第七版微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)-第4章-供給與需求的市場力量

1、PowerPoint Slides prepared by: Andreea CHIRITESCUEastern Illinois University4 41供給與需求的市場力量 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise o

2、n a password-protected website for classroom use.12市場與競爭 供給與需求經(jīng)濟學(xué)家們最常使用的詞匯使市場經(jīng)濟運行的力量買者與賣者行為，以及他們相互之間的影響 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service o

3、r otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.23市場與競爭 市場由某種商品或服務(wù)的買者與賣者組成的一個群體買方群體決定產(chǎn)品的需求賣方群體決定產(chǎn)品的供給 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product

4、or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.34市場與競爭 市場采取多種形式市場組織健全許多農(nóng)產(chǎn)品市場并沒有什么組織某鎮(zhèn)上冰淇淋市場 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain produ

5、ct or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.45市場與競爭 競爭市場市場中有許多買者和許多賣者每一個對市場價格的影響可以忽略不計價格和數(shù)量由買賣雙方?jīng)Q定它們在市場上相互作用 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distribut

6、ed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.56市場與競爭 完全競爭市場提供出售的貨物都是完全相同的買者和賣者是如此眾多 買方或賣方對市場價格有任何影響價格接受者市場價格買者可以購買他們想要的一切賣者可以出售他們想出售的一切 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, e

7、xcept for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.67市場與競爭 壟斷市場上唯一的賣方價格的決定 其他的市場在完全競爭與壟斷之間 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, exc

8、ept for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.78需求 需求量買者愿意并且能夠購買一種物品的數(shù)量 需求法則其他條件不變當(dāng)一種商品的價格上升時，商品的需求數(shù)量下降的觀點當(dāng)價格下降時，需求量上升 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or dupli

9、cated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.89需求 需求一種商品的價格和需求量之間的關(guān)系需求表：是一張表需求曲線：是一張圖價格在垂直軸水平軸的數(shù)量 個人需求個人對產(chǎn)品的需求 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be c

10、opied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.910圖 1 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in w

11、hole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.Catherine需求曲線和需求曲線需求曲線需求表是顯示每個價格水平下的需求量的表。根據(jù)需求表畫出需求曲線圖表示一種物品的需求量如何隨其價格變動而變動。較低的價格增加了需求量，因此需求曲線向下傾斜。冰淇淋的價格冰淇淋的數(shù)量 $0.000.501.001.502.00

12、2.503.0012 cones108642001210 1191 2 3 4 5 6 7 8冰淇淋的數(shù)量 $3.002.502.001.501.000.50冰淇淋的價格 1.價格下降. . .2. . . . 需求量上升1011需求 市場需求為一種商品或服務(wù)的所有個人需求總和 市場需求曲線水平的個體需求曲線一種商品的總需求量的變化商品價格各不一樣其他條件不變 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for

13、 use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.1112圖 2 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license dis

14、tributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.作為個人需求之和的市場需求一個市場的需求量是所有買者在每一價格水平下水平下的需求量總和。因此，可以通過把個人需求曲線水平相加而得出市場需求曲線。在價格2美元時，Catherine的需求量是4個冰淇淋蛋卷，Nicholas的需求量是3個冰淇淋蛋卷。在這一價格水平下，在市場上的需求量是7個冰淇淋蛋卷。1213圖 2 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Res

15、erved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.作為個人需求之和的市場需求DCatherine012101191 2 3 4 5 6 7 8冰淇淋的數(shù)量 $3.002.502.001.501.000.50冰

16、淇淋的價格Catherine的需求DNicholas01 2 3 4 5 6 7冰淇淋的數(shù)量 $3.002.502.001.501.000.50冰淇淋的價格Nicholas的需求+=DMarket0182 4 6 8 10 121416冰淇淋的數(shù)量$3.002.502.001.501.000.50冰淇淋的價格市場需求1314需求 需求曲線的移動需求量的上升每一價格水平下的變化，增加的的數(shù)量需求曲線向右移動需求量的減少每一價格水平下的變化要減少需求量的數(shù)量需求曲線向左移動 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied,

17、 scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.1415圖 3 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole

18、or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.需求曲線的移動冰淇淋的價格冰淇淋的數(shù)量 0需求曲線, D1需求曲線, D3需求曲線, D2需求上升需求減少既定價格水平下，任何使買者想購買的數(shù)量都增加的變動都會使需求曲線向右移動。既定價格水平下，任何使買者想購買的數(shù)量都減少的變動都會使需求曲線向左移動。1516需求 可以改變

19、需求曲線的變量收入相關(guān)物品價格愛好預(yù)期買者數(shù)量 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.1617需求 收入正常品其他條件不變

20、收入的增加導(dǎo)致了需求的增加低檔品其他條件不變收入的增加導(dǎo)致需求的減少 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.1718需求

21、相關(guān)物品價格替代品，兩種物品一種物品價格的上升導(dǎo)致另一種物品需求增加互補品，兩種物品一種物品價格的上升導(dǎo)致另一種物品需求減少 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected websi

