英語詞匯學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)資料全

1、.word 可編輯 .英語詞匯學(xué) 復(fù)習(xí)資料Introduction English as a global1. Lexicology （詞匯學(xué) ） is a branch of linguistics （ 語言學(xué) ） .2. Lexicology 和哪些重要的學(xué)科建立了聯(lián)系1）Morphology （構(gòu)詞學(xué) ）2） Semantics （ 語義學(xué) ）3） Stylistics （語體學(xué) ） 4） Etymology （詞源學(xué) ）3. 研究 lexicology 的兩大方法1）Diachronic approach : 歷時語言學(xué)2）Synchronic approach : 共時語言學(xué)Chap

2、ter 1 Lexicology and basic concepts of words and vocabulary1. Word A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a givensound and meaning and syntactic function2. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them isarbitrary（任意的）and conventiona

3、l （約定的 ,俗稱的 ） .3. sound formThe sound should be similar to/consistent with the form ,but there are some illogical不合邏輯的 and irregularity 不規(guī)則的1）influenced by Romans2）Pronunciation changed3）early scribes （ 抄寫員 ）4）borrowing4. Vocabulary Not only can it refer to the total number of the words in a languag

4、e, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.5. Classification of Wordsbasic full/content 實(shí)義詞 native/Anglo-Saxon wordsfrequencynotionoriginnonbasic/vocabulary functional/empty 功能詞 borrowed /loan（1）The characteristics of basic word stock the foundation of the vocabular

5、y accumulated over centuries and forms theAll national charactercommon care of the language.Stability （ 穩(wěn)定性 ）Productivity （ 多產(chǎn)性 ）Polysemy （ 一詞多義 ）Collocability （ 可搭配性 ）neutral in style （中立性 ）（2）Two feature of native wordsfrequent in use據(jù)現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)家的統(tǒng)計(jì) ， 英語中目前所占本族詞的數(shù)量有多少 ? 50,000 to 60,000 他們的來源是 （Anglo_S

6、axon tongue ）（3）什么叫 borrowed words?1）words taken over from foreign languages are know as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms.2）It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary3）The English language has vast debts .In any dictionary

7、some 80% of the entries are borrowed.Chapter 2 The development of the English vocabulary1. Old English 屬于 Indo-European language family （ 印歐語系 ） Germanic （ 日耳曼語系 ）， 與德語最相似 .2. History1）Old English （ 450-1150 ）a. The first people known to inhabit（ 居住 ）England were Celts ， the language was Celtic （ 凱爾

8、特語 ）.b. The second language was theLatin （拉丁語 ）of the Roman Legions （羅馬軍隊(duì) ） .Roman invasion Anglo-Saxon三個事件The introduction of Christianity 拉丁文的涌入Viking invasion （北歐海盜 ）and Scandinavian 斯堪的納維亞語傳入2）Middle English （1150-1500 ）The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English 上層

9、人物13 世紀(jì)末 English gradually come back into public areas.在英語發(fā)展過程在哪個階段出現(xiàn)三語鼎立的現(xiàn)象 ？ French, Latin, English in Middle English periodeasel, port, freight, 出現(xiàn)于英語發(fā)展的哪個階段 ，屬于哪一種外來詞的引入 ？ Middle English , Dutch （帶來了 2500 個詞匯 ）3）Modern English （ 1500-up to now ）The Renaissance （ 文藝復(fù)興 ） : Latin and Greek were rec

10、ognized as the languages of the Western worldheritage （ 文化遺產(chǎn) ） .The Industrial Revolution （工業(yè)革命 ）: 17 世紀(jì)中期 With the growth of colonization（殖民化）, British tentacles （魔爪）began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe， thus enabling English to absorb（吸收）words from all majorlanguages of the world

11、.十六世 紀(jì)，有一種新工業(yè) Printing 出現(xiàn)對詞匯的 發(fā)展產(chǎn)生重要的影響,這導(dǎo)致 sound and form 出現(xiàn) concord （一致） 和standardization標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以后 ，大量外來詞進(jìn)入英語中 ，如： Mao jackets , black belt , kongfuInflectional language屈折語Analytical language 分析語Three main sources （ 來源 ）new wordsThe rapid development of modern science and technologySocial,econo

12、mic and political changesThe influence of other cultures and languagesThree modes of vocabulary developmentCreation the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely roots,affixes and other elements.Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.Borrow

13、ing to take in words from other languages.( particularly in earlier time)Chapter 3 The structure of English words1. Morpheme A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.( The smallest functional unit in thecomposition of words. )Free can stand alone as a word/ independent of other morph

