第一講名詞和冠詞

1、第一講：名詞和冠詞一、高考考查內(nèi)容定位名詞在高考中占有重要地位，從2013年和2014年高考中可以看出，各省市試卷幾乎都涉及到對名詞的考查。涉及的內(nèi)容主要有：抽象名詞具體化、名詞的可數(shù)與不可數(shù)問題、名詞作定語、名詞所有格、名詞詞義辨析以及常見名詞的固定搭配等。冠詞也是高考英語的?？键c，主要考查考生對冠詞的基本用法的理解和掌握情況，冠詞包括定冠詞、不定冠詞和零冠詞。此外，還涉及很多冠詞與名詞共同考查的問題。冠詞與名詞有三種表現(xiàn)形式：即定冠詞與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞可表示類指；不定冠詞與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞也可表示類指；零冠詞與可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)表示類指?！局R網(wǎng)絡(luò)】一、名詞（一）、名詞的種類：1、專有名詞：1）Chi

2、na, Japan, Beijing, London, Tom, Jack（不加冠詞）2）the Great Wall, the Yellow River, the Peoples Republic of China, the United States等。（由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞，要加定冠詞。）2、普通名詞：1）不可數(shù)名詞注意：不可數(shù)名詞前一般不加冠詞，尤不加不定冠詞：若加a(an)則使之具體化了。如：have a wonderful time.不可數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。不可數(shù)名詞一般無復(fù)數(shù)形式。部分物質(zhì)名詞在表不同類別時，可用復(fù)數(shù)形式如：fishes, newspap

3、ers, waters, snows | | | |各種各樣的魚 各種報紙 河湖、海水 積雪有些抽象名詞也常用復(fù)數(shù)，變?yōu)榭蓴?shù)的具體的事物。如：times時代，works著作，difficulties困難在表數(shù)量時，常用“of”詞組來表示。如：a glass of milk, a cup of tea, two pieces of paper.2）可數(shù)名詞：可數(shù)名詞除用復(fù)數(shù)形式表一類之外，一般都要加冠詞：A bird can fly .The frog is a kind of hibernating animal. Vegetables sold at this shop are usuall

4、y fresh.有復(fù)數(shù)形式：a）規(guī)則變化加“s”或“es”（與初中同，略）b）不規(guī)則變化child (children), foot (feet), tooth (teeth), man (men), woman (women), mouse (mice), goose (geese), Englishman (Englishmen), phenomenon(phenomena)注意：c）單、復(fù)數(shù)同形：sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese, fish（同一種魚）如，a sheep, two sheepd）只用復(fù)數(shù)形式： thanks, trousers, go

5、ods, clothes, socks, shoes,e）形復(fù)實單：physics, politics, maths, news, plastics（塑料），means.f）形單實復(fù)：people (人民，人們），the police, cattle等g）集合名詞如：family, public, group, class等。當(dāng)作為整體時，為單數(shù)；當(dāng)作為整體中的各個成員時，為復(fù)數(shù)如：My family is a big one. My family are music lovers.h）復(fù)合名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時，a）只把復(fù)合名詞中的主體各詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式。如：sister(s)-in-law嫂子，弟妹；

6、step-son (s)繼子；editor (s) -in-chief總編輯。b）如沒有主體名詞則在最后一個詞的后面加“s”。如：grown-up(s)成年人，go-between(s)中間人c）woman, man作定語時，要與被修飾的名詞的數(shù)一致。如：a man servantmen servants, a woman doctorwomen doctors二、冠詞（一）、不定冠詞的用法1.表示one, the same, everyThey are of an age.I earn 10 dollars an hour as a salesman.2.用在物質(zhì)、抽象名詞前，表示“一種、一

7、類、一份、一場、一陣”Thats a green tea. They were caught in a heavy rain.It is a great pleasure to have a talk with you.3.用于某人姓名前，表示“某個名叫的人”；用于星期中的某一天的名稱前，表示“某星期幾” He died on a Sunday.A Mr. Smith is waiting for you outside.4.不定冠詞的特殊位置：What/such/rather a(an) +(adj.)+單數(shù)名詞So/as/too/how/however + adj.+ a/an單數(shù)名詞Ma

