2016年電大社會(huì)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)試卷A及答案解析資料參考

1、;.一、選擇題：2*10=20分1、要了解400個(gè)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)情況，則總體單位是( B ) 。 A 400個(gè)學(xué)生 B 每一個(gè)學(xué)生 C 400個(gè)學(xué)生的成績(jī) D 每一個(gè)學(xué)生的成績(jī)2、只與一個(gè)自由度有關(guān)的是（ A ）A 分布 B 超幾何分布 C 泊松分布 D F分布3、將總體按與研究有關(guān)的標(biāo)志進(jìn)行分組，然后再隨機(jī)地從各組中抽選單位組成樣本。這種抽樣方式叫（ B ）。A 簡(jiǎn)單隨機(jī)抽樣 B 類型抽樣 C 等距抽樣 D 整群抽樣。4、在方差分析中，自變量是（ A ）。A 定類變量 B 定序變量 C 定距變量 D 定比變量5、 某城市男性青年27歲結(jié)婚的人最多，該城市男性青年結(jié)婚平均年齡為26.2歲，則該城市

2、男性青年結(jié)婚的年齡分布為（B）。 A正偏 B負(fù)偏 C對(duì)稱 D不能作出結(jié)論6、分析統(tǒng)計(jì)資料，可能不存在的平均指標(biāo)是（ A ）。A 眾數(shù) B 算術(shù)平均數(shù) C 中位數(shù) D 幾何平均數(shù)7、在一個(gè)左偏的分布中，小于平均數(shù)的數(shù)據(jù)個(gè)數(shù)將（ C ）。A 超過一半 B 等于一半C 不到一半 D 視情況而定8、若P（A）0.2，（B）0.6，P（A/B）0.4，則（ D ）。A 0.8 B 0.08 C 0.12 D 0.24。9、關(guān)于學(xué)生t分布，下面哪種說法不正確（ B ）。A 要求隨機(jī)樣本 B 適用于任何形式的總體分布 C 可用于小樣本 D 可用樣本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差S代替總體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差10、對(duì)于大樣本雙側(cè)檢驗(yàn)，如果根據(jù)顯著

3、性水平查正態(tài)分布表得Z/2196，則當(dāng)零假設(shè)被否定時(shí)，犯第一類錯(cuò)誤的概率是( C )。A 20% B 10% C 5% D1% 二、判斷題：2*10=20分 1、所有的統(tǒng)計(jì)指標(biāo)都是變量。 （ 對(duì) ）2、統(tǒng)計(jì)所研究的對(duì)象就是社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)象的數(shù)量方面。 （錯(cuò) ）3、隨機(jī)變量在相同的條件下進(jìn)行觀測(cè)，其可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的值不止一個(gè)。 （對(duì) ）4、在社會(huì)現(xiàn)象中，即使相同的意識(shí)作用也完全可能有不確定的結(jié)果，這就提供了概率論應(yīng)用的可能性。 （ 對(duì) ）5、成功次數(shù)的期望值是決定泊松分布的關(guān)鍵因素。 （ 對(duì) ）6、進(jìn)行區(qū)間估計(jì)，置信水平總是預(yù)先給定的。 （ 對(duì) ）7、可以對(duì)置信水平作如下解釋：“總體參數(shù)落在置信區(qū)間的概率

4、是（1-）”。（錯(cuò) ）8、將收集到得的數(shù)據(jù)分組，組數(shù)越多，喪失的信息越多。 （錯(cuò) ） 9、N個(gè)變量值連乘積的平方根，即為幾何平均數(shù)。 （錯(cuò) ） 10、當(dāng)樣本容量n無限增大時(shí)，樣本均值與總體均值的絕對(duì)離差小于任意正數(shù)的概率趨于零。 （錯(cuò) ） 三、簡(jiǎn)答題：5*7=35分 1、大數(shù)規(guī)律大數(shù)規(guī)律是隨機(jī)現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)的基本規(guī)律，它的一般意義是：觀察過程中每次取得的結(jié)果可能不同（因?yàn)榫哂信既恍裕罅恐貜?fù)觀察結(jié)果的平均值卻幾乎接近某個(gè)確定的數(shù)值。2、配對(duì)樣本所謂配對(duì)樣本，指只有一個(gè)總體，雙樣本是由于樣本中的個(gè)體兩兩匹配成對(duì)而產(chǎn)生的。3、消減誤差比例變量間的相關(guān)程度，可以用不知Y與X有關(guān)系時(shí)預(yù)測(cè)Y的誤差，減去知

