轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)的評估以及研究1.0

1、 轉(zhuǎn)基因研究的現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)基因作物 是 當(dāng) 今 世 界 各 國 現(xiàn) 代 生 物 技 術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)研究的熱點(diǎn)，中國 的轉(zhuǎn)基因生物技術(shù)發(fā)展 一、我國轉(zhuǎn)基因作物的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀 迅速，由于科學(xué)界對轉(zhuǎn) 基 因 作 物 對 人 類 及 生 態(tài) 環(huán) 世界上最早的轉(zhuǎn)基因作物誕生于 年，是一 境利與弊的爭論， 措 政府應(yīng)制 定 相 應(yīng) 的 政 策 、 施 對 到 種含有抗生素藥類抗體的煙草。 世紀(jì) 年代， 其進(jìn)行安全管理。本文 論 述 了 轉(zhuǎn) 基 因 作 物 在 國 際 農(nóng)業(yè)生物技術(shù)已逐漸成為各國現(xiàn)代生物技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)研 國內(nèi)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀，分析 了 轉(zhuǎn) 基 因 作 物 對 人 類 及 生 態(tài)環(huán)境的利與弊以及關(guān) 于 我 國 轉(zhuǎn) 基

2、 因 作 物 安 全 管 究的熱點(diǎn)。The first study of transgenic crops dates back to late 80s. In 1983 the first transgenic tobacco was issued in the U.S. Ever since then transgenic technology starts to blend into our daily life. Whats more it has been the most popular research targets among biotechnology these year

3、s. It is developing at an amazing speed due to the beneficial outcomes. Transgenic technology is and has always been a tool to modify substances for the sake of our interests: Genetically modified food possesses characters that has never been imagined before, we equipped crops with better surviving

4、ability, richer nutrition to tackle the every increasing population as well as agricultural problems. The essay evaluates the current status, weighs pros and cons and highlights safety protocols of transgenic technology in China, 轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)的應(yīng)用 the application of transgenic technology1在畜牧獸醫(yī)中的應(yīng)用1. in anima

5、ls (especially livestock)應(yīng)用于動(dòng)物抗病育種轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)可以用于動(dòng)物抗病育種，通過克隆特定基因組中的某些編碼片段，對之加以一定形式的修飾以后轉(zhuǎn)入畜禽基因組，如果轉(zhuǎn)基因在宿主基因組能得以表達(dá)，那么畜禽對該種病毒的感染應(yīng)具有一定的抵抗能力，或者應(yīng)能夠減輕該種病毒侵染時(shí)對機(jī)體帶來的危害。（其用于遺傳育種，不僅可以加速改良的進(jìn)程，使選擇的效率提高，改良的機(jī)會(huì)增多，并且不會(huì)受到有性繁殖的限制。）例如Clements等將綿羊髓鞘脫落病毒的表殼蛋白基因轉(zhuǎn)入綿羊，獲得的轉(zhuǎn)基因動(dòng)物抗病力明顯提高；丘才良把一種寒帶比目魚抗凍基因成功地轉(zhuǎn)移到大西洋鮭中，為提高某些魚類的抗寒能力做了積極的嘗試。

6、Transgenic technology can be exploited to “create” immune livestock. By extracting several specific gene segments, we transfer a set of ideal character into the chromosome of the animals after the gene segments are cloned and modified. If the transferring process succeed, the ideal characters will b

7、e expressed: livestock that is immune or impair possible harm to a certain virus/disease. (If the same method is used to the production of animals, we can accelerate the “evolution” process, provid more chances of modifying and selecting. To put it simply, better offspring will be produced in such a

8、 way that is much more sufficient than ever before) Clements has partly immune the sheep when he transferred the gene expressing the shell protein of a virus, the sheep therefore suffers less or even no longer suffers from this kind of virus. Also we have seen efforts in switching the gene of a fish

9、 living in the cold zone to the one that lives in Atlantic to strengthen its ability to survive in cooler situation. 2在醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用2.In medical science用于生產(chǎn)藥用蛋白用轉(zhuǎn)基因動(dòng)物的乳腺生產(chǎn)重組蛋白（乳腺生物反應(yīng)器）可能是轉(zhuǎn)基因動(dòng)物的最大應(yīng)用，這也是世界范圍內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)基因研究的熱點(diǎn)之一。Swamdom（1992）用-球蛋白的4個(gè)核酸酶I的高敏位點(diǎn)與人的兩個(gè)基因相連，融合基因產(chǎn)生的轉(zhuǎn)基因豬與鼠的原型相似。目前，把轉(zhuǎn)基因動(dòng)物當(dāng)作生物反應(yīng)器來生產(chǎn)藥用蛋白已經(jīng)受到國際

10、社會(huì)的極大關(guān)注，不僅各國政府投資，一些私人集團(tuán)也不惜投入大量資金加以研究和開發(fā)。Proteins that is of medical use can be produced by the breasts of transgenic animals (mammary gland bioreactor), which is currently the biggest application of the technology. The production of recombinant proteins in milk of transgenic farm animals offers a sa

11、fe, very cost-effective source of commercially proteins that cannot be produced as efficiently in adequate quantities by other methods. It has currently catch the attention of international communities. Not only do the governments spare no efforts on investing it, but also a considerable sum of pers

12、onal group are investing in its research as well as exploitation. 3轉(zhuǎn)基因的應(yīng)用存在的問題及展望3.the potential problem in application and positive outlook （1）轉(zhuǎn)基因表達(dá)水平低，許多轉(zhuǎn)基因的表達(dá)強(qiáng)烈地位受著其宿主染色體上整合位點(diǎn)的影響，往往出現(xiàn)異位表達(dá)和個(gè)體發(fā)育不適宜階段表達(dá)，影響轉(zhuǎn)基因表達(dá)能力或基因表達(dá)的組織特異性，從而使大部分轉(zhuǎn)基因表達(dá)水平極低，極少部分基因表達(dá)水平過高。(1)low expressiveness: many genes that transfer

13、red in the process are heavily restrained by the integrating points in the targeted chromosome. It is often the case when different symptoms are expressed or expressed in the wrong time of the life span on the animals. It indeed has impacts on animals ability to express certain genes or disturbs the

14、 specialized function in different tissues. As a possible result, some genes are rarely expressed while others are expressed too much. （2）難以控制轉(zhuǎn)基因在宿主基因組中的行為，轉(zhuǎn)基因隨機(jī)整合于動(dòng)物的基因組中，可能會(huì)引起宿生細(xì)胞染色體的插入突變，還會(huì)造成插入位點(diǎn)的基因片段丟失，插入位點(diǎn)周圍序列的倍增及基因的轉(zhuǎn)移，也可能激活正常狀態(tài)下處于關(guān)閉狀態(tài)的基因。(2)Uncontrollability: it is rather demanding to restrain

15、 the action of the transferred genes in a new host. There are occasions when chromosomal aberration occurs within the tissue of the host, which includes the loss/multiply/transference of certain gene segment near the insertion point. Chances are that several shut genes will be activated. （3）不了解哪些基因控

16、制多數(shù)生理過程，不了解基因表達(dá)的發(fā)育控制和組織特異性控制的機(jī)制。(3) we are not clear enough about the importance of certain genes, as mostly a set of gene is in control of several physiological process. How it controls and in which way it differs is still blur to us. （4）制作轉(zhuǎn)基因動(dòng)物的效率低，這是目前幾乎所有從事轉(zhuǎn)基因動(dòng)物研究的實(shí)驗(yàn)室都面臨的問題，也是制約著這項(xiàng)技術(shù)廣泛應(yīng)用的關(guān)鍵。(4)

17、low productivity: notice this inefficiency is different from the one mentioned above. The process of “creating” transgenic animals can be a time consuming. Unfortunately, this is an unavoidable obstacles faced by all transgenic research labs and the key restraints for the broad implication of this t

18、echnology. （5）對傳統(tǒng)倫理是一種挑戰(zhàn)，對人類的生存有一定的負(fù)面作用等。(5) Challenge to the traditional moral principles, it also has some negative effective on the survival of human beings. 當(dāng)然，我們不能因?yàn)檫@些缺點(diǎn)的存在就否定轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)的研究價(jià)值。因?yàn)樗鳛橐环N新興的生物技術(shù)，配合其他相關(guān)的生物技術(shù)將具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。隨著這一技術(shù)日趨成熟，許多問題有望逐步得到解決。Of course we cant just say no to transgenic tech

19、nology simply because the existence of those flaws and devaluate its research potential. As a burgeoning biotechnology, once applied together with other biotech, it will enjoy wild application prospects. Fortunately, as the technology goes even further matured, most of the problems listed above can

20、be gradually solved. 二、轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)的影響The impacts of transgenic technology 1有利的影響 ：獲得高產(chǎn)、穩(wěn)產(chǎn)和具有優(yōu)良品質(zhì)的農(nóng)作物，培養(yǎng)出具有各種抗逆性的作物新品種1.Positive effects: High production per square meter of crops with stabled selected quality. More and more anti-adversity crops will be invented.2不利的影響：尚無人可以證明，但有人懷疑可能會(huì)對人體有害2.negative effec

