2019年考研英語(yǔ)二真題

1、2019年考研英語(yǔ)二真題Section IUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations. 1 , when done too often,

2、 this habit can sometimes hurt more than it 2.As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active, to focusing 3 on the scale. That was bad to my overall fitness goals. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only o

3、f4 the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That conflicted with how I needed to train to5 mygoals.I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate6 of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice significant ch

4、anges in your weight 7 altering your training program. The most 8 changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost.For these 9 , I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule10. Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to11 my

5、 weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observe and 12 any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to13 my trainingprogram.I use my bimonthly weigh-in 14 to get information about my nutrition as well. If my training intensity remains the same, but Im constantly 15

6、and dropping weight, this is a16 that I need to increase my daily caloricintake.The17 to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being. Im experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a 18 morning weigh-in. Ive also

7、 experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals, 19 Im training according to those goals, not the numbers on ascale.Rather than 20 over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel, how your clothes fit and your overall energylevel.1. ABesides2. Ahelps3. Ainitially4. Arecordi

8、ngB ThereforeB caresB solelyB loweringC OtherwiseC warnsC occasionallyC explainingD HoweverD reducesD formallyD accepting5. A modifyB setC reviewD reach6. A definitionB depictionC distributionD prediction7. A due toB regardless ofC aside fromD along with8. A orderlyB rigidC preciseD immediate9. A cl

9、aimsB judgmentsC reasonsD methods10. A insteadB thoughC againD indeed11. A trackB overlookC concealD report12. A depend onB approve ofC hold ontoD account for13. A shareB adjustC confirmD prepare14. A resultsB featuresC rulesD tests15. A boredB anxiousC hungryD sick16. A principleB secretC beliefD s

10、ign17. A requestB necessityC decisionD wish18. A disappointingB surprisingC restrictingD consuming19. A ifB unlessC untilD because20. A obsessingB dominatingC puzzlingD triumphingSectionIIReading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by ch

11、oosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（40 points）Text 1Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later,inconjunctionwitha childsgrowinggraspofsocialandmoralnorms.Childrenarent born knowing how to say “Im sorry”; rather, they learn o

12、ver time that such statements appease parents and friends and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regardso-calledmoralguilt,intherightamount,tobeagoodthing.In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable its the emotional equivalent

13、of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,” says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger

14、recognition that emotions arent binary feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can bedestructive.And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our g

15、oodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests

16、 that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein

17、 in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for lowguilt.In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessments and the childrens self-observations, she rated each childs overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emo

18、tions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadnt m

19、agically become more sympathetic to the other childs deprivation.“Thats good news, ” Malti says. “We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret.”21. Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because itmayhelp.A regulate a childs basicemotionsB improve a childs intellectual abi

20、lityC foster a childs moraldevelopmentD intensify a childs positivefeelings22. According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilttobe.A deceptiveB burdensomeC addictiveD inexcusable23. Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from anawarenessthat.A emotions arecontext-independentB e

21、motions are sociallyconstructiveC emotional stability can benefithealthD an emotion can play opposingroles24. Malti and others have shown that cooperationandsharing.A may help correct emotionaldeficienciesB can result from either sympathy orguiltC can bring about emotionalsatisfactionD may be the ou

22、tcome of impulsiveacts25. The word “transgressions” (Line 4, Para.5) is closest inmeaningto.A teachingsB discussionsC restrictionsD wrongdoings14Text 2Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a go

23、od share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so. The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests

24、flourish as valuable “carbon sinks” long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now. California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.The states proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees a

25、nd clear brush in parts of the forest. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forests capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects

26、. The landscape is rendered less easily burnable. Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees areconsumed.The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010, drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have burned h

27、undreds of thousands of acres.California plans to treat 35, 000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030 financed from the proceeds of the states emissions-permit auctions. Thats only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, about half a million acres in all, so it will be vi

28、tal to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire ordrought.The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels. New research on transportation biof

29、uels is already under way.State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally theyve focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. Californias plan, which is e

30、xpected to be finalized by the governor next year, should serve as amodel.26. By saying “one of the harder challenges,” the authorimpliesthat.A global climate change may get out ofcontrolB people may misunderstand globalwarmingC extreme weather conditions mayariseD forests may become a potentialthre

31、at27. To maintain forests as valuable “carbon sinks,” we mayneedto.A preserve the diversity of species inthemB accelerate the growth of youngtreesC strike a balance among differentplantsD lower their present carbon-absorbingcapacity28. Californias Forest Carbon Planendeavorsto.A cultivate more droug