8、ny a(an) +單數(shù)名詞 許多Not a(an) +單數(shù)名詞 不止一個Half a(an) +單數(shù)名詞What a clever boy he is!=How clever a boy he is! Many a young man wants to learn English.He is quite a good player. It is rather a cold day.However clever a boy he is, he is to follow the teachers instructions.5.用在某些固定詞組中：Have a swim/talk/walk/dan

9、ce/look/quarrel, have a cold, have a good time, keep a diary, in a hurry, once in a while, at a loss, for a while, once upon a time, all of a sudden, tell a lie, do sb. a favor, at a mouthful, at a distance, as a matter of fact（二）、.定冠詞的用法1. 專有名詞The Englishmen the English The Frenchmen the FrenchThe

10、Englishmen in the dining-room are having supper now.The Englishmen/English use a knife and fork in their meals.2. 固定習(xí)慣用語The Greens are at table. The Chens will move to Nanjing.The Tang Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period, in the 1870sHe plays the violin but gives lessons on the piano. I have hired

11、 the car by the hour.The windows face to the south. On the left/rightIn the daytime the other day=a few days agoHit sb. in the face Wound sb. in the legthe first, the tallest, the taller of the two boys Who invented the telephone? The rich, the woundedthe blind the rich the wounded the new the unkno

12、wn the learned the dying In the morning, in the end, in the least, in the distance, in the way, on the whole大體上, on the other hand, at the same time, at the moment, in the 1980s, go to the cinema/theatre, go to the doctors, for the time being, on the radio/phone.（三）、零冠詞的用法1、一日三餐、一年四季、節(jié)假日Spring comes

13、 after winter. They came to Beijing in the winter of 2004.We have few classes on Saturday. This happened on a Sunday toward the end of June.He likes playing basketball. He studies biology at university. Comrade Li was chairman of the meeting.2.系動詞turn（變成）后的單數(shù)名詞作表語用零冠詞His brother has turned writer. 3

14、.用在“表示類型的名詞+of”這一結(jié)構(gòu)后的單數(shù)名詞用零冠詞。The warmth of the sweater will of course be determined by the sort of wool used.4.“零冠詞+單數(shù)名詞+as/though +主語+謂語，+主句”意味“雖然/盡管，但是”。Hero as he is, he has some shortcomings.5.在獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的某一形式中The teacher came in, book in hand.6.固定短語day and night, pen and ink, husband and wife, fa

15、ther and son, sun and moon, master and servant, face to face, hand in hand, side by side, shoulder to shoulder, neck and neck, step by step, from top to bottom, in case of fire, from morning till night, from beginning to end, at noon/ dawn/ daybreak/ dusk/ night/ midnight, to/at/from work, catch fir

16、e, catch sight of, come to light, come to power, give birth to, watch TV/ on TV, every few days, on second thoughts, come/ rank/ come out first, take office.（四）、冠詞?？家谆禳c1.the world, a peaceful world ,the moon, a bright moon -Have you had supper?-We had a wonderful supper.He starts his day by playing

17、the violin.He is playing a borrowed violin.This book is too expensive for me. I want to look at a cheaper one.It is a most useful book.2.Can you give me a second chance, please?He got a first prize in mathematics.We played two draws the other day, but when I tried a third time, I was beaten.3.由動詞轉(zhuǎn)化來

18、的抽象名詞，有定語修飾時與不定冠詞連用A knowledge of English, a wide knowledge of trade and musicAn understanding of, a collection of experience 經(jīng)歷 ；經(jīng)驗success 成功的人或事；成功exercise 練習(xí)，習(xí)題，體操； 鍛煉，運動4.牢記純不可數(shù)名詞。Information, fun, weather, progress, advice, news, space, word (news)。2、 高考考查內(nèi)容揭密（一）抽象名詞的具體化與冠詞1.抽象名詞具體或特定時，前面應(yīng)有不定冠詞

19、。（1）表示某種特性、狀態(tài)、行為的具體表現(xiàn)，常用a/an+抽象名詞；a/an+adj.+抽象名詞的形式表示具體行為、一個方面。如：A pity/pleasure/surprise/success/failure/shame/an honor等；A bright future, a strong character, a great help, a length of one metre ,a waste of time,等。（2）狀態(tài)、思維行為的一次、一種、一類、一頓，常與have/take/get等詞搭配。如：take a look/have a sleep/have a life/die

