleness is the root of all evils.d. He was ashamed to have made the mistake. (=He was ashamed that he had made the mistake. =He was ashamed because he had made the mistake.)除了上述的例句外，英語中還有很多或易或難的表達原因的結構。我們在進行寫作訓練的時候，不能滿足于一知

36、半解，要講究書面語言的正確性和準確性。比如，because是最常用的引導原因從句的連詞，語氣最強，表示直接的原因，若because置于句首，后面的主句不能再用so。用as引導的原因從句語氣較弱，所說明的原因是附帶的，而since表示的原因暗示著是稍加分析之后才能推斷出來的原因。4否定結構考生病句a. Some people think we needn't to worry about fresh water.b. Nowadays many people don't like to go to the movies, too.正確表達：a. Some people think

37、 we needn't worry (或don't need to worry) about fresh water.b. Nowadays many people don't like to go to the movies, either.評議與分析：例句1的錯誤在于混淆了need作為情態(tài)動詞和作為普通動詞的用法。need作為情態(tài)動詞時，主要用于否定句，后面的動詞不帶to, needn't worry，作we的謂語。need作為實意動詞時，可用于肯定句、否定句和疑問句，don't need to worry 中的to worry作don't

38、need的賓語。例句2的錯誤在于混淆了too和either的區(qū)別，這兩個詞都表示"也"的意思，但是在英語中too, also只能用于肯定句，而either只能用于否定句。否定結構除了在助動詞、情態(tài)動詞、be和have后面加not之外，還有許多不含not的否定結構。若能正確使用他們，文章會顯得生動活潑，增加寫作的閃光點。下面我們就來看看：1）含有否定意義的詞匯和短語以下列舉的詞和詞組本身就具有否定的含義，因此無需用否定詞。介詞against, beyond, but, except, without形容詞和動詞absent, deny, differ, different,

39、fail, free, ignore, miss, refuse, the last, used to, reluctant, lack, want短語keep from, protectfrom, preventfrom, let alone, at a loss, in vain, instead of, out of the question, rather than, tooto, by no means, anything but下面看以下例句：a. Women fail to get the equal rights in some countries.在一些國家里婦女沒有得到平等

40、的權利。b. This is by no means the best way to solve the problem of energy crisis.這不是解決能源危機的最好辦法。c. We should protect trees from being destroyed.我們應保護樹木，不讓它們遭到破壞。d. In old China we could not make a nail, let alone (make) machines.在舊中國，我們連一個釘子都造不了，更不用說制造機器了。2）含有半否定意義的詞語barely, hardly, few, little, rarely

41、, scarcely, seldom, not all, not everyone, not everything具有半否定的意義。例句：a. We could hardly see any fresh vegetables in winter on market several years ago.幾年前在冬天市場上很難見到新鮮蔬菜。b. These young people know little about how to choose good books to read.這些年輕人幾乎不知道如何挑選優(yōu)秀的書籍來讀。3）不含否定意義的否定結構 有些詞和詞組形式上是否定結構，但其含義是肯定的，比如：cannot but, can't help, no sooner.than, not.until, in no time