主語從句及非限制定語從句

1、主語從句一 定義：在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語成分的句子叫做主語從句。二 主語充當(dāng)主語的句子類型： 1. 常規(guī)主語從句，即句子在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)主語；主語從句的時(shí)態(tài)不受主句的時(shí)態(tài)影響和限制。（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.（2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.（3）Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.（4）Whom we m

2、ust study for is a question of great importance.（5）What caused the accident remains unknown.（6）Whatever you did is right.（7）Who the watch belongs to is unknown.（8）What we need is time.（9）What we need are good doctors.小結(jié):（1）引導(dǎo)主語從句連詞有that,whether,who,what,whatever等；（2）連詞位于句首不能省略；（3）主語從句大多數(shù)情況下視為第三人稱單數(shù)，

3、但也有例外，如例（9）注意：當(dāng)what引導(dǎo)的名詞性分句作主語時(shí)，主謂一致問題極為復(fù)雜。2. 為了防止句子頭重腳輕，通常把形式主語it放在句首位置，真正主語擱置于句末（1）It is certain that he will win the match.（2）It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry.（3）It is very likely that they will hold a meeting.（4）It is strange that he should do that.（5）It is imp

4、ortant that we all should attend the meeting.（6）It is strange that the man should have stuck to his silly ideas.（7）It is a pity that we won't be able to go to the south to spend our summer vacation.（8）It is still a mystery what caused the accident.（9）It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He

5、is said to have gone to shanghai)（10）It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese.（11）It is suggested that the work should be done with great care.（12）It happened that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happened to be there)小結(jié):（1）為避免頭重腳輕，常以形式主語it引導(dǎo)從句。 It+形式主語謂語+從

6、句。（2）由于主語從句一般被認(rèn)為是單數(shù)形式，形式主語的謂語動(dòng)詞、be動(dòng)詞+表語 均為單數(shù)第三人稱形式或過去式.主語從句的用法主語從句與賓語從句兩者的用法和在句中的作用是不同的，下面從它們的各自用法來介紹。一主語從句主語從句定義：在句子中擔(dān)當(dāng)主語的是一個(gè)從句，這個(gè)從句就叫做主語從句。主語從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語的從句，通常放在主句謂語動(dòng)詞之前或由形式主語it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1. It 作形式主語和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較主語從句常用it作形式主語，一般常用句型為：It is+名詞/形容詞/過去分詞+主語從句例如：It is still a question whether she will

7、 come or not.It is strange that you should like him.It is still unknown which team will win the match.另外，還有一些比較多見的結(jié)構(gòu)：It turned out that;It has been proved that;It happened/occurred that;It is well-known that等等而強(qiáng)調(diào)句則不同，它的結(jié)構(gòu)是：It+be+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that+從句強(qiáng)調(diào)主語：It is the times that produce their heroes.時(shí)勢造英雄強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語：I

8、t is English that Prof.Lin teaches us.強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語：It was in shanghai that I saw the film.判斷是否是強(qiáng)調(diào)句有一個(gè)方法，就是將that以后的“句子的其余部分”拿出來單獨(dú)看，看有沒有缺成分，缺的是什么成分，再把謂語動(dòng)詞后面that前面的那部分，帶到你認(rèn)為缺成分的地方，如果放進(jìn)去是一句完整的句子了，那就說明是強(qiáng)調(diào)句。2. 用it 作形式主語的結(jié)構(gòu)(1) It is +名詞+that從句It is a fact that 事實(shí)是It is an honor that 非常榮幸It is common knowledge that

9、 是常識(shí)(2) it is +形容詞+that從句It is natural that 很自然It is strange that 奇怪的是(3) it +不及物動(dòng)詞+that從句It seems that 似乎It happened that 碰巧(4) it is+過去分詞+that從句It is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道It has been proved that 已證實(shí)3.主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況(1) if 引導(dǎo)的主語從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。(2) It is said , (reported) 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如：It is said that Pre

10、sident Jingo will visit our school next week.(3) It happens, It occurs 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.(4) It doesnt matter how/whether 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如：It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not.(5) 含主語從句的復(fù)合句是疑問句時(shí)，主語從句不可提前。例如：Is it likely that it will rain in th

