珍貴資料--高中英語語法總結(jié)歸納--歷年高考真題?？键c(diǎn)詳細(xì)歸納講解與練習(xí)6--句子結(jié)構(gòu)和成分

1、句子結(jié)構(gòu)及成分 相關(guān)概念1. 詞性的英文縮寫在英語學(xué)習(xí)中，掌握單詞詞性非常重要。如果我們在記單詞的時(shí)只記拼寫、 讀音而不記詞性的話，我們就不知道如何使用它們，所以我們在記單詞時(shí)一定要把單詞詞性記準(zhǔn)記牢。縮寫字母原詞代表詞性n.noun名詞v.verb動(dòng)詞vt.transitive verb及物動(dòng)詞ransitive verb不及物動(dòng)詞modal v.modal verb情態(tài)動(dòng)詞aux. v.auxiliary verb助動(dòng)詞adj.adjective形容詞adv.adverb副詞num.numeral數(shù)詞erjection感嘆詞pron .pronoun代詞pr

2、ep.preposition介詞art .article冠詞conjconjunction連詞2. 及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞實(shí)義動(dòng)詞后面跟賓語時(shí)， 這個(gè)動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞后面不跟賓語時(shí)，此時(shí)這個(gè)動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞。The door opened.(open 后面沒跟賓語，此時(shí)，open 是不及物動(dòng)詞。)He opened the door.(open 后面有賓語the door, 此時(shí)，open 是及物動(dòng)詞。 )注意： 英語中一個(gè)動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞，關(guān)鍵是看它用在句中時(shí)后面是否跟賓語。有些動(dòng)詞既可作及物動(dòng)詞又可作不及物動(dòng)詞，詞義相同。如：The meeting began at si

3、x. < vi.> We began the meeting at six. < vt.>有 ( 答疑 qq 329950885) 些動(dòng)詞既可作及物動(dòng)詞又可作不及物動(dòng)詞，但詞義不同。如：The man walked away. (walk 不及物動(dòng)詞，意為“走 ”)He walked the dog every day. ( walk 及物動(dòng)詞， “遛 ”)She washes clothes at home. (wash 及物動(dòng)詞， “洗 ”)The clothes washes well. (wash 不及物動(dòng)詞，“耐洗 ”)英語中一些單詞是及物還是不及物， 可能與

4、漢語不同。 He listens to the music every day. (listen 為不及物動(dòng)詞，而漢語中 “聽 ”是及物動(dòng)詞。)指出下列句中斜體動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞，及物動(dòng)詞填 vt. ，不及物填 vi. ?？键c(diǎn) 1.Most birds can fly.（）考點(diǎn) 2.The children are flying kites in the park. ()考點(diǎn) 3.It happened yesterday.（）考點(diǎn) 4.My watch stopped.（）考點(diǎn) 5.The babystopped cryingwhenhe sawhismother. ()考點(diǎn) 6.

5、She spoke at the meeting this morning. （）考點(diǎn) 7.Shall I begin at once?（）考點(diǎn) 8.She began working as a teacher aftershe leftschool.（）（ ）考點(diǎn) 9.When did they leave Beijing? （）考點(diǎn) 10.They left last week. （）3. 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞實(shí)義動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞是根據(jù)動(dòng)詞在句子中的含義和作用來劃分的。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞也叫行為動(dòng)詞。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞指的是那些意義完全且能夠獨(dú)立作謂語的動(dòng)詞。如：He lives quite near. (

6、live 住 ”，有“明確的意義，單獨(dú)作謂語，為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。 )I like reading. （ like 喜“歡 ”，意思明確，單獨(dú)作謂語，為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。 ）I bought a pen yesterday. （ bought 買“”，意義明確，單獨(dú)作謂語，為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。 ）助動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞的 “助 ”是 “幫助 ”之意。因此，助動(dòng)詞是指那些用來幫助構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、虛擬語氣、疑問句、否定句、倒裝句和幫助強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞。這些詞本身無詞匯意義或意義不完全，不能單獨(dú)作謂語。幫助構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)的：The boy is crying.(is 用來幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，和 crying 一起作謂語，是助動(dòng)詞。 )He has