21、ts: No one yet can fully prove the toxicity of GMOs but there are wildly spread doubts about its safety.科學(xué)家利用魚能抗寒的特點(diǎn)，將魚的基因注入到西紅柿、草莓的基因中，用魚的基因幫助普通植物來抵御寒冷；科學(xué)家也可以將生長在沙漠少雨地帶的動(dòng)植物的基因轉(zhuǎn)移到某些不耐干旱的農(nóng)作物中，使其在遭受旱災(zāi)的情況下仍能夠正常地收獲；科學(xué)家還可以通過基因轉(zhuǎn)移創(chuàng)造出抗病蟲害的農(nóng)作物，而無須使用傳統(tǒng)的化學(xué)殺蟲劑，使作物的種植更經(jīng)濟(jì)，更容易或者使轉(zhuǎn)基因食品比傳統(tǒng)的食物含有更高的營養(yǎng)成分。最近，科學(xué)家還通過生物基因技

22、術(shù)，抗禽流感病毒的家禽、魚類已經(jīng)問世。這就是人們常說的轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)業(yè)生物科技的形象生動(dòng)的例子。 Scientist can exploit the cold-resistant traits of fish, where they insert that piece of gene into the genes of tomatoes, strawberry to enable them to fight against cold conditions. Scientists can also transfer the gene of crops living in the desert to t

23、he one that is less drought resistant, in that way even if the GM crop suffers from drought, famers can still harvest something. whats more, scientists can even invent bug-resistant crops to save the use of traditional pesticides, which in return makes the plantation more economical. It is even easi

24、er to make transgenic crops more nutritious than plain crops. Recently scientists have also issued virus-immuned livestock/fishes. All of the applications mentioned above are the vivid exemplifications of transgenic technology. 三、轉(zhuǎn)基因食品In Food所謂轉(zhuǎn)基因食品，就是利用生物技術(shù)，將某些生物的基因轉(zhuǎn)移到其他物種中去，改造生物的遺傳物質(zhì)，使其在性狀、營養(yǎng)品質(zhì)、消費(fèi)

25、品質(zhì)等方面向人類所需要的目標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)變，以轉(zhuǎn)基因生物為直接食品或?yàn)樵霞庸どa(chǎn)的食品就是轉(zhuǎn)基因食品。 Genetically modified food(GMF) is the product of biotechnology where genes switch among different species and modification is made to the character of certain food. We can lead the transformation of traits, nutritional quality to the benefit of human b

26、eings. Any food that is directly or indirectly made from transgenic animals/plants can be called GMF. 世界上第一種基因移植作物是一種含有抗生素藥類抗體的煙草。它在1983年培植出來，直到10年以后，第一種市場化的基因食物才在美國出現(xiàn)，那是一種可以延遲成熟的西紅柿。1996年，由這種西紅柿食品制造的西紅柿餅才得以允許在超市出售。 迄今為止，轉(zhuǎn)基因牛羊、轉(zhuǎn)基因魚蝦、轉(zhuǎn)基因糧食、轉(zhuǎn)基因蔬菜和轉(zhuǎn)基因水果在國內(nèi)外均已培育成功并已投入食品市場。國家農(nóng)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)基因生物安全委員會(huì)委員、中國農(nóng)科院植保所彭于發(fā)研究員

27、介紹，全球的轉(zhuǎn)基因作物在問世后的7年中整整增加了40倍，轉(zhuǎn)基因生物以植物、動(dòng)物和微生物為多，其中植物是最普遍的。從1983年研究成功后，轉(zhuǎn)基因作物從1996年的170萬公頃直接增長至2003年的6770萬公頃，有5大洲18個(gè)國家的700萬戶農(nóng)戶種植，其中轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆已占全部大豆種植的55%，玉米占11%，棉花占21%，油菜占16%，這些作物的國際貿(mào)易出口額也在增加。 美國是轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)采用最多的國家。自20世紀(jì)90年代初將基因改制技術(shù)實(shí)際投入農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域以來，目前美國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的年產(chǎn)量中55%的大豆、45%棉花和40%的玉米已逐步轉(zhuǎn)化為通過基因改制方式生產(chǎn)。目前，大約有20多種轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物的種子已經(jīng)獲