22、te for classroom use.1819需求 愛好愛好變化：改變需求 對未來的預(yù)期 預(yù)期收入增加增加目前的需求期待更高的價格增加目前的需求 買者數(shù)量，增加市場需求增加 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on

23、a password-protected website for classroom use.1920表 1 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for c

24、lassroom use.影響買者的變量這張表列出了可以影響消費者選擇購買多少某種物品的變量。要注意的是價格所起的特殊作用：價格變動表現(xiàn)為沿著需求曲線的變動，而其他任何一個變量的變動將使需求曲線移動。2021減少香煙需求的兩種方法使香煙和其他煙草產(chǎn)品的需求曲線移動試著提高香煙的價格 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distribut

25、ed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.21“什么是制止這種行為最好的方法？”22減少香煙需求的兩種方法香煙和其他煙草產(chǎn)品的需求曲線的移動 公共服務(wù)公告香煙包裝上的強制性健康警告在電視上禁止吸煙廣告若成功需求曲線向左移動 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, e

26、xcept for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.2223減少香煙需求的兩種方法試著提高香煙的價格對制造商征稅：更高的價格沿需求曲線運動 10% 價格 4% 吸煙量 青少年: 10% 價格 12% 吸煙量對香煙需求與大麻需求 互補品 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copi

27、ed, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.2324圖 4 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in who

28、le or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.需求曲線移動與沿著需求曲線的變動Price of Cigarettes, per Pack Number of Cigarettes Smoked per Day0D1D21020$2.00BA(a) 需求曲線的轉(zhuǎn)變24如果香煙包裝上的警示能說服吸煙者少吸煙，那么香煙的

29、需求曲線就向左邊移動。在（a）幅中，需求曲線從D1移動到D2。在價格為每包2美元時，需求量由每天20支減少到10支，如圖中從A點到B點所示。與此相比，如果稅收提高香煙的價格，需求曲線沒有移動，而是變動到其上另一點。在（b）幅中，當(dāng)價格從2美元上升到4美元，需求量從每天20支煙減少到12支煙，如圖中是從A點移動到C點所示。25供給 供給量賣方愿意并且能夠出售的一個物品的數(shù)量 供給法則其他條件不變當(dāng)一個物品的價格上升時，供給的數(shù)量也上升了當(dāng)價格下跌時，供給量下降 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scann

30、ed, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.2526供給 供給商品的價格和供給量之間的關(guān)系供給表：是一張表供給曲線：是一張圖價格在縱軸水平軸是供給的數(shù)量 個人供給賣方個人的供給 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

31、 May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.2627圖 5 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or du

32、plicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.Ben的供給計劃和供給曲線冰淇淋的價格冰淇淋的供給量$0.000.501.001.502.002.503.000 012345Supply curve供給表是顯示在每一個價格水平下的供給量的表格。根據(jù)供給表畫出供給曲線圖表示一種物品的供給

33、量如何隨其價格變動而變動。由于價格越高，供給量越多，所以，供給曲線向右上方傾斜。01210 1191 2 3 4 5 6 7 8冰淇淋的數(shù)量 $3.002.502.001.501.000.50冰淇淋的價格 1.價格的上升 . . .2. . . . increases quantity of cones supplied.2728供給 市場供給為一種商品或服務(wù)所有賣方的供給量總和 市場供給曲線個人供給曲線的水平總和一種商品的總供給量的變化商品的價格各不一樣影響供給者出售的所有其他因素都保持不變 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May no

34、t be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.2829圖 6 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicate

35、d, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.市場供給作為個人用品的總和市場供給量是在每種價格水平下所有賣者的供給量之和。因此，可以通過水平地相加個人供給曲線的出市場供給曲線。在價格為2美元時，Ben供給3個冰淇淋蛋卷，而Jerry供給4個冰淇淋蛋卷。在這一價格水平下，市場供給量是7個冰淇淋蛋卷。

36、2930圖 6 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.市場供給作為個人用品的總和SBen01 2 3 4 5 6 7Qua

37、ntity of Ice-Cream Cones $3.002.502.001.501.000.50冰淇淋的價格本的供給SJerry01 2 3 4 5 6 7Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones $3.002.502.001.501.000.50冰淇淋的價格杰瑞的供給+=SMarket0182 4 6 8 10121416Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones $3.002.502.001.501.000.50冰淇淋的價格市場供給3031供給 供給變動供給增加每一價格水平下供給數(shù)量增加的任何一種變化供給曲線向右移動供給減少每一價格水平下供給數(shù)量減少的任何一種

38、變化供給曲線向左移動 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.3132圖 7 2015 Cengage Learning.