5、道Y與X有關(guān)系時(shí)預(yù)測(cè)Y的誤差，再將其化為比例來度量。將削減誤差比例記為PRE。4、同分對(duì)如果在X序列中，我們觀察到（此時(shí)Y序列中無），則這個(gè)配對(duì)僅是X方向而非Y方向的同分對(duì)；如果在Y序列中，我們觀察到（此時(shí)X序列中無），則這個(gè)配對(duì)僅是Y方向而非X方向的同分對(duì)；我們觀察到，也觀察到，則稱這個(gè)配對(duì)為X與Y同分對(duì)。5、什么是分層抽樣？ 分層抽樣也叫類型抽樣，就是先將總體按某種特征或?qū)傩苑秩舾深悇e或?qū)哟?，再按照一定比例在各個(gè)子類別或?qū)哟沃须S機(jī)抽取，最后將各抽取的單位合并成樣本。 6、簡(jiǎn)述回歸分析和相關(guān)分析之間的密切聯(lián)系。一般說來，只有當(dāng)兩個(gè)變量之間存在著較高程度的相關(guān)關(guān)系時(shí)，回歸分析才變得有意義和有價(jià)

6、值。相關(guān)程度越高，回歸預(yù)測(cè)越準(zhǔn)確。因此，往往先進(jìn)行相關(guān)分析，然后才選用有明顯相關(guān)關(guān)系的變量作回歸分析。與此同時(shí)，相關(guān)關(guān)系往往要通過回歸分析才能闡釋清楚，例如皮爾遜相關(guān)系數(shù)的PRE性質(zhì)。回歸分析具有推理的性質(zhì)，而相關(guān)分析從本質(zhì)上講只是對(duì)客觀事物的一種描述，知其然而不知其所以然。因而從分析層次上講，回歸分析更深刻一些。7、P 值決策與統(tǒng)計(jì)量的比較P 值是被稱為觀察到的(或?qū)崪y(cè)的)顯著性水平。用P值進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)比根據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)量檢驗(yàn)提供更多的信息統(tǒng)計(jì)量檢驗(yàn)是我們事先給出的一個(gè)顯著性水平，以此為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行決策，無法知道實(shí)際的顯著性水平究竟是多少四、計(jì)算分析題：15=分 1、一種以休閑和娛樂為主題的雜志，聲稱其讀者

7、群中有80%為女性。為驗(yàn)證這一說法是否屬實(shí)，某研究部門抽取了由100人組成的一個(gè)隨機(jī)樣本，發(fā)現(xiàn)有46個(gè)女性經(jīng)常閱讀該雜志。取顯著性水平 a=0.05，檢驗(yàn)該雜志讀者群中女性的比例是否為80%？H0 ：p = 80% H1 ：p 80% a = 0.05 n = 100檢驗(yàn)統(tǒng)計(jì)量:結(jié)論: 沒有證據(jù)表明“該雜志聲稱讀者群中有80%為女性”的看法正確 2、有四個(gè)品牌的彩電在五個(gè)地區(qū)銷售，為分析彩電的品牌(因素A)和銷售地區(qū)(因素B)對(duì)銷售量是否有影響，對(duì)每個(gè)品牌在各地區(qū)的銷售量取得以下數(shù)據(jù)，見下表。試結(jié)合Excel輸出的結(jié)果分析品牌和銷售地區(qū)對(duì)彩電的銷售量是否有顯著影響？ 不同品牌的彩電在各地區(qū)的銷

8、售量數(shù)據(jù) 品牌(因素A) 銷售地區(qū)( 因素B )B1B2B3B4B5A1A2A3A4365345358288 350368323280 343363353298 340330343260 323333308298 Excel輸出的結(jié)果如下：1、對(duì)因素A提出的假設(shè)為H0: m1=m2=m3=m4 (品牌對(duì)銷售量沒有影響)H1: mi (i =1,2, , 4) 不全相等 (品牌對(duì)銷售量有影響)2、對(duì)因素B提出的假設(shè)為H0: m1=m2=m3=m4=m5 (地區(qū)對(duì)銷售量沒有影響)H1: mj (j =1,2,5) 不全相等 (地區(qū)對(duì)銷售量有影響)結(jié)論： FA18.10777Fa3.4903，拒絕原

9、假設(shè)H0，說明彩電的品牌對(duì)銷售量有顯著影響FB2.100846 Fa3.2592，接受原假設(shè)H0，說明銷售地區(qū)對(duì)彩電的銷售量沒有顯著影響 已知：=0.10時(shí)，Z/2=1.65 =0.05時(shí)，Z/2=1.96 =0.01時(shí)，Z/2=2.58請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容，O(_)O謝謝！2016年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous sy

10、stems. It is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, th

11、e slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) betw

12、een the nerve terminal and the effector cell which the nerve activates. This may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and non-nerve cells. This process is

13、termed chemical neurotransmission and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as cholinergic. Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all

14、neuromuscular junctions. At this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the so-called motor end plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the m

15、otor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. This is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a command is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds; an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down

16、into choline and an acetate ion. The choline is then available for re-uptake into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. In the autonomic nervous system these include ner

17、ve-to-nerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on non-voluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells; in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (n

18、otably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nerve-to-nerve synapses. To understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand memb

19、rane receptors. In post-synaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. These are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. It is the complex

20、of receptor combined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. Two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. The type in skeletal muscle is known as nicotinic; in glands, smooth muscle, and the heart

21、 they are muscarinic; and there are some of each type in the brain. These terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom Amanita muscaria, mimics the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors. Acet

22、ylcholine is the neurotransmitter produced by neurons referred to as cholinergic neurons. In the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role in skeletal muscle movement, as well as in the regulation of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. In the central nervous system acetylcholine is believed

23、 to be involved in learning, memory, and mood. Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A through the action of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase and becomes packaged into membrane-boundvesicles. After the arrival of a nerve signal at the termination of an axon, the vesicles

24、fuse with the cell membrane, causing the release of acetylcholine into thesynaptic cleft. For the nerve signal to continue, acetylcholine must diffuse to another nearby neuron or muscle cell, where it will bind and activate areceptorprotein. There are two main types of cholinergic receptors, nicotin

25、ic and muscarinic. Nicotinic receptors are located at synapses between two neurons and at synapses between neurons and skeletal muscle cells. Upon activation a nicotinic receptor acts as a channel for the movement of ions into and out of the neuron, directly resulting indepolarizationof the neuron.

26、Muscarinic receptors, located at the synapses of nerves with smooth or cardiac muscle, trigger a chain of chemical events referred to as signal transduction. For a cholinergic neuron to receive another impulse, acetylcholine must be released from the receptor to which it has bound. This will only ha

27、ppen if the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is very low. Low synaptic concentrations of acetylcholine can be maintained via a hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. This enzyme hydrolyzes acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline. If acetylcholinester

28、ase activity is inhibited, the synaptic concentration of acetylcholine will remain higher than normal. If this inhibition is irreversible, as in the case of exposure to many nerve gases and some pesticides, sweating, bronchial constriction, convulsions, paralysis, and possibly death can occur. Altho

29、ugh irreversible inhibition is dangerous, beneficial effects may be derived from transient (reversible) inhibition. Drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase in a reversible manner have been shown to improve memory in some people with Alzheimers disease. abstract expressionism, movement of abstract pa

30、inting that emerged in New York City during the mid-1940s and attained singular prominence in American art in the following decade; also called action painting and the New York school. It was the first important school in American painting to declare its independence from European styles and to infl

31、uence the development of art abroad. Arshile Gorky first gave impetus to the movement. His paintings, derived at first from the art of Picasso, Mir, and surrealism, became more personally expressive. Jackson Pollocks turbulent yet elegant abstract paintings, which were created by spattering paint on

32、 huge canvases placed on the floor, brought abstract expressionism before a hostile public. Willem de Koonings first one-man show in 1948 established him as a highly influential artist. His intensely complicated abstract paintings of the 1940s were followed by images of Woman, grotesque versions of

33、buxom womanhood, which were virtually unparalleled in the sustained savagery of their execution. Painters such as Philip Guston and Franz Kline turned to the abstract late in the 1940s and soon developed strikingly original stylesthe former, lyrical and evocative, the latter, forceful and boldly dramatic. Other important artists involved with the movement included Hans Hofmann, Robert Motherwell, and Mark Rothko; among other major abstract expressionists were such painters as Clyfford Still, Theodoros Stamos, Adolph