11、e evening?4. What 與that 在引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)的區(qū)別What 引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，如主語賓語表語，而that 則不然。例如：What you said yesterday is right.二 賓語從句用以區(qū)分主語從句的幾個(gè)特征：1、引導(dǎo)詞：whatwhichwhosewhenwhetherifwhere2、語序：賓語從句必須是用陳述語句。（名詞性從句都是陳述語序）如：I think that you must work harder.賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞、連接詞的區(qū)別、否定轉(zhuǎn)移等現(xiàn)象。補(bǔ)充：從句的語序永遠(yuǎn)是陳述句。非限制性定語從句的分類(1)who引導(dǎo)的非限制性

12、定語從句Our guide，who was a French Canadian，was an excellent cook.我們的向?qū)?，一個(gè)法裔加拿大人，擅長于烹調(diào)。My gardener，who is very pessimistic，says that there will be no apples this year.我家的園丁非常悲觀，他說今年將不結(jié)蘋果。(2)whom引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。關(guān)系代詞whom用于指人，在句中作動(dòng)詞賓語和介詞賓語，作介詞賓語時(shí)，介詞可位于句末。如：Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.彼得

13、現(xiàn)在回巴黎了，你在倫敦見過他。Mr Smith，from whom I have learned a lot，is a famous scientist.史密斯先生是一位著名的科學(xué)家，我從他那兒學(xué)了許多東西。(3)whose引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。whose是關(guān)系代詞who的所有格形式，在從句中作定語。whose通常指人，也可指動(dòng)物或無生命的事物。如：The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.那位小男孩學(xué)習(xí)很努力，他的父親是位工程師。Above the trees are the mountains, whose magni

14、ficence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.在樹林的高處是山，其壯麗的景色完全映照在河面上。The play，whose style is rigidly formal，is typical of the period.這劇本是那個(gè)時(shí)期的典型作品，風(fēng)格拘謹(jǐn)刻板。(4)which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。關(guān)系代詞which在非限制性定語從句中所指代和修飾的可以是主句中的名詞、形容詞、短語、其他從句或整個(gè)主句，在從句中作主語、動(dòng)詞賓語、介詞賓語或表語。 which指代主句中的名詞，被指代的名詞包括表示物、嬰兒或動(dòng)物的名詞、表示單數(shù)意義的集

15、體名詞以及表示職業(yè)、品格等的名詞。如：These apple trees，which I planted three years ago，have not borne any fruit.這些蘋果樹是我三年前栽的，還沒有結(jié)過果實(shí)。She is an artist，which I am not.她是一位藝術(shù)家，而我不是。Water，which is a clear liquid，has many uses.水是一種清澈的液體，有許多用途。The two policemen were completely trusted，which in fact they were.那兩個(gè)警察完全受到信任，事實(shí)

16、上，也真是如此。 which指代主句中的形容詞。如：She was very patient towards the children，which her husband seldom was.她對孩子們很耐心，她丈夫卻很少這樣。She is always careless，which we should not be.她總是馬虎大意，我們可不應(yīng)該這樣。 which指代主句中的某個(gè)從句。如：He said that he had never seen her before，which was not true.他說以前從沒見過她，這不是真的。 which指代整個(gè)主句。如：In the pres

17、ence of so many people he was little tense, which was understandable.在那么多人面前他有點(diǎn)緊張，這是可以理解的。He may have acute appendicitis，in which case he will have to be operated on.他可能得了急性盲腸炎，如果是這樣，他就得動(dòng)手術(shù)。When deeply absorbed in work，which he often was，he would forget all about eating and sleeping.他經(jīng)常聚精會(huì)神地工作，這時(shí)他會(huì)廢

18、寢忘食。(5) when引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句關(guān)系副詞when在非限制性定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語，指代主句中表示時(shí)間的詞語。如：He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.他將把郊游推遲到5月1號，那時(shí)他將有空。(6) where引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句關(guān)系副詞where在非限制性定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，指代主句中表示地點(diǎn)的詞語。如：They went to London，where they lived for six months.他們?nèi)チ藗惗兀谀莾捍袅肆鶄€(gè)月的時(shí)間。They reached there yeste

19、rday, where a negotiation of sale will be held.他們昨天抵達(dá)那里, 有一個(gè)關(guān)于銷售的談判在那兒舉行。(7) as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句as引出非限定性定語從句時(shí)，代替整個(gè)主句，對其進(jìn)行說明但通常用于像as we all know, as it is known, as is known to all, as it is, as is said above, as always mentioned above, as is usual, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等句式中

20、。as在非限定性定語從句中作主語、表語或賓語，且引出的從句位置比較靈活，可位于句首或句末，也可置于主句中間。通常均由逗號將其與主句隔開。as有“正如， 就像”之意。如：As is known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer.美國人都知道，馬克·吐溫是一位偉大的美國作家。（as在從句中作主語）He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was often the case.他忘了帶筆，這是常事。（as在從句中作主語）He is absorbed in work,