28、準(zhǔn)在美國播種，包括玉米、大豆、油菜、土豆、和棉花。據(jù)估計(jì)，從1999年到2004年，美國基因工程農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品的市場規(guī)模將從40億美元擴(kuò)大到200億美元，到2019年將達(dá)到750億美元。有專家預(yù)計(jì)：21世紀(jì)初，很可能美國的每一種食品中都含有一定量基因工程的成分。其它還有阿根廷、加拿大也是轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)發(fā)展迅速的國家。 我國已經(jīng)開展了棉花、水稻、小麥、玉米和大豆等方面的轉(zhuǎn)基因研究，目前已經(jīng)取得了很多研究成果，尤其是在轉(zhuǎn)基因棉花研究方面成績突出。然而，真正進(jìn)行大規(guī)模商業(yè)化的品種卻并不很多。真正規(guī)模種植的只有抗病毒甜椒和延遲成熟西紅柿、抗病毒煙草、抗蟲棉等6個(gè)品種。有專家認(rèn)為，我國同樣也存在著大量的轉(zhuǎn)

29、基因食品，市場調(diào)查顯示，在我國市場上70%的含有大豆成分的食物中都有轉(zhuǎn)基因成分，像豆油、磷脂、醬油、膨化食品等等，所以很多公眾其實(shí)是在不知不覺中和轉(zhuǎn)基因食品有了聯(lián)系。另外我國一些進(jìn)口食品中含有轉(zhuǎn)基因成分。在我國流行的快餐食品店麥當(dāng)勞和肯德基的食品中，轉(zhuǎn)基因的含量也都很高。 China has already studied transgenic cotton, rice, wheat and maize and gained considerable amount of research result. Particularly in transgenic cotton. However, t

30、here are few breeds that has been commercialized at large scale. In fact, only six breeds have been broadly planted: anti-virus pepper, late-mature tomato, antivirus tobacco and bt-cotton. According to some experts, there are also large amount of transgenic food on the market. Public research has sh

31、own that 70% of the food made from soybean has transgenic elements. For example: soybean oil, phosphatide, soy sauce, puffed food and so on. We are connected with transgenic food somehow without realizing it. In addition, some imported food contains transgenic ingredients too. Even in the popular fa

32、st food restaurants like MacDonald and KFC, transgenic ingrediants takes considerable toll of the food that are sold. 生命科學(xué)產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展是近20年的事，由于其孕育著巨大的希望而越來越受到人們的關(guān)注。有人曾形象地將生物技術(shù)喻為新世紀(jì)里美國的第二個(gè)硅谷。The development of life science started nearly 20 years ago, and as it embodies huge potential, it grabs more and mo

33、re attention. Some even vividly call biotechnology as the second Silicon Valley in America.四、轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)的發(fā)展近十余年來，現(xiàn)代生物技術(shù)的發(fā)展在農(nóng)業(yè)上顯示出強(qiáng)大的潛力，并逐步發(fā)展成為能夠產(chǎn)生巨大社會(huì)效益和經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的產(chǎn)業(yè)。1999年，全世界有12個(gè)國家種植了轉(zhuǎn)基因植物，面積已達(dá)3990萬公頃。其中美國是種植大戶，占全球種植面積的72%。世界很多國家紛紛將現(xiàn)代生物技術(shù)列為國家優(yōu)先發(fā)展的重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域，投入大量的人力、物力和財(cái)力扶持生物技術(shù)的發(fā)展。但是，轉(zhuǎn)基因食品在世界各個(gè)國家和地區(qū)之間的發(fā)展是不均衡的。 比如說，美

34、國人對生物技術(shù)有著更深層次的體驗(yàn)。轉(zhuǎn)基因食品在美國沒有受到更多的排斥，而是走上了尋常百姓的餐桌。近年來，美國的轉(zhuǎn)基因作物品種越來越多，種植面積逐年增加。美國轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米的播種面積從1996年的16萬公頃增加到1997年的120萬公頃，2000年栽種的面積達(dá)到1030萬公頃，大約占美國玉米種植面積的一半。轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆也已用于制作數(shù)百種食品，其中包括食物油、糖果和人造黃油。中國有13億人口，占世界總?cè)丝诘?2%，這意味著中國將以占世界可耕地面積的7%養(yǎng)活世界22%的人口。城市化發(fā)展使農(nóng)業(yè)耕地不斷減少，而人口又持續(xù)增加，對工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)有更高的需求，對環(huán)境將產(chǎn)生更大的壓力。為此，從20世紀(jì)80年代初，中國已將現(xiàn)代生物技術(shù)納入其科技發(fā)展計(jì)劃，過去20多年的研究已經(jīng)結(jié)出了豐碩的果實(shí)。目前，抗蟲棉等五項(xiàng)轉(zhuǎn)基因作物早已被批準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行商品化生產(chǎn)，轉(zhuǎn)Bt殺蟲蛋白基因的抗蟲棉1998年的種植面積為1.2萬公頃。資料顯示，到2000