14、emesTypeprefixation 前綴TypeprefixationLexical derivational affixationBound added to other morphemessuffixation 后綴Grammatical inflectional2. Morph A morpheme must be realized by discrete (離散的 ) units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.Monomorphenic words morphemes are realized

15、 by single morphs.Allomorph ( 詞素變體 ) Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position.3. Root A root is the basic form of a word,which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.( What remains of a word after the removal of all affixes.)Stem a form to whi

16、ch affixes of any kind can be added.Base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.It can be a root or stem.a stem may consist of a single root or two roots and a root plus a affix.a stem can be a root or a form bigger than a root.請加以區(qū)別下面兩個詞的特征 : nation , dict 加以理論的分析(1) Both nation

17、 and dict belong to roots, nation is free root, which can function alone in a sentence,(2) Nation as a free root, has complete meaning, when both prefixes and suffixes attached to it are removed, nation as a free專業(yè) .專注.word 可編輯 .root, still remainsDict is a bound root, which can not function alone g

18、rammatically , dict carries the fundamental meaning of words, dicthas to combine with the other morphemes to create new words , for example , dictionary , contradiction .Chapter 4 Word-formation in English1. There are four main types of word-formation in English.(1) Affixation ( prefixation and suff

19、ixation )構(gòu)詞能力最強(qiáng)Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word forming or derivational affixes to stems.(2) Compounding/Composition 復(fù)合法 a lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word.eg: blue-stocking 有教養(yǎng)的

20、女子 moonwalk 太空步 toothache 牙痛 deadline 截止期限 brainwashing 洗腦 stockholder 股東 outbreak 爆發(fā) sit-in 靜坐罷工 going-over 苛斥；毒打；嚴(yán)格的檢查 crybaby 愛哭的人 ；寶貝 cleaning lady 清潔女工 Free phrase: son-in-law 女婿 milk-and-water 無味的 ；軟弱無力的 forget-me-not 勿忘草aspectscompoundfree phrasephonetic 語音 featuresStress on the first element

21、Stress on the second element（ 元素 ）Semantic featuresEvery compound should express a single idea just as one word.Grammatical featuresA compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence ,for example, a verb, a noun, or an adjective. In adjective-noun compounds, the adjective element canno

22、t take inflectional suffixes.(3) Conversion 轉(zhuǎn)換法 is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. These wordsare new only in a grammatical sense. The most productive is between nouns and verbs . It is also known as functional shift .full conversion It can take an indef

23、init article(不定冠詞 ) or - (e)s to indicate singular or plural number. 專業(yè) . 專注 .word 可編輯 .機(jī) ) from刪除 of acognitione.g. black a blackdrinkable drinkablespartial conversion must be used together with definite articles.e.g. rich the rich2. Other types of word-formation(1) Clipping/shortening shorten a lo

24、nger word by cutting a part of the origin and using what remains instead.quake ( earthquake ) dorm ( dormitory ) pop ( popular music ) flu (influenza )(2) Acronymy 首字母縮略法 joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special phrases and technical termseg: VOA - Voice

25、of America TV - television(3) Blending 混合法 is the word formation by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.絕 大 多 數(shù) blending 都 是 nouns eg: smog ( 煙 霧 ) from smoke+fog telex ( 電 傳 teleprinter+exchangeMedicare (醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn) ) from medical+carelunarnau t(登月宇航員 )from lunar+astronaut(4

26、) Back-formation 逆構(gòu)詞法 is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletionsupposed affix.donate ( donation ) loaf ( loafer ) babysit (babysitter ) laze (lazy )Chapter 5 Word meaning1.Analytical (referential )分析的Reference the relationship between language and the world.Operationa

27、l (contextual )運(yùn)用到具體場景中Concept which beyond language is the result of humanreflecting the objective world in the human mind Sense1) sense denotes the relationships inside the language. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with othe r expressions in the langua

28、ge.2) Since the sense of an expression is not a thing, it is often difficult to say what sort of identity it is. It is also an abstraction.3）Every word that has meaning has sense（not every word has reference）2. Motivation （理據(jù) ） accounts for the connection between the linguistic（語言學(xué)的 ） symbol and its

29、 meaning.non-motivatedOnomatopoeic （擬聲的 ） the words whose sounds suggest their meaning.eg :bang ， ping-pang ， crow by cocksMorphological （形態(tài)學(xué)的 ） Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meaning ofmany words are the sum total of the morphemes combined.Motivatedeg: airmail means t

30、o“ mail by air ”Semantic （語義學(xué)的 ） refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual 概念上的 meaning of a word.eg ： at the foot of mountain, the mouth of riverEtymological （詞源學(xué)的 ） The history of the word explains the meaning of the word.3. Types of meaningGrammaticalrelationships語法 refer to t