21、as he often was.他正在全神貫注地工作，他過去經(jīng)常這樣。（as在從句中作表語）Boy as he was， he was chosen king.他雖是孩子，卻被選為國王。（as在從句中作表語）As we all know, the earth is round.眾所周知，地球是圓的。（as在從句中作賓語）The two brothers were satisfied with this decision，as was agreed beforehand.兩兄弟對此決定都滿意，這項(xiàng)決定在事前都已得到他們的同意。(as在從句中作主語)Taiwan is，as you know，an

22、 inseparable part of China.你知道，臺(tái)灣是中國不可分割的一部分。(as在從句中作賓語)(8)“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句在介詞后引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。關(guān)系代詞which有時(shí)并不代表主句中某一確定的詞，而是概括整個(gè)主句的意思。介詞的選擇取決于它與先行詞的搭配或與從句中謂語動(dòng)詞的搭配。They were short of sticks to make frames for the climbing vines，without which the yield would be halved.他們?nèi)贝钇咸鸭艿臈U兒，沒有它們產(chǎn)量會(huì)減少一半。They thanked

23、Tom，without whose support they would not have succeeded.他們很感激Tom，沒有他的支持他們是不會(huì)成功的。(9)“名詞/代詞+of+which / whom”引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句It now has 20，000 hectares of land，more than two-thirds of which are under cultivation.現(xiàn)在它擁有兩萬公頃土地，其中三分之二之多已經(jīng)耕種。Light is the fast thing in the world, the speed of which is 300.000 kil

24、ometeThere are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new.大廳里有三十把椅子，絕大部分是新的。The textile mill has over 8，000 workers and staff，eighty per cent of whom are women.這家紡織廠有8千多職工，女職工占百分之八十。關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞:as,which.引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句的關(guān)系副詞主要有：when,where。注意：不能用that作為關(guān)系代詞的兩種情況：非限定性定語從句；介詞+關(guān)系代詞區(qū)別1、as引導(dǎo)的定語從句可

25、以放在句首、句中和句尾，which引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句中或句尾。2、當(dāng)as后面有“is或was+過去分詞”構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，be動(dòng)詞is或was可省略。3、 as有時(shí)也可用作關(guān)系代詞 。若as在從句中作主語，其引導(dǎo)的句子可以放在句首或句中。但which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放句中。4、as有正如一樣、按照、正像、因?yàn)榈囊馑迹猿Ｓ糜诳隙ň?，而which則用于肯定，否定都可以。5、在固定結(jié)構(gòu)中使用as 例如：the same as 、as as。例句：1 Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which ,

26、 of course, made the others unhappy.（從句部分的意思為：這當(dāng)然使別人不高興；而不能譯為正如使別人不高興。故用which。）2 Chongqing is not the same city as we have seen in other places.重慶和我們在其它地方看過的城市不一樣。常見易錯(cuò)題目及解答方法1. 引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞which可以與that互換；但引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，只能用which。 例1.She heard a terrible noise, _ frightened her.A. that B. which C. wh

27、at D. who例2.She heard a terrible noise _ frightened her.A. that B. / C. what D. who解析： 例1意為：“她聽到一個(gè)可怕的聲音，這使她感到恐懼。”that不能用于引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，故選B。例2意為：“她聽到了一個(gè)使她恐懼的可怕聲音?！币龑?dǎo)修飾noise的限制性定語從句可以用which或that來引導(dǎo),故選A。2. 先行詞為reason時(shí)，限制性定語可以用why或for which來引導(dǎo)；非限制性定語從句則只能用for which來引導(dǎo)。 例3.I had told them the reason, _ I di

28、dnt attend the meeting.A. for which B. at which C. for whom D. why例4I had told them the reason _ I didnt attend the meeting.A. when B. which C. why D. for that解析： 例3意為：“我早已把理由告訴他們，于是我沒有出席會(huì)議?！毕刃性~為reason時(shí)，非限制性定語從句應(yīng)用for which引導(dǎo)，故選A。例4意為：“我已經(jīng)把為什么沒有出席會(huì)議的原因告訴他們。”the reason why.是常見搭配，答案為C。3. 引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞

29、在從句中擔(dān)任賓語時(shí)可以被省略；但引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞即使作賓語也不能省略。例5.He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother,_ he loved and respected as his own mother.A. as B. which C. / D. whom解析： 本句意為：“他急于去醫(yī)院看望他的繼母，他像對待親生母親一樣孝敬她?！标P(guān)系代詞whom引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句并作賓語，不能被省略，故選D。4引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句時(shí)并作從句賓語的關(guān)系代詞whom可以用who來代替；但在非限制性定語從句中，whom就不能用w