32、ht-resistanttreesB reduce the density of some of itsforestsC find more effective ways to killinsectsD restore its forests quickly afterwildfires29. What is essential to Californias plan according to Paragraph5?A To handle the areas in serious dangerfirst.B To carry it out before the year of2020.C To

33、 perfect the emissions-permitauctions.D To obtain enough financialsupport.30. The authors attitude to Californias plan can best bedescribedas.A ambiguousB tolerantC supportiveD cautiousText 3American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years. The complaints are unlikely to s

34、top without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers that would let foreign workers stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry. If this doesnt change, American businesses, communi

35、ties, and consumers will be the losers.Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the country, the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Todays farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settle

36、d rather than migrating and more likely to be married than single. Theyre also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now more than half are. And picking crops is hard on older bodies. One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as impl

37、ausible as its been all along: Native U.S. workers wont be returning to the farm.Mechanization isnt the answer, either not yet, at least. Production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans, and wheat has been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor. E

38、ven dairy farms, where robots do a small share of milking, have a long way to go before theyreautomated.As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporaryguestworkers usingtheH-2Avisatofillthegapsintheworkforce.Startingaround2012,requests forthevisasrosesharply;from2011to2016thenumberof

39、visasissuedmorethandoubled. TheH-2Avisahasnonumericalcap,unliketheH-2Bvisafornonagricultural work,whichislimitedto66,000ayear.Evenso,employerscomplaintheyarent givenalltheworkerstheyneed.Theprocessiscumbersome,expensive,and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led the average H-2Awo

40、rker to arrive on the job 22 days late. The shortage is compounded by federalimmigrationraids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.In a 2012 survey, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and almost 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor. Some western farme

41、rs have responded by moving operations to Mexico. From 1998 to 2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of imports was 25.8percent.In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.31. What problem should b

42、e addressed according to the first twoparagraphs?A Discrimination against foreign workers in theU.S.B Biased laws in favor of some Americanbusinesses.C Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farmworkers.D Decline of job opportunities in U.S.agriculture.32. One trouble with U.S. agriculturalworkforceis.

43、A the rising number of illegalimmigrantsB the high mobility of cropworkersC the lack of experiencedlaborersD the aging of immigrant farmworkers33. What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S.farming?A To attract younger laborers to farm work.B To get native U.S. workers back tofarm

44、ing.C To use more robots to grow high-valuecrops.D To strengthen financial support for farmers.34. Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visaforits.A slow grantingproceduresB limit on duration ofstayC tightenedrequirementsD control of annualadmissions35. Which of the following could be the

45、best title for thistext?A U.S. Agriculture inDecline?B Import Food or Labor?C America Saved byMexico?D Manpower vs.Automation?Text 4Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: Its easy to beat plastic. Theyre part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for

46、World Environment Day encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples like straws and cutlery to combat the plastics crisis.The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plas

47、tics. But the overarching message is directed at individuals.My concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved. On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require

48、 very little of us. They could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have “done our bit” without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions a kind of “moral licensing” that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.While the conversation aro

49、und our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, were ignoring the balance of power that implies that as “consumers” we must shop sustainably, rather than as “citizens” hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.I

50、ts important to acknowledge that the environment isnt everyones priority or even most peoples. We shouldnt expect it to be. In her latest book, Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things, Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R. DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior

51、of large numbers of people is for the change to bestructural.This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India has just announced it will “eliminate all single-use plastic in the country

52、by 2022.” There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.DeSombre isnt saying people should stop caring about the environment. Its just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be

53、the only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.None of this is about writing off the individual. Its just about putting things into perspective. We dont have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective action (and rein in polluting businesses), alongside eng

54、aged citizens pushing forchange.36. Some celebrities star in a newvideoto.A demand new laws on the use ofplasticsB urge consumers to cut the use ofplasticsC invite public opinion on the plasticscrisisD disclose the causes of the plasticscrisis37. The author is concerned that “morallicensing”may.A mi

55、slead us into doing worthlessthingsB prevent us from making furthereffortsC weaken our sense ofaccomplishmentD suppress our desire forsuccess38. By pointing out our identity “citizens”, the authorindicatesthat.A our focus should be shifted to communitywelfareB our relationship with local industries

56、isimprovingC we have been actively exercising our civilrightsD we should press our government to lead thecombat39. DeSombre argues that the best way for a collective changeshouldbe.A a win-winarrangementB a self-drivenmechanismC a cost-effectiveapproachD a top-downprocess40. The author concludes thatindividualefforts.A can be tooaggressiveB can be tooinconsistentC are far fromsufficientD are far from rationalPart B Directions:Read the following text and match each of the numbere