31、hat part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept orConceptual 概念 the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core核心 of word-meaning.Lexical 詞匯Connotative 內(nèi)涵意義 eg ： Mother a female parent loveAssociative 聯(lián)想 Stylistic 語體 1）formal 2）neutral 3）informalAffective/Emotive appre

32、ciative and pejorativeCollocative 固定搭配Chapter 6 Sense relations1. Polysemy 一詞多義（ 1 ）定義： polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages. the same word may have two or more different meanings.e.g. The word “ flight ” may mean“ passing throug“h tphoew aeir of flying“”，a”ir o，f journeyet

33、c. ”，Diachronic approacheg : face 具有一個 primary meaning 也有很多的 derived meanings（ 2）Two approachesharvest 意思是 time of cutting, time of harvest,現(xiàn)在是指 yield of grain orfoodSynchronic approachRadiation 輻射 像車輪式一樣進(jìn)行發(fā)展的語義 e.g. face, neck（ 3）Two process of developmentConcatenation meaning “ linking together 串聯(lián)

34、 ”2. Homonymy（ 1 ）定義： Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical（完全相同的 ）both insound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.Perfect Homonyms 同音同形異義詞 e.g. bear 忍受 ；熊 ball 球； 舞會（ 2 ） Types Homographs 同形異義 e.g. minute 分鐘 ；微小的Homophones 同音異義 （ most com

35、mon ）e.g. dear/dear 親愛的 ；昂貴的 meat/meetChange in sound and spelling（ 3 ） Origins of HomonymsBorrowingShortening3.Synonymy 同義詞1 ）定義： Synonyms are words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.Absolute2）Typesregioned 地域 （ British English American English ）st

36、ylisticsdegreeRelative ( Near )shades of meaningemotive rangecollocative 搭配Borrowing ( the most important source)3 ) Sources of SynonymsDialects 方言 and regional English eg: railway (BrE) ; railroad (AmE)來源Figurative 比喻的 ， 象征的 and euphemistic 委婉的 use of wordsCoincidence 一致 ；巧合 with idiomatic expressi

37、ons 習(xí)慣用語Difference in denotation意義4 )Discrimination of SynonymsDifference in connotation內(nèi)涵專業(yè) .專注Difference in application應(yīng)用4. Antonymy 反義詞語義學(xué)的 opposition.1 )定義： Antonymy is concerned with semanticContradictory/complementary絕對反義 eg: alive dead ，male female 不可以用形容詞比較級, 程度副詞加以修飾2 )TypesContrary/ gradab

38、le/comparisioneg: hot ( warm,cool ) coldRelative (depend on each other)eg: parent child ,sell buy ,predecessor 前輩 successor繼承者3 ) Characteristics1) Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.3) Antonyms differ

39、in semantic inclusion.4 ) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms,differing in degree of intensity,so each has its own corresponding opposition.4) Use。 Antonyms have various practical uses and have long proved helpful and valuable in defining the meanings of words.fresh bread stale bread ， fresh air st

40、uff air ， fresh flower faded flower ， fresh look tired look。 Antonyms are useful to express economically the opposition of a particular thought， often for the sake of contrast.。 Many idioms are formed with antonyms.eg : Rain and shine 無論如何 Weal and woe 禍福 Friend and foe 敵友 Now or never 機(jī)不可失 Thick an

41、d thin 不顧 艱難險(xiǎn)阻High and low 到處 Give an take 互讓 ， 平等 Easy come,easy go. 來的易 ，去得快 More haste,less speed. 欲 速則不達(dá)United we stand ， divided we fall. 團(tuán)結(jié)則存 ， 分裂則亡5. Hyponymy 包涵（ 1 ）定義： Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semanticinclusion . That is to say, the meaning of a more specificword is included

42、in that of another more general word.superordinate （上義詞 ） general（2）Typeshyponyms / sobordinate （ 下義詞 ） specificeg : furnature 是 superordinate ; desk, table, chair, cupboard 是 furniture 的 subordinate words 或者稱作 hyponymsChapter 7 Changes in Word MeaningExtension/generalization is a term referring to

43、the widening of meaning.eg : Picture painting include“ drawings ” and even “ photographsSandwitch 最早是指三明治這個家族 , 但是現(xiàn)在是指一切快餐類食品Narrowing /specialization is a term referring to the shrinking of meaning.1. Typeseg : wife : woman a married woman ； the Pennisular : 專指利比利亞半島Degradation/ pejoration It is a process whereby words of good origin fall i