39、All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.供給曲線的變化冰淇淋價格 冰淇淋數(shù)量 0供給曲線, S1供給曲線, S3供給曲線, S2供給右移 供給左移使任何既定價格水平下賣者

40、愿意生產(chǎn)的數(shù)量都增加的任何一種變動，都會使供給曲線向右移動。使任何既定價格水平下賣者愿意生產(chǎn)的數(shù)量都減少的任何一種變動，都會使供給曲線向左移動。3233供給 能改變供給曲線的變量投入品價格技術(shù)預(yù)期賣者的數(shù)量 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service o

41、r otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.3334供給 投入品價格供給與投入品價格呈負相關(guān)價格上升：使供給減少 技術(shù)技術(shù)進步：使供給增加 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or ser

42、vice or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.3435供給 關(guān)于未來的預(yù)期 影響現(xiàn)在的供給預(yù)期價格上升減少現(xiàn)在的供給 賣者數(shù)量，增加市場供給增加 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain produc

43、t or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.3536表 2 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a pas

44、sword-protected website for classroom use.影響賣者的變量該表列出了可以影響生產(chǎn)者選擇出售多少某種物品的變量。要注意價格所起的特殊作用：價格變動表現(xiàn)為沿著供給曲線的變動，而其他任何一個變量的變動都將使供給曲線移動。3637供給與需求的結(jié)合 均衡 各種力量達到平衡一種市場價格已經(jīng)達到的水平供給量=需求量供需曲線相交 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use

45、 as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.3738供給與需求的結(jié)合 均衡價格供給量和需求量市場出清價格 均衡數(shù)量 均衡價格的供給量和需求量 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except

46、for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.3839圖 8 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license

47、distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.供給與需求的均衡供給01210 1191 2 3 4 5 6 7 8冰淇淋的數(shù)量$3.002.502.001.501.000.50冰淇淋的價格 均衡需求均衡價格均衡數(shù)量均衡出現(xiàn)在供給和需求曲線相交的那一點。在均衡價格時，供給量等于需求量。這里的均衡價格是2美元：在這一價格水平下，供給量是7個冰淇淋蛋卷，需求量也是7個冰淇淋蛋卷。3940供給與需求的結(jié)合 剩余供給量需求量供給過剩價

48、格下降的壓力沿著需求和供給曲線運動需求量的增加供給減少 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.4041供給與需求的結(jié)合 短

49、缺供給量供給量超額需求價格上升壓力沿著需求和供給曲線運動減少需求量供給量的增加 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.41

50、42圖 9 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.市場不處于均衡時冰淇淋的價格冰淇淋的數(shù)量0Demand7$2.50(a)

51、 供給過量2.00Supply Surplus 4Quantitydemanded10Quantitysupplied冰淇淋的價格Sply Shortage4Quantitsupplied10Quantdemanded42在（a）幅中，存在著剩余。因為2.5美元的市場價格高于均衡價格，供給量（10個）超過需求量（4個）。供給商試圖通過削減冰淇淋蛋卷的價格來增加銷售量，這將會使價格向均衡水平移動。在（b）幅中，存在短缺。因為1.5美元的市場價格低于均衡價格，需求量（10個）超過供給量（4個）。由于太多的買者在追逐太少的商品，供給商可以通過提高價格來利用這一優(yōu)勢。因此，在這兩種情況下，價格調(diào)整移動

52、市場對供需平衡43供給與需求的結(jié)合 供給與需求法則任何商品的價格調(diào)整 使供給量和需求量的數(shù)量要達到平衡 大多數(shù)市場中盈余和短缺是暫時的 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected

53、website for classroom use.4344供給與需求的結(jié)合 分析平衡變化的三個步驟 決定事件是否在某些情況下，改變供給曲線，需求曲線，或在某些情況下，這兩個曲線 決定曲線向右或向左移動 使用供求關(guān)系圖比較初始和新的均衡1.均衡價格和數(shù)量的影響 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a c

54、ertain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.4445供給與需求的結(jié)合 由于需求的變動市場均衡的變化 夏天，很熱的天氣 冰淇淋市場的影響？ 熱天氣：改變需求曲線（愛好） 需求曲線向右邊移動 均衡價格；均衡數(shù)量 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as per

55、mitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.4546圖 10 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed w

56、ith a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.需求增長如何影響均衡SupplyNew equilibriumD2使任何一種既定價格水平下需求量增加的事件使需求曲線向右移動。均衡價格與均衡數(shù)量都上升了。在本例中，異常炎熱的夏季使買者需要更多的冰淇淋。需求曲線從D1移動到D2，導(dǎo)致均衡價格從2美元上升到2.5美元，均衡數(shù)量從7個上升到10個。冰淇淋的價格冰淇淋的數(shù)量07$2.502.0010D1Initial equilibrium1. Hot weat

57、her increases the demand for ice cream . . .2. resulting in a higher price . . .3. and a higherquantity sold.4647供給與需求的結(jié)合 沿曲線移動與運動 供給曲線的變動供給變化 沿固定供給曲線變動供給量的變化 需求曲線移動需求變化 沿固定需求曲線變動需求量的變化 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except

58、 for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.4748供給與需求的結(jié)合 供給變動引起的市場均衡變化 在一個夏天，一場颶風(fēng)摧毀了一部分甘蔗作物：更高的糖價格 冰淇淋市場的影響？ 糖的價格變化：供給曲線 供給曲線：向左移動 均衡價格；均衡量 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copie

59、d, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.4849圖 11 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise o