一些常用的SCI論文句式

1、一些常用的SCI論文句式寫英文文章經(jīng)常要重復(fù)講一個說法講幾次，但描述方式不能太祥林嫂，所以備好一些常用句式還是相當有用的。以下的句式主要來源于Science，Nature，Immunity，JEM，JCI和JI。這些句式都很地道，決不山寨，希望對有需要的朋友有用。 熱點，廣泛關(guān)注、研究 1The mechanisms governing the homeostasis of memory T cells have been an area of intense investigation. 2Extensive work has been done in the area of cytokin

2、e signaling. 3Not unexpectedly, the newest lineage of helper T cells, TH-17 cells, also received a great deal of attention at the Ringberg meeting. 4. While the interactions of DC with naive T cells within LN have been analysed in detail, 5. While interactions of DC with naive T cells in LN have bee

3、n extensively examined by 2P-IVM, 6. Although the signals that control neutrophil migration from the blood to sites of infection have been well characterized, little is known about their migration patterns within lymph nodes or the strategies that neutrophils use to find their local sites of action.

4、 不像B，which，A 1. Unlike naive T cells, which survive largely in interphase, memory T cells persist under normal conditions with a slow but constant turnover. 像一樣 1As with naive T cells, memory T cells are also capable of undergoing more rapid cell division under lymphopenic conditions, known as acute

5、 homeostatic proliferation. 已有共識 1There is now a general consensus that two members of the common chain cytokine family, namely IL-7 and IL-15, control the homeostasis of CD8+ memory cells 仍不清楚 1. However, the factors that govern the homeostasis of CD4+ memory cells have yet to be fully defined. 2.

6、Although molecular details of the process are poorly understood. 3. Although why this subset of T cells is uniquely sensitive to IL-2 is currently unclear. 4. experiments directly interrogating the physiological requirements for DC-produced IL-2 have yet to be published. 5. Among the questions that

7、remain to be resolved are how IL-2 may play both supportive and restrictive roles in the same transgenic OT-1 CD8+ T cells. 6. The cause of this disease has been elusive because the SAP gene is not affected in XLP 2 patients. 7The main source of IL-17 at the local site of inflammation still remains

8、unknown. 8. Whether such a mechanism is relevant to CD4+ T helper cells remains an open issue. 9. Whether the failure to silence TRAIL synthesis upon rechallenge explains this example of AICD remains to be investigated. 10. Whether the receiving cell must make contact with the producing cell or whet

9、her there is a role for soluble IL-15/IL-15R complexes in CD8+ memory T cell homeostasis is not clear. 11. But the question of whether they need tonic signals via their TCR is still open. 12. Exactly what CD4+ T cells provide to maintain CD8+ T cell memory remains a mystery. 13 Large questions remai

10、n as to how chemokine signaling regulates or is regulated to coordinate the complex in vivo dynamics of the T lymphocytes。 14. However, what has not been delineated is the response of effector T cells at nonlymphoid tissue sites when they reencounter Ag. 15. The precise role of IL-2 in the regulatio

11、n of CD8 T cell responses to foreign Ag in vivo however remains enigmatic. 16Our understanding of the developmentalcontrol of V(D)J recombination on the one hand, and that of cell proliferation, death, and survival during differentiationon the other, is still fragmentary. 已經(jīng)得到公認 1It is well accepted

12、 that two cytokines, namely IL-7 and IL-15, are involved in maintaining the numbers of CD8 memory cells in vivo (145147). 與相似 1In addition, there is a high-affinity receptor for IL-15, referred to as IL-15R, and it was thought, in analogy with the IL-2R, that a three-chain complex, , was the recepto

13、r for IL-15 on NK cells and memory CD8+ T cells. 仍存在爭議 1It was clear that there is no shortage of controversy. 可以肯定地說 1It is safe to say, in fact, that there is a long way to go before the field fully understands the process of effector and memory cell differentiation, the relationships among these

14、post-activation cell fates and the extent to which any given T cell adopts a fixed versus a flexible functional program after antigen activation. 2. There is no doubt immunological research has been boosted by the recent application of 2P-IVM 依賴、需要 1Ag-specifi c memory CD8+ cells, on the other hand,

15、 are less dependent on IL-15, relying more on IL-7, but still require IL-15 for basal homeostatic proliferation and long-term maintenance 2Furthermore, robust CD8 recall responses appear to be particularly reliant on CD8 costimulation via 4-1BB. A與B之間的差異 1The discrepancy in the homeostatic requireme

16、nts for Ag-specifi c memory versus MP cells appears even greater for CD4+ than CD8+ cells. 與一致,相符 1Consistent with this notion, recent studies have shown that IL-7 is essential for the survival and basal homeostatic turnover of Ag-specific CD4+memory cells. 2. Similarly broad expression of IL-2 and

17、IL-15 receptors do not coincide well with the highly restricted roles that IL-2 and IL-15 appear to play in thymic development. 3The distinct functions of IL-2, IL-15, and IL-7 signals in naive T cell homeostasis correspond well with the expression patterns of the various receptor chains. 4. A compa

18、rison of wild-type and CD25?/? CD8+ T cells side by side in a mixed radiation chimera following LCMV or Listeria infection revealed that the knockout cells could divide as fast as wild-type cells and accumulate to large numbers of effectors (54), in line with previous findings. 5 These experiments a

19、re also in agreement with physiological studies showing that T cells activated by soluble peptide in vivo are not committed to tolerance after 3 d 6. Results presented in this work do not contradict this hypothesis, but suggest that in addition to its function as a “T cell graveyard, the liver may p

20、lay a role in primary activation of CD81 T cells specific for Ags presented within the liver, including peptides delivered by the i.v. route. 被迫 1These effector T cells undergo a dramatic contraction in numbers after antigen clearance, with 90 95% succumbing to apoptosis within weeks. 與相反,相反地 1. In

21、contrast to CD8 memory T cells, CD4 memory T cells may not require the signals through common cytokine receptor chain. 2. By contrast, IL-2 signaling may play a major role in the differentiation of regulatory T cells 3. Contrary to T-cell recognition of peptides processed and presented on MHC molecu

22、les by DC, immunoglobulin receptors on B cells recognize intact protein antigens in their native state. 參與了 1. The polycomb group (PcG) gene Bmi1 has recently been implicated in the maintenance of hematopoietic 2. an intrinsic histone H3-K27 methyltransferase activity, which implicates a likely mech

23、anism for PcG-mediated gene silencing. 本課題研究了在的作用 1. We herein investigated the role of Bmi1 in the generation and maintenance of memory CD4 + Th1/Th2 cells. 研究(清楚)說明 1. Our results indicate that Bmi1 controls memory CD4 T cell survival and function through the direct repression of the Noxa gene. 2.

24、 However, follow-up studies have not revealed an obvious defect in thymic selection 3. Multiple in vitro studies demonstrate that T cell activation depends on the presence of IL-2. 4. The results conclusively demonstrated that IL-2 was dispensable as a growth factor for antiviral CD8 T cells in seco

25、ndary lymphoid tissues 在方面缺乏讓人信服的證據(jù) 1Compelling evidence in this regard is currently lacking. 與相比 1. Although the expression levels of IL-7R _ and IL-2R _ were slightly lower on Bmi1 _ / _ memory Th2 cells as compared with wild-type cells. 靜脈過繼轉(zhuǎn)移到 1. (A and Bmi1 +/+ , Bmi1 +/ _ , or Bmi1 _ / _ effec

26、tor Th2 (A) or Th1 ( cells with DO11.10 Tg background were intravenously transferred into BALB/c nu/nu mice. 大量的證據(jù)說明 1Hence, despite a plethora of in vitro evidence showing that IL-2 was critical for supporting T cell activation, the dominant physiological function of IL-2 signals in vivo is to rest

27、rain T cell activation and prevent autoimmunity. A對B很重要 1IL-2 is clearly essential/critical for Treg differentiation. 2The non-homologous DNA end-joining (NHEJ) pathway has an essential role in joining double-strand breaks (DSBs) generated by the RAG proteins during V(D)J recombination; 3. CD4+ T ce

28、lls play an essential role in promoting the initial expansion of CD8+ T cells responding to initial antigen challenge when antigen comes from a relatively noninflammatory immunogen. 4. One attractive possibility is that the subset of endogenously activated CD4+ T cells that express low levels of CD2