7、 arrived. (has 用來幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，和 arrived 一起作謂語，是助動(dòng)詞。 )I have been painting all day. （ have been 用來幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，和 painting 一起作謂語，都是助動(dòng)詞。）幫助構(gòu)成否定句和疑問句的：Does he like English? (does 幫助構(gòu)成一般疑問句，沒有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞。 )He doesn t have lunch at home. (does只是幫助構(gòu)成否定句，沒有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞。 )幫助構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)的Trees are planted in spring. (are 幫助

8、構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)，沒有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞。 )The house has been pulled down. (has been 幫助構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)，是助動(dòng)詞。 )幫助構(gòu)成虛擬語氣If he had come yesterday, I wouldn havet made such a mistake.(had, have 幫助構(gòu)成虛擬語氣， 是助動(dòng)詞， 屬于謂語的一部分。)幫助構(gòu)成倒裝句的So did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.(他如此愛他的母親以至于他母親生日那一天，他給她買了許多禮物。

9、 did 只是幫助構(gòu)成倒裝句，沒有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞。)幫助構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)意義的He did come yesterday. (他昨天確實(shí)來過。 did 起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，沒有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞。 )因此可以看出， 常見的助動(dòng)詞為 do, be, have，它們?yōu)榛局鷦?dòng)詞。一個(gè)詞既可以作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞也可以作助動(dòng)詞， 具體是哪一種，主要看它們在句中的功能。He did his homework at seven o clock單.獨(dú)(did作謂語，意為 “做 ”，是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。)Did he do his homework yesterday? (did 是助動(dòng)詞， 幫助構(gòu)成一般疑問句， do 是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，意為

10、 “做 ”，是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。 )He has had breakfast. (has 是助動(dòng)詞，幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)， (答疑 qq 329950885)had 是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞， 意為 “吃 ”。 has had 一起構(gòu)成了句子的謂語。 )指出下列斜體單詞是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞還是助動(dòng)詞。i.Does () he like () swimming?ii.He does () like () swimming.iii.Where does() he live ()?iv.He does () some washing after work.v.He has () had () supper already.vi.Th

11、e bridgehas()been() built ()now.vii.I have()been() waiting ( )foryou all day.viii.He was () struck () by a stone.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞同助動(dòng)詞一樣，不能單獨(dú)作謂語，要和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起作謂語。因此，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞也稱為情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞同基本助動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別在于，基本助動(dòng)詞本身無意義，而情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有自己的意義。如：He can swim across the river.(can 的詞義為“能夠”)You must stay at home. (must 詞義為“必須”)I might leave t

12、omorrow. （ might 的詞義為“或許” ）（具體用法參看 P. 錯(cuò)誤 ! 未定義書簽。錯(cuò)誤 !未找到引用源。）4. 謂語和非謂語在英語中，一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)中只能有一個(gè)謂語，再出現(xiàn)動(dòng)詞時(shí)， 要變成非謂語形式，即：在前面加 to 構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式，或在后面加 -ing 構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞或現(xiàn)在分詞，或在后面加 -ed 構(gòu)成過去分詞。也就是說，非謂語是指：動(dòng)詞不定式、 動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。先找出句中的謂語，然后改正句中的錯(cuò)誤，并說明原因?？键c(diǎn) 1.Get up early is good for our health.早起有利于我們的身體健康?？键c(diǎn) 2.I want go home now.我

13、現(xiàn)在想回家。考點(diǎn) 3.My favorite sport is play football.我最喜愛的運(yùn)動(dòng)是踢足球。考點(diǎn) 4.There is a bird sings in the tree.有一只鳥正在樹上唱歌。考點(diǎn) 5.The boy sits over there likes singing.坐在那邊的那個(gè)男孩喜歡唱歌。考點(diǎn) 6.The house was built last year has been sold out.去年建的那座房子已經(jīng)出售了。考點(diǎn) 7.The girls are singing over there are my classmates.在那邊唱歌的那些女孩是我

14、的同學(xué)?？键c(diǎn) 8.My parents wanted him work hard.我父母親想讓他努力學(xué)習(xí)?？键c(diǎn) 9.I remember saw him that day.我記得那天看見過他。10. I saw him walked into the building.我看到他跑進(jìn)那座建筑物。5. 主動(dòng)關(guān)系和被動(dòng)關(guān)系先看下面兩個(gè)題：1. _ wonderful, this kind of food enjoyed a good sale.A. TastedB. Being tastedC. TastingD. Having tasted2. The food _ delicious sells

15、 well.A. smellsB. smelledC. smellingD. is smelling一些同學(xué)分別選 A 和 B。他們說，食物是被品嘗、被聞的，和食物構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系， 所以要用過去分詞。這種說法是錯(cuò)誤的。非謂語中的主動(dòng)關(guān)系和被動(dòng)關(guān)系， 不是從誰做了這個(gè)動(dòng)作著眼， 而是從恢復(fù)成一句話后是 “主動(dòng)語態(tài)”還是“被動(dòng)語態(tài)”著眼。主動(dòng)關(guān)系 ：從邏輯關(guān)系上看，相當(dāng)于主動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：The boycrying over there is Tom.( 在那邊哭的那個(gè)男孩 ) 從邏輯上講， the boy cry, 男孩哭， 相當(dāng)于主動(dòng)語態(tài)， 是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。被動(dòng)關(guān)系 ：從邏輯關(guān)系上看，相當(dāng)于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如

16、：The housebuilt ( 答疑 qq 329950885) last year is the strongest.( 去年建的那座房子 ) 從邏輯上講， the house was built,房子被建，相當(dāng)于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。在上兩題中， 邏輯關(guān)系可以表達(dá)為：This kind of foodtasted wonderful.The food smells delicious.邏輯上food 和 taste、 smell 是一種主謂關(guān)系，是主動(dòng)語態(tài)，因此填現(xiàn)在分詞。因此，上兩題的答案為C和 C。6. 邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系在判斷是否是賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，一般說，“賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語構(gòu)成邏輯上

17、的主謂關(guān)系 ”。一些同學(xué)對這句話不理解。如：He asked me to lend him some money.他讓我借給他一些錢?！?me是”賓語， “ meto lend him some money”意為“我借給他一些錢” 。從意思上看， 這像一句話，“我”是主語，“借給他一些錢” 是謂語部分， 但在英語原句中，它們卻不是真正的主謂關(guān)系。因此可以說“邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系” ，是指，從意思上看像主謂關(guān)系， 而實(shí)際上不是。 “to lend him some money是賓”語補(bǔ)足語。判斷下列句中畫線部分是否是賓語補(bǔ)足語。(是的填 T，不是的填F)寫作專練 1.I want him to co

18、me at once. ()寫作專練 2.He lent me some money. ()寫作專練 3.He made the boy cry again. ()寫作專練 4.The teacher found him cheating in the exam.()寫作專練 5.Dont leave the door open at night. ()7. 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在我們學(xué)習(xí)語法的過程中，我們可能會(huì)聽說 “復(fù)合賓語”、“動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”和“動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”。實(shí)際上， 這幾個(gè) “復(fù)合”，都有“邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系”之意。如：He invited us to come to the part

19、y.(us 是賓語， to come to the party 是賓語補(bǔ)足語； 賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語合在一起稱為復(fù)合賓語。賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。 )It s important for us to learn English well.(it 是形式主語，真正的主語是 for us to learn English well ?！?us”是“ to learn English well ”的邏輯主語，二者構(gòu)成了邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。forsomebody todosomething 是動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。)It s very kind ofyou to help me. （ of yo

20、u to help me 也是動(dòng) 詞 不 定 式 的 復(fù) 合 結(jié) 構(gòu) 。 與 for somebody to dosomething 的區(qū)別參看 P. 錯(cuò)誤 ! 未定義書簽。 錯(cuò)誤 !未找到引用源。， you 和 to help me 構(gòu)成了邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。）Tom s coming late made our teacher angry.(Tom 遲到使我們老師生氣。 coming 是動(dòng)名詞， Toms coming late 是動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。 Tom 是 coming late 的邏輯主語，二者是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。 )8. 沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化先看下列三組句中have、 do 和 be

21、 的變化形式I have a book He has a book. They have a book.I enjoy watching TV.You enjoy watching TV .We enjoy watching TV.He is sleeping.I am sleeping.They are sleeping.“人稱的變化 ”是指：謂語動(dòng)詞用什么形式， 受前面主語是第幾人稱的影響。 主語同為單數(shù) （表示一個(gè)人）， be 在第一人稱 I 后用 am, 在 you 后用 are, 在 he 后用 is; do 和 have 在一、二人稱后用原形，在第三人稱后用為does, has。“

22、數(shù)” 是指 “單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)” ?！皵?shù)的變化” 是指謂語動(dòng)詞用什么形式， 還受前面主語是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)的影響。如果主語是復(fù)數(shù)，be 要用 are 的形式， do 和have 用原形。如果主語是第三人稱單數(shù)，be 用 is, do和 have 要用 does 和 has。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。如：He / I / We can swim. 句子成分英語的句子成分主要有六種： 即主語、 謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語。 （可以熟記為：主謂賓，定狀補(bǔ)）除了這六種主要成分之外，還有 “表語 ”和 “同位語 ”的說法。但表語和系動(dòng)詞一起作謂語，因此劃分成分時(shí)， 劃分在謂語上。 同位語分為主語同位語和賓語同

23、位語，屬于主語或賓語的一部分。1. 劃分句子成分時(shí)的常用符號(hào)英語中劃分句子成分的符號(hào)主語在下面畫直線謂語在下面畫曲線賓語在下面畫雙橫線定語在下面畫虛線（一行點(diǎn)使我們想到一排釘子， “釘 ”諧音為 “定語 ”的 “定”）狀語下面為短橫線（短橫線使我們想到短木樁，木樁撞（狀）鐘）補(bǔ)語上一短橫， 下一短橫 （下一短橫好像是為了彌補(bǔ)上面短橫間的空隙）同位語上下雙曲線，（雖都有曲折，上下位置基本相同2. 主語主語是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首，通常由名詞性的詞來充當(dāng)?？梢宰髦髡Z的詞性或語法結(jié)構(gòu)：1.名詞 2.代詞 3.數(shù)詞 4.名詞化的形容詞（如 the rich） 5.不定式 6.動(dòng)名詞 7.主

24、語從句等表示。在下面句子的主語下面畫橫線，并說出由什么充當(dāng)。 During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. We often speak English in class. One-third of the students in this class are girls. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. Smoking does harm to the health. The rich should help the poor. When

25、 we are going to have an English test has not been decided. It is necessary to master a foreign language. That he isn t at home is not true.改正下列句中的錯(cuò)誤，并說明原因。He failed the exam is the reason why he dropped out. That why he was late for school was that his mother wasill.Beyond the mountains lie a small

26、 village.Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot.Play basketball is my favorite sport.Give up English is not an option.正確運(yùn)用主語的各種形式（P. 錯(cuò)誤 ! 未定義書簽。 )3. 謂語謂語由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)，說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：簡單謂語：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如：He practices running every morning.He reads newspapers every day.復(fù)合謂語：由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞

27、加動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks.He has caught a bad cold.My sister is crying over there.I have been waiting for you all the time. I would stay at home all day.由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成。系動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語，要和表語一起作謂語。如：We are students.Your idea sounds great.4. 表語表語多是形容詞， 用以說明主語的身份、 特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如 be, become, get

28、, look, grow, turn, seem 等） (答疑 qq 329950885) 之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。畫出下列句中的表語，并說明由什么充當(dāng)。a) Our teacher of English is an American.b) Is it yours?c) The weather has turned cold.d) The speech is exciting.e) Three times seven is twenty one.f) His job is to teach English.g) His ho

29、bby （愛好） is playing football.h) The machine must be under repairs.i) The truth is that he has never been abroad.5. 賓語賓語由名詞性的詞充當(dāng)， 表示動(dòng)作的對象或承受者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。賓語分為動(dòng)詞賓語和介詞賓語， 分別構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞結(jié)構(gòu)。畫出下列句中的賓語, 并說明由什么充當(dāng)。They planted many trees yesterday.(How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five.They helped t

30、he old with their housework yesterday.I wanted to buy a car.I enjoy listening to popular music.I think （ that） he is fit for his office.6. 賓語補(bǔ)足語英語中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)語， 才能使句子的意義完整。 賓語補(bǔ)足語和 (答疑 qq 329950885) 賓語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。換句話說， 在意思上， 賓語相當(dāng)于賓補(bǔ)的主語。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如 make 等）+賓語 +賓補(bǔ)。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、 形容詞、副

31、詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。用下畫線畫出下列句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語，并指出是什么詞充當(dāng)，同時(shí)體會(huì)賓補(bǔ)和賓語之間的邏輯關(guān)系。His father named him Dongming.They painted their boat white.Let the fresh air in.You mustn t force him to lend his money to you.We saw her entering the room.We found everything in the lab in good order.We will soon make our city what you

32、r city is now.I want your homework done on time.7. 主補(bǔ)對主語的補(bǔ)充。含有賓語補(bǔ)足語的句子在變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)，賓語作主語時(shí)，原來的賓補(bǔ)就成了主語補(bǔ)足語。He was elected monitor .She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.8. 定語定語是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用“的”表示。定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。在英語中，許多情況下，定語是放在所修飾詞后面的，這點(diǎn)與漢語習(xí)慣不同，也是

33、許多同學(xué)不能讀懂長句的主要原因。a) 副詞用作定語一般要后置。People there are very friendly. ( 那兒的人們 )He didn tlike the man downstairs.（樓下的那個(gè)人）b) 形容詞短語作定語一般放在所修飾詞之后。單個(gè)形容詞作定語一般放在所修飾詞之前， 而形容詞短語作定語一般放在所修飾詞之后。The next man is a scientist.The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁邊的那個(gè)人）c) 介詞短語作定語時(shí)要后置。The boy under the tree is Tom. （樹下的那個(gè)男孩

34、）The tallest boy in our class is John.（我們班最高的那個(gè)男孩）d) 現(xiàn)在分詞短語、過去分詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式作定語常后置。I have something to say. ( 直譯：我有要說的話)The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那邊哭的那個(gè)男孩）The house built last year is impressive. （去年建的那座房子）口頭翻譯下列句子，用下畫線標(biāo)出定語部分，留意定語的位置，并說明定語是由什么詞性或結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)。 The letter on the desk is for Mr.

35、Wu. The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother. We need a place twice larger than this one. She carried a basket full of eggs. It sabook worth no more than one dollar. It s a city far from the coast. He has money enough to buy a car. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. There are lots of pla

36、ces of interest needing repairing in our city. Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat. ? A boy calling himself John wanted to see you.? He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home.? There are many clothes to be washed.? Most of the singers invited to the party were f

37、rom America.? Then the great day came when he was to march pastthe palace in the team.用活形容詞短語作后置定語（P. 錯(cuò)誤 ! 未定義書簽。）9. 狀語修飾動(dòng)詞、 形容詞、 副詞或整個(gè)句子 , 說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫作狀語。He writes carefully . He walks slowly .(認(rèn)真地寫，慢慢地走，修飾動(dòng)詞用副詞，作狀語)This material is environmentally friendly.（修飾形容詞用副詞，作狀語）He runs very slowly.（修

38、飾副詞slowly,因此 very 是副詞，作狀語）Unfortunately , he lost all of his money.（修飾整個(gè)句子用副詞，作狀語）幾個(gè)并列狀語的先后順序：方式 地點(diǎn) 時(shí)間一個(gè)句中有幾個(gè)并列狀語時(shí)，其順序較靈活，但一般是：方式 地點(diǎn) 時(shí)間。如：He worked hardat his lessonslast year.I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning.He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment.正確安排并列狀語的順序（P.

39、 錯(cuò)誤 ! 未定義書簽。）頻度副詞 often, always, usually, sometimes, never 等在句中的位置位于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、 系動(dòng)詞、 助動(dòng)詞之后 , 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前。 You can never tell what he will do.He is often late.He is always helping others.He often came late.注意頻度副詞的位置（P. 錯(cuò)誤 ! 未定義書簽。）狀語按意義分類在句子成分中，主語、謂語、賓語、定語、表語、補(bǔ)語都比較好辨認(rèn)，如果這幾個(gè)成分都不是，那很可能就是狀語了。因此，狀語的種類很多，可以表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原

40、因、目的、結(jié)果、程度、條件、方式和讓步等。指出下列畫線部分屬于什么狀語。I. How about meeting again at six?II. Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.III. Last night she didn t go to the dancebecpausertyof the rain.IV. She put the eggs into the basket with great care.V.She came in with a dictionary in her hand.VI. In order to catch up with

41、 the others, I must work harder.VII. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.VIII.The boy needs a pen very much.IX. The boy really needs a pen.10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.11. She works very hard though she is old.12. I am taller than he is.13. I s

42、hall go there if it doesn t rain.14. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom.15. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.10. 同位語同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對前者加以說明的成分，近乎于后置定語。如：We students should study hard. / (students 是 we 的同位語，都是指同一批“學(xué)生” ）It s goodusto students.選擇正確答案，并口頭說出句中那個(gè)是同位語。The