30、ho替換。 例6.Do you know Tom, _ we talked about?A. which B. that C. whom D. who例7.The American journalist _ the announcer mentioned in the news broadcast is said to have been killed by the gangsters. Which of the following is wrong?A. who B. whom C. whose D. /解析： 例6意為：“你認(rèn)識(shí)湯姆嗎? 我們談到過他?！睉?yīng)選C。例7意為：“播音員在新聞廣播

31、中提到的那位美國記者據(jù)說已遭歹徒殺害。下列哪一項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)誤的？”關(guān)系代詞作mentioned的賓語且指人時(shí)，可用who/whom/that，在限制性定語從句中可省略，故C是錯(cuò)的。5當(dāng)非限制性定語從句修飾整個(gè)主句時(shí)，其關(guān)系代詞只能用as ，不能用which。此時(shí)非限制性定語從句可置于主句之前、之后或之中。例8_ I expected, he didnt believe me.A. Which B. As C. That D. When解析： 本句意為：“正如我所預(yù)料的那樣，他不相信我的話?！狈窍拗菩远ㄕZ從句修飾整個(gè)主句，應(yīng)用as引導(dǎo)，故答案為B。例9.Mary was late for school

32、,_ often happened.A. as B. for which C. that D. why解析： 本句意為：“瑪麗上學(xué)遲到了，這是常有的事?！备鶕?jù)句意，關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句修飾前面的主句，其位置非常靈活，故答案為A。6. 由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，關(guān)系代詞指代整個(gè)主句時(shí)，不能用as，只能用which。 例10.He bought the car for more than $20,000,_ his father was angry.A. about that B. with as C. when D. with which解析： 本句意為：“他花兩萬

33、多美元買了這輛車，他父親對此很生氣?！眞hich位于介詞with的后面，指代前面的主句，故答案為D。注意事項(xiàng)1. which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句是用來說明前面整個(gè)句子的情況或主句的某一部分。2. as有時(shí)也可用作關(guān)系代詞 。as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，若as在從句中作主語，其引導(dǎo)的句子可以放在句首，也可以放在句中。但which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放句中。例句：As is reported in the newspaper ，some artistic treasures(藝術(shù)珍品） will be on show at the exhibition （展覽品）on the weekend

34、.3. 在非限定性定語從句中，關(guān)系詞不能用that和those。從句區(qū)別1.限定性定語從句: 從句不能省略,如果省略整個(gè)句子意思不完整。非限定性定語從句: 從句可以省略,如果省略整個(gè)句子意思仍然完整 。2.限定性定語從句:先行詞可以用that引導(dǎo)。非限定性定語從句: 先行詞不可以用that引導(dǎo)。3.限定性定語從句:引導(dǎo)詞有時(shí)可以省略。非限定性定語從句:引導(dǎo)詞不可以省略。4.限定性定語從句:主句與從句不需要用逗號隔開。非限定性定語從句:主句與從句需要用逗號隔開。5.限定性定語從句: 從句只修飾先行詞。非限定性定語從句:從句既可以修飾先行詞，也可以修飾整個(gè)句子或句子的一部分。6.限定性定語從句:不

35、能修飾一個(gè)事件。非限定性定語從句:可以修飾一個(gè)事件。功能用途限定性定語從句與主句的關(guān)系很緊湊，對其先行詞起限定、修飾的作用。如果將其去掉，會(huì)影響句子意思的完整性；有時(shí)甚至于引起費(fèi)解、誤解。例如：1.Rain forests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nations in which they are located .為了加速他們各自所在國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，熱帶雨林作為有價(jià)值的原木和其他資源正為人們所砍伐。2.Ocean curre

36、nts affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.洋流影響其流經(jīng)的附近地區(qū)的氣候。3.They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before.他們向我們解釋為什么他們不喜歡我們的原因。非限定性定語從句在形式上就與主句很松散，它與主句之間有一個(gè)逗點(diǎn)"，"隔開；它對其先行詞沒有限定、修飾的作用，只起補(bǔ)充、說明的作用。有時(shí)也用它來對全句或句中某個(gè)成分進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明。即使將其去掉，也不會(huì)影響句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定語從句在表達(dá)意思方面也有別于限定性定語從句。另外，非限定性定語從句在中文譯文里，我們