29、5 and make numerous cytokines are key to maintaining CD8+ memory T cells. 5DCs are central to the priming of both primary and secondary CD8+ T cell responses. 6. Our results therefore suggest that TLRs can play a crucial role in shaping the development of the adaptive immune system. 引出問題 1These resu

30、lts raise the question of the extent to which the suppressive actions of TGF- and IL-27 are mediated by their capacity to promote IL-10 production by other cells. 2The observation that CD8+ T cell differentiation is programmed after a relatively short exposure to antigen has brought into question th

31、e nature of CD8+ T cellDC interactions in vivo. 3The expression of AID in developing B cells in both mutant and normal mice (Maoet al., 2004) raises questions regarding the mechanism of AID induction at these early stages of B cell development. 不奇怪地，可以預(yù)期地 1Not unexpectedly, the newest lineage of hel

32、per T cells, TH-17 cells, also received a great deal of attention at the Ringberg meeting. 2. As expected, RAG-2 expression is detected only in pre-B and immature B cells, validating our cell-purification procedure. 面對嚴峻的挑戰(zhàn) 1The question then became how to tackle such a daunting challenge. 除了以外 1Asi

33、de from CD28, perhaps the best described CD8-specific costimulatory molecule is 4-1BB (CD137). 觀點最近也受到挑戰(zhàn) 1The paradigm that SHM is limited to mature B cells has also been recently challenged by a report showing that 為了研究我們 1. To directly address the role of AID during B cell development, we have now

34、 analyzed the expression of AID in the BM of normal mice. 老鼠是背景的 1 Because Aicda_/_ mice are on a mixed C57BL/6 and CBA background. 2. These nude mice have a C57BL/6 genetic background 有研究指出 1Previously, it has been reported that about 16% of C57BL/6 immature B cells express AID by single-cell analy

35、sis. 2. A previous report had shown AID expression, but no SHM of light chain, in immature B cells from wild-type C57BL/6 mice (Mao et al., 2004). 3. Previous studies have indicated that B cells expressing rearranged Vk4 genes are frequently negatively selected, perhaps because they are autoreactive

36、 為了證明 1. In order to ascertain that AID expressed in pre-B and immature B cells is active and functional, the presence of circle transcripts (CTs) and postswitch transcripts.(PSTs) was assessed in these cells. 2. To confirm that CSR led to proper recombination, we amplified PSTs for each isotype by

37、using specific primers 為了進一步證實、驗證、定量 1. To further determine whether CSR in developing B cells led to appropriate cell-surface protein expression, we stained BM cells from Aicda+/_ and Aicda_/_ mice and examined the surface expression of IgA by using FACS. 2. To circumvent this potential problem, we

38、 performed studies in a model system not requiring infection. 值得注意的是 1. It is noteworthy that CT-a exhibit two transcripts, because of alternative splicing donor sites in the Ia exon. 2. It is important to note that several observations indicate that small numbers of BM-residing plasma or memory B c

39、ells cannot account for our findings of AID expression in early B cells. 暗示 1 This is reminiscent of the genetic background effects we find for CSR in pre-B and immature B cells in normal mice. 我們的研究為提供證據(jù) 1Our findings provide evidence that the innate immune system plays an important role in shaping

40、 adaptive immunity at early stages of lymphocyte development. 特別強調(diào) 1We place special emphasis on what we see as a hierarchical organization of lymphoid tissue in support of the cellcell interactions underlying adaptive immune responses 僅僅討論 1So here we limit our discussion to the practical aspects o

41、f these techniques 提示 1Seminal work on two-photon microscopy from the Cyster group shed light on the central role of chemokines on distinct events in B cell biology. 把叫做 1. In this study, we will refer to the former cells as CD11b_ dendritic cells and the latter as CD8_ dendritic cells. 據(jù)我們所知 1To ou

42、r knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that naive T cells can undergo primary activation outside lymphoid organs. 綜上所述 1Viewed in toto, these results indicate that T cells activated in the lymph nodes of Met-Kb mice are mostunlikely to have contributed to the blood T cell pool during the first 2 days after transfer. 2Taken together with our previous in vitro