生理學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)題名詞解釋英文版HumanPhysiology

1、學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載Human PhysiologyPhysiology is one of the biological sciences dealing with normal life phenomena of all living organisms.Human PhysiologyHuman Physiology （人體生理學(xué)） is one of the biological sciences dealing with normal life phenomena of human being.Internal EnvironmentExtracellular fluid directl

2、y baths body cellsInternal environment = Extracellular fluidHomeostasis（ 穩(wěn)態(tài)）Homeostasis means a condition in which physical and chemical properties of internalenvironment is kept at a“ dynamic constancy”.Regulation- the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal conditionsin a constantlych

3、anging environmentNervous Regulationa process in which body functions are controlled by the nerve system.Pathway:nerve reflexStructure basis:reflex arcTypes: unconditioned reflex and conditioned reflexHormonal Regulationa regulatory process performed by hormones or active chemical substances in bloo

4、d or tissue.Auto-regulationdirect response of the organ to stimulus,independent of nervous and hormonal control.Feedback Control System反饋控制系統(tǒng)a process in which a part of output (feedback signal) from controlled organ returns to affect or modify the action of the control system. closed loop system ve

5、ry importantcontrol systemNegative feedbackIf the feedback signals produce effect opposite to action of control system, this type of feedback is called negative feedback.Positive feedbackIfthe feedback signals from controlled system increase the action of the control system, this type of feedback is

6、 called positive feedback.學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載Feed-Forward Controla direct effect of stimulus(interference or disturbancesignal 干擾信號(hào) ) on control systembefore action of the feedback signal occursFluid Mosaic Model（ 液態(tài)鑲嵌模型）Fluid： To be able to flow freely as gases or liquids.Mosaic:a special material that can be

7、 inlaid into a picture or patchwork.Cell membrane consists of a double layer of lipid molecules ( lipid bilayer ) , in which globular protein molecules are inlaid.Simple Diffusiona random thermal movement of the substances across membrane down concentration gradientSubstances:O2CO2N2H2steroidsfatty

8、acidalcoholH2OFacilitated Diffusiona diffusion process of lipid insoluble or water soluble substances across cell membrane down their concentration or potential gradients by aid of membrane proteins.+2+glucose, amino acid, ureaSubstances: ions: KNaCaPrimary Active TransportIt is a process, in which

9、the membrane moves substances uphill against their chemical or electrical gradients by directly expending energy (ATP).Substances:ions:Na+,K+, Ca2+, Cl-,H+,I-etc.Mechanism:ion pump /ATPase(離子泵 /ATP 酶 )Secondary Active Transport / cotransportIt is one of the active transports， in which process the ex

10、pending energy is suppliedindirectlyfrom ATP.Substances: glucose, amino acid,Ca2+, H+ etc.Mechanism:symporter symport, antiporter or exchanger antiportExamples: Na+ - Glucosesymporter, Na+-Ca2+ exchangerPhagocytosis : “ cellulareating”（ 吞噬） cellengulfsa particleand packages itwith a foodvacuole.Pino

11、cytosis:” cellular drinking（胞飲”） cell gulps droplets of fluid by forming tiny vesicles.(unspecific) including fluid-phase endocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosisResting Potential (RP)It is an electrical potential difference across cell membrane in a resting cellPolarization( -70 mV, A) （極化） It

12、 is a state in which membrane is negative inside and positive outside atrest.學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載Depolarization( A to B ) （去極化）Membrane potential becomes less negative than resting level.Hyperpolarization( A to C ) （超極化）Membrane potential becomesmore negative than resting level.Repolarization( B to A ) （復(fù)極化） re

13、storation of polarization stateReverspolarization( B to D )(反極化 ) reversal of polarizationActionPotentiala rapid, reversible and conductive change in membrane potential after cell is stimulated.Threshold / threshold intensity:It is the minimal or smallest intensity of stimulus to induce action poten

14、tial when its wave and duration are fixed.Threshold potentialIt is a critical membrane potential level at which an action potential can occur.Value: 15 - 20 mVHow to reach it Threshold stimulus depolarizes the membrane to this level.local response:a small local change in membrane potential caused by

15、 a subthreshold stimulus.Excitation: The process of the cell to generate the action potentialExcitability: The ability of the cell to generate the action potentialExcitable cells: Cells that generate action potential during stimulus.in excitable cells (muscle, nerve, secretery cells), the action pot

16、ential is the marker of excitation.Power stokeOne angular movement of each cross bridge is called a“ power stroke”of the myosin head.Excitation Contraction Coupling興奮 -收縮耦聯(lián)It is an intermediary process to link excitation with contraction of the skeletal muscle.Mechanics收縮力學(xué)Mechanics refers to the st

17、udy of effects of some factors on muscle shortening or force.學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載Load負(fù)荷a force exerted on muscle by an object (or a weight ).Twitcha brief contraction caused by an action potential at low frequency stimulation.Tetanusa summation of twitches that occurs at high frequency stimulation.Isometric con

18、tractiona type of contraction thatonly produces an increase oftension, without shortening.Isotonic contractionmuscle shortening against a constant load,without change in tensionContractility (inotropic state變力狀態(tài)，肌力作用）It means the intrinsic function state of the contractile elements in the muscle cel

19、l.Hematocrit (Ht ) 血細(xì)胞比容percentage of blood volume occupied by all blood cells40% 50% in men,37% 48% in women(45 %)Suspension Stability of RBC( 紅細(xì)胞懸浮穩(wěn)定性）a phenomenon that RBC are stable in plasma suspension.Plasma Osmotic Pressure(血漿滲透壓 )Osmotic pressure: a force produced in higher concentration sid

20、e to attract H2O in lower side.Total plasma osmotic pressure:Crystal Osmotic Pressure (晶體滲透壓 )It is the osmotic pressure caused by crystal substances.MaintainH2O balancebetweenplasmaandintracellularfluidtokeepcellsinnormalvolume and shape .維持細(xì)胞內(nèi)外水平衡及正常ColloidOsmotic Pressure ( 膠體滲透壓 )It is the osmot

21、ic pressure caused by colloid substances.Role:Maintain H 2O balance across blood vascular wall to keep normal blood volume.維持血管內(nèi)外水平衡及正常血量Physiological Hemostasis生 理 性 止 血It is a process of clot formation in the damaged vascular wall to prevent bleeding. (Gannong)It is a process to arrest bleeding by clot formation automatically.(Guyton)學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載Blood Coagulation （