Part4MakingPresentations演講(ppt 34)

1、Part 4 Making Making Presentations Purposes for making presentationsnTo demonstrate: a service, product, system.nTo create: an image, strategy.nTo entertain: colleagues, outside people.nTo sell: a concept, product, idea.nTo represent: a group, company, department.nTo promote: an attitude, a way of w

2、orking.nTo suggest: a solution, a new concept. v 演講是一個(gè)雙向溝通過(guò)程演講是一個(gè)雙向溝通過(guò)程圖圖4.1 演講過(guò)程演講過(guò)程圖圖4.2 演講后的問(wèn)題演講后的問(wèn)題圖圖4.3 演講反饋演講反饋 內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)：n演講的要素n演講的結(jié)構(gòu)n演講的技巧 第一節(jié)第一節(jié) 演講的要素演講的要素演講的三要素：信息、演講者、聽(tīng)眾演講的三要素：信息、演講者、聽(tīng)眾一、信息信息 信息可以由演講者與聽(tīng)眾共同分享。演講中的信息，主要是言語(yǔ)信息。二、演講者演講者 演講者是信息的發(fā)源地。演講者主要以言語(yǔ)傳遞信息，還用動(dòng)作、手勢(shì)、姿態(tài)、表情等傳遞非言語(yǔ)符號(hào)的輔助信息。 三、聽(tīng)眾聽(tīng)眾 聽(tīng)眾是

3、什么人 目標(biāo)是什么(一) 聽(tīng)眾心理的四個(gè)特點(diǎn) 1聽(tīng)眾對(duì)信息的接受具有選擇性 ； 2聽(tīng)眾心理是獨(dú)立意識(shí)與從眾心理的矛盾統(tǒng)一； 3“名片”效應(yīng)與“自己人”效應(yīng)； 4首因效應(yīng)和近因效應(yīng)。(二) 聽(tīng)眾的構(gòu)成nYour superiors 上級(jí)聽(tīng)眾 nYour colleagues 同事聽(tīng)眾 nYour team 班組聽(tīng)眾 nA mixed audience 混合聽(tīng)眾 nA hostile audience 不友好的聽(tīng)眾 nAn international audience 國(guó)際聽(tīng)眾 在演講的整個(gè)準(zhǔn)備過(guò)程中，演講者思想上要一直想著聽(tīng)眾； 演講者要列出其對(duì)聽(tīng)眾了解的清單 演講者可以假設(shè) 演講者要抓住并使聽(tīng)

4、眾保持對(duì)演講的興趣和想象力 演講者要對(duì)聽(tīng)眾注意力進(jìn)行再刺激 聽(tīng)眾容易記住結(jié)構(gòu)形式清楚并得到重復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容 演講者通過(guò)聽(tīng)眾的耳聞目睹進(jìn)入聽(tīng)眾的記憶 （三）目標(biāo)（三）目標(biāo) 演講者應(yīng)當(dāng)能用一個(gè)短句寫下其演說(shuō)的目標(biāo)比如： “獲得對(duì)第34號(hào)項(xiàng)目的資金批準(zhǔn)認(rèn)定?！?“說(shuō)服這位顧客購(gòu)買我們一臺(tái)電腦。” “告訴我的集體今年公司成果怎樣。我們?yōu)槭裁匆龅酶??！?然后演講者要判定他(她)是否要盡力向聽(tīng)眾： 施加影響 告知情況 傳授知識(shí) Preparation checklistnObjectives: recheck that you have defined your objective correctly.

5、nStructure: does your presentation have a clearly identifiable structure?nContent: is all said that needs saying?nSequence: is it logical? Are all links and summaries appropriate?nTime: is sufficient time available for all you want to say?nBalance: is each section weighted correctly? Check the prior

6、ities of your arguments and facts.nConclusion: does it make people sit up and agree with you? Is it punchy?nObjectives: do all the above work towards achieving your objectives? 第二節(jié)第二節(jié) 演講的結(jié)構(gòu)演講的結(jié)構(gòu)一、一、Structuring a presentation 演講的結(jié)構(gòu)演講的結(jié)構(gòu) An effective presentation structure includes: 1. Use an effectiv

7、e opening 開(kāi)場(chǎng)白 2. Give a preview 主要論點(diǎn)的預(yù)覽 3. State your main points clearly 主要論點(diǎn)的嚴(yán)格界定 4. Use an effective closing 結(jié)束語(yǔ) 1. Use an effective opening 利用有效開(kāi)場(chǎng)白利用有效開(kāi)場(chǎng)白 Goals 目的目的 Techniques 技巧技巧 Use humor 運(yùn)用幽默 Refer to the unusual 談?wù)劮峭瑢こＶ?Refer to the familiar 談?wù)劥蠹叶际煜さ氖?Use audience motivation techniques 運(yùn)用

8、鼓動(dòng)聽(tīng)眾技巧 表表4.1 開(kāi)頭實(shí)例開(kāi)頭實(shí)例例1：提問(wèn) “我想問(wèn)一下在座的諸位，哪位知道過(guò)去24小時(shí)里在中國(guó)有多少孩子出生?” “我想知道，如果我告訴您，您的計(jì)算機(jī)在買進(jìn)時(shí)已經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)，您有何感想?”例2：事實(shí)陳述 “今天，我們市又有30個(gè)孩子的父親因工去世這類死亡本可得到預(yù)防!”例3：提及 “今天，這里的每一位都記得，當(dāng)我們聽(tīng)到唐山大地震時(shí)的震驚和悲痛?！崩?：主題 “我今晚要給您講述令人激動(dòng)振奮的xR5多用程序，然后告訴您這種電腦將如何改變您的經(jīng)商方式?！崩?：引用 “一位偉人說(shuō)：每個(gè)人的經(jīng)歷遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)他的想像范圍。不過(guò)，正是經(jīng)驗(yàn)而不是想象，才影響人的行為。”例6: 感染情緒 “好心的人們，您只要

9、掏五毛線，就可以使這個(gè)孩子活下去，直到下年的收獲季節(jié)，那時(shí)他就可以養(yǎng)活自己?！?2. Give a preview 預(yù)覽主要的論點(diǎn)預(yù)覽主要的論點(diǎn)3. State your main points clearly 明確闡述主要論點(diǎn)明確闡述主要論點(diǎn)n Follow your preview 嚴(yán)格遵循演講預(yù)覽 n Limit your main points 限制主要論點(diǎn)的個(gè)數(shù)n Use explicit transitions 使用清晰的承接詞n Provide internal summaries 做階段性小結(jié)4. Use an effective closing 使用有效的結(jié)束語(yǔ)使用有效的結(jié)束

10、語(yǔ)n Give a summary 做個(gè)總結(jié)n Refer to the opening 前后呼應(yīng)n End with the action steps 以行動(dòng)方案結(jié)尾 n Refer to audience benefits 談?wù)剬?duì)聽(tīng)眾的好處 表表4.2 結(jié)尾實(shí)例結(jié)尾實(shí)例例1：提問(wèn) “所以，女士們，先生們，我要提請(qǐng)諸位思考一一如果有人告訴您，您正在受到這種疾病的困繞，您有何感想?”例2：提示 “今天，在我們的節(jié)目里，我要使您認(rèn)識(shí)到，我們需要有更強(qiáng)更專業(yè)化的經(jīng)銷活動(dòng)。而實(shí)際上，通過(guò)向您展示一個(gè)等待我們未開(kāi)發(fā)的巨大市場(chǎng)，我想我已實(shí)現(xiàn)了目標(biāo)?！崩?：行動(dòng) “我的建議已告訴諸位。時(shí)間已刻不容緩。如果

11、我們想避免災(zāi)難，那就必須立即行動(dòng)。要想保證公司未來(lái)的繁榮，希望各位不要再遲疑，行動(dòng)起來(lái)!” 例4：選擇 “在我看來(lái)，我們有三種選擇：或者接受工會(huì)最后通牒；或者爭(zhēng)取時(shí)間考慮我們的立場(chǎng)；或者采取最后行動(dòng)?！崩?：灌輸憂患 “所以，女士們，先生們，如果我們不能在下季度將銷售額提高10，并保持這一增長(zhǎng)水平一兩年，那么我們公司將面臨倒閉的危險(xiǎn)。 ”二、二、Questions and answers 問(wèn)答過(guò)程問(wèn)答過(guò)程 1. When to take questions 何時(shí)接受提問(wèn)何時(shí)接受提問(wèn) Questions after the presentation 演講后提問(wèn) Questions during

12、the presentation 演講過(guò)程中提問(wèn) 2. How to take questions 如何接受提問(wèn)如何接受提問(wèn) Prepare in advance 作好事前準(zhǔn)備 Show your understanding 表示出對(duì)聽(tīng)眾的理解 Stick to your objective and your organization 按照自已的目標(biāo)和計(jì)劃行事 Keep everyone involved 讓每個(gè)人都參與 3. What to say if you dont know the answer 不知道答案時(shí)應(yīng)該說(shuō)些什么不知道答案時(shí)應(yīng)該說(shuō)些什么 If you dont know 如果

13、對(duì)答案一無(wú)所知 If you need some time to think 如果需要時(shí)間思考 4. How to answer difficult questions 如何回答難以回答的問(wèn)題如何回答難以回答的問(wèn)題 Confusing questions 含義不明確的問(wèn)題 Controlling questions 具有控制權(quán)的問(wèn)題 Hostile questions 不友善的問(wèn)題三、三、Special speaking situations 一些特殊的講話場(chǎng)合一些特殊的講話場(chǎng)合1. Manuscript speaking 照講稿講話照講稿講話 Use “spoken style” 使講稿“口

14、語(yǔ)化” Write and edit 撰寫與編輯 Prepare the manuscript 講話稿的準(zhǔn)備 2. Impromptu speaking 即席講話即席講話 Anticipate 事先預(yù)料 Keep your remarks short 發(fā)言要簡(jiǎn)短 Organize as well as you can 盡量有條理 Relate to experience 與你的經(jīng)驗(yàn)拉上關(guān)系 3. Team presentations 團(tuán)隊(duì)演講團(tuán)隊(duì)演講 Organize as a whole 從整體出發(fā)進(jìn)行組織 Provide content transitions between speake

15、rs 不同演講人之間要有承上啟下的轉(zhuǎn)折 Use visual aids consistently 使用統(tǒng)一一致的視聽(tīng)輔助工具 Rehearse and deliver as a group 作為集體進(jìn)行試講和實(shí)際演講 Answer questions consistently 協(xié)調(diào)統(tǒng)一地回答問(wèn)題 4. Media and telecommunications 通過(guò)傳播媒體和遠(yuǎn)程設(shè)備演講通過(guò)傳播媒體和遠(yuǎn)程設(shè)備演講 Preparing in advance 作好事前準(zhǔn)備 Using audio devices 使用音響設(shè)備 Being on camera 面對(duì)攝像機(jī)EXERCISE: Prepar

16、e a short presentation to last five minutes. Your audience are your classmates, and the subject matter is about something that you have a deep interest in or about which you hold a strong conviction. 第三節(jié)第三節(jié) 演講語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用技巧演講語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用技巧一、語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的三個(gè)基本要求一、語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的三個(gè)基本要求 準(zhǔn)確精煉 上口入耳 形象生動(dòng) （如“望梅止渴”） n比喻 （林肯的著名演講裂開(kāi)的屋子） n引用n

17、設(shè)問(wèn)n反問(wèn)n排比The use of your voicenIs your voice boring?nDo you speak in a monotone, or vary your pitch?nIs the speed of your delivery constant? Varied?nDo you drop your voice at the end of a sentence?nIs your breathing right? Do you run out of breath in the middle of a sentence? (Ita probably too long t

18、hen!)nHow do you make a point or emphasize a key issue? Do you raise your voice? Do you speak more slowly? More quickly? Do you repeat it?nDo you use long words? Short words? Long sentences? Why? When?nAre your words within the vocabulary of your audience? Do they understand you?nAfter your next pre

19、sentation, ask a friend in the audience for constructive feedback on the above points. 二、有聲語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用技巧有聲語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用技巧n聲音n重音 “我請(qǐng)你吃餃子” “我的貓坐在席子上” “我沒(méi)說(shuō)他偷了我的書” n吐字二、有聲語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用技巧有聲語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用技巧n語(yǔ)氣語(yǔ)調(diào)愛(ài)的感情：“氣徐聲柔”，漫和感憎的感情：“氣促聲硬”，擠壓感悲的感情：“氣沉聲緩”，遲滯感喜的感情：“氣滿聲高”，跳躍感懼的感情：“氣提聲凝”，緊縮感急的感情：“氣短聲促”，緊迫感怒的感情：“氣粗聲重”，震動(dòng)感疑的感情：“氣細(xì)聲粘”，躊躇感 二、有聲語(yǔ)

20、言的運(yùn)用技巧有聲語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用技巧n停頓 語(yǔ)法停頓 邏輯停頓 “養(yǎng)豬大如山老鼠頭頭死” 我們的目的一定要達(dá)到 我們的目的一定能夠達(dá)到 心理停頓n節(jié)奏（輕快型，持重型，高揚(yáng)型，復(fù)合型）Your body languagenDo you talk to the audience, or to the screen behind you?nDo you actively seek eye contact with specific members of the audience? Do you sweep over them or fix them beadily in the eye?nDo you

21、know who the decision makers are, and speak primarily to them?nDo you tend to concentrate on looking to the right or left, to the front or back of the audience?nAre your gestures congruent with your message? Too exaggerated? Are you too stiff?nDo you have any distracting mannerisms?nAre your movements simple? Or do you pace like a caged tiger?nAre you natural? Are you yourself?nDo you create barriers between you and your audience?三、身體語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用技巧三、身體語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用技巧： 表情眼神 看著聽(tīng)眾說(shuō)話 與聽(tīng)眾的目光進(jìn)行實(shí)在性接觸 多種眼神并用 身體姿態(tài)、手勢(shì)演說(shuō)技能自我評(píng)估演說(shuō)技能自我評(píng)估 評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：非常