20、a death/get a high opinion/make an apology/take a great interest等。經(jīng)典考題It is often said that _teachers have _very easy life. (2005·北京卷)A. 不填；不填         B. 不填；a    C. the；不填         D. the ；a（3）表示具有某種特性

21、、狀態(tài)、特點、情感、情緒的人和事等。She is a success in cause but a failure in marriage.2.抽象名詞有前置或后置修飾語時，前面用不定冠詞，使之具體化。如：A happy life, a good education in that university, a wide knowledge of nature 等。注意：抽象名詞表示泛指時一般不與冠詞連用。如：what fun, fine weather, common knowledge, foreign trade。但如受of 短語修飾或在上下文中給予限定特指時，則在名詞前加the經(jīng)典考題

22、If you grow up in _large family ,you are more likely to develop_ ability to get on well with_ others.A./;an ; the              B. a ;the ;  / C. the ;an ;the           D. a ;the ;t

23、he （二）冠詞有無意義不同有無冠詞含義有別，這種現(xiàn)象常常是一些固定搭配，學(xué)習(xí)時可通過對比記憶。如：out of question 毫無疑問的/out of the question 不可能的；take place 發(fā)生/take the place(of) 代替；two of them 他們中的兩個/the  two of them 他們兩個；by day 在白天/by the day 按天計算；on earth 究竟/on the earth 在地球上等。 經(jīng)典考題 This book tells_ life story of John Smith, who

24、left_ school and worked for a newspaper at the age of 16.（遼寧卷)A. the ;the     B. a ;the     C. the ;不填     D. a ;不填（三）名詞的數(shù)和所有格名詞的數(shù)主要包括名詞的可數(shù)或不可數(shù)、可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)問題、名詞的類指以及名詞復(fù)數(shù)的使用。1.可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)（1）可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的基本變化：（2）不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，若計量時，通常使用“數(shù)詞或a/an/many+單位詞

25、+of +不可數(shù)名詞”。如：There are two pieces of work for you to do: to buy a bowl of rice and to make three cups of tea.有兩項工作給你做：去買一碗米飯，去沏三杯茶。經(jīng)典考題The head office of the bank is in Beijing, but is has _all over the country.（2005·遼寧卷）A. companies   B. branches   C. organizations &#

26、160;     D. businesses2.名詞所有格名詞所有格通?？煞譃槿N：(1).-s型所有格，主要用于生物名詞，也可用于表示時間、距離、國家、城市、團體、機構(gòu)等無生命名詞的所有格，如：todays newspaper; 如果已是復(fù)數(shù)形式結(jié)尾的名詞，則在其后加“ ”。(2).of 短語型所有格，主要用于無生命名詞的所屬關(guān)系，有時表示邏輯上的主謂、動賓、或同位關(guān)系。(3).of短語型與-s型并用的雙重所有格，即被修飾的名詞前如有一個表示數(shù)量的詞，如：a ,two, some, any, several, few, no, many, this,

27、that, these, those等（常不能用the ）修飾時，可用“of+所有格（或名詞性物主代詞）”，如：This is a picture of his grandfather.這是他爺爺?shù)囊粡堈掌?。只表示他爺爺?shù)囊粡堈掌?，并非雙重所有格而屬of短語型所有格。再如：This is a picture of his grandfathers(pictures).這是他爺爺照片中的一張。強調(diào)他爺爺照片中的其中一張，屬雙重所有格。經(jīng)典考題_car broke down on the way home, but luckily they knew how to fix it .A. Toms

28、and Jims  B. Toms and Jim    C. Tom and Jims     D. Tom and Jim 經(jīng)典考題 The railway station is _from our school.A. two hours drive     B. two hours drive   C. two hour drive     D. two hours drive （四）名詞作

29、定語經(jīng)典考題The _is just around the corner and you wont miss it. (2001·上海卷)A. bicycles shop        B. bicycle  shop   C. bicycles shop         D. bicycle shop  (五)集合名詞與謂語1.某些集體名詞，如：family, team, class, club, audience, committee, crowd, government, party, public, enemy, group, population, couple等作主語時，如果