43、 young man, _,works in the office.A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. meOur English teacher, _, often helps us with study.A. Mrs. WangB. Mrs. WangsC. Mrs. Wang s.D. of him_, somerailwayworkers,are busy repairing thetrain.A. ThemB. HeC. TheyD. Theirs 簡單句的五種基本結(jié)構(gòu)英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略

44、或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。英語五種基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)如下：主語謂語用符號(hào)表示為： （主謂） （主謂賓） （主謂間賓直賓） （主謂賓賓補(bǔ)） （主系表）主語（ subject）謂語（ predicate）賓語（ object ）定語（ attribute ）狀語(adverbial)補(bǔ)語（ complement）表語（ predicative ）基本句型一： （主謂）這類句子的謂語動(dòng)詞都是不及物動(dòng)詞， 都不帶賓語，但可以帶狀語。如 :It is raining now. ( )We ve workedfor 5 hours. ( )The meeting lasted h

45、alf an hour. ( )Time flies. ( )分析下列句子成分，并在后面括號(hào)內(nèi)標(biāo)明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種。1.Dark clouds hung overhead. ()2.Gradually a smile appeared on her face. ()3.He is smiling all over his face. ()4.I did well in English. ()5.He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. ()基本句型二： （主系表）系動(dòng)詞主要是 be，但還有一些動(dòng)詞有些時(shí)候也可作系動(dòng)詞，有人稱之為半系動(dòng)詞

46、。如何辨別系動(dòng)詞有些動(dòng)詞既可作連系動(dòng)詞，又可以作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。 (答疑 qq 329950885)如何來辨別呢？有一個(gè)最簡便的方法，即用連系動(dòng)詞be替換句子中的這些動(dòng)詞，句子仍然成立就是連系動(dòng)詞；反之，不能替換的，就是行為動(dòng)詞。如： She looks beautiful. (looks 變?yōu)?is之后，她是美麗的，句意沒有大的變化， looks是系動(dòng)詞。 ) Look at the picture.(look 不能換為 be, look 為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。 ) He felt the book with his right hand.(feel 是 “摸 ”的意思，不能換為 was, 是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。)T

47、he silk feels soft.(這種絲綢摸起來很柔軟，feels換為 is之后，句意變化不大，因此是系動(dòng)詞。)辨別下列斜體動(dòng)詞是系動(dòng)詞還是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。 The door stays open at night. He tasted the food, and the food tasted delicious. The book still lies open on the desk. What he said proved true. He canprovedt his theory( 理論 ).常見的系動(dòng)詞狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞。如：He is a teacher.

48、 他是一名教師。持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand。如：He kept silent at the meeting.他開會(huì)時(shí)保持沉默。This matter remains a mystery.此事仍是一個(gè)謎。The food stays fresh in the fridge.食物在冰箱里仍然很新鮮。The house stood empty for years. 房子空了數(shù)年。He lies awake in bed. 他躺在床上，醒著。表“像”系動(dòng)詞用來表示“看起來像”這一概念，主要有 seem, appea

49、r, look 。如：Something seems wrong. 好像出差錯(cuò)了。He appears young. 他看起來很年輕。感官系動(dòng)詞感官系動(dòng)詞主要有 look“看起來”，feel“ 摸起來” , smell “聞起來” , sound“聽起來” , taste“嘗起來”。This kind of cloth feels very soft.這種布手感很軟。This flower smells very sweet.這朵花聞起來很香。變化系動(dòng)詞這些系動(dòng)詞表示主語變成什么樣。變化系動(dòng)詞主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run 。 H

50、e became mad after that. 自那之后，他瘋了。 She grew rich within a short time.她沒多長時(shí)間就富了。He fell ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。Eggs go bad easily in summer. 蛋夏天容易變壞。His face went red. 他的臉變紅了。What he had dreamt of came true.他的夢想實(shí)現(xiàn)了。Still waters run deep. 靜水流深。終止系動(dòng)詞表示主語已終止動(dòng)作， 主要有 prove, turn out, 表達(dá)“證實(shí)”，“變成”之意。如：The rumor proved false.這謠言證實(shí)有假。His plan turned out a success.他的計(jì)劃終于成功了。 （turn out 表終止性結(jié)果）What he predicted turned out (to be) wrong.他預(yù)言的結(jié)果是錯(cuò)的。用下畫線畫出下列句中的系動(dòng)詞。1.His advice proved right.2.The shop stays open till 8 o clock.3. The machine went wrong.4. All these efforts seem in vain.5. These words sound reaso