專四語法重點(diǎn)總結(jié)

1、讀書破萬卷下筆如有神情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1 . can用于否定句cannot(help)but表示不能不，只能(but后跟不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式)2 . must表示禁止，一定不要時(shí)的否定式為mustn '當(dāng)它表示有把握的推斷時(shí)意為一定準(zhǔn)是時(shí)它的否定形式為 can '3 . need doing=need to be done這個(gè)句型表示被動(dòng)意味4 . need not have done sth表示本來沒有必要做某事(經(jīng)常考)虛擬語氣1 . It is (high/about/the)time.謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式指現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼那闆r表示早該做某事而現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有點(diǎn)晚了2 . It is the f

2、irst(second/third)time后的that從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞要用完成體來表示一種經(jīng)驗(yàn)3 . as if/though的虛擬要點(diǎn)1) 對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)事實(shí)的假設(shè)，從句謂語用過去式，be動(dòng)詞一律用were2) 對(duì)過去事實(shí)的假設(shè)，從句謂語用過去完成式3) 對(duì)未來事實(shí)的假設(shè)，從句謂語用would+動(dòng)詞原型不定式做狀語主要表示目的、程度、結(jié)果、方式。(1) in order to(do), so as to(do)結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)目的狀語，so as to 不能置于句首。女口：(2) so as to, suchas to, enoughto, too to結(jié)構(gòu)做程度狀語。如：The solutionwork

3、s only for couples who areself-employed, don'have small childre n and getal ong well eno ugh to spe nd most of their timetogether.The vocabulary and grammaticaldiffere nces betwee n British and American En glish are so trivial and few as hardly to be no ticed. 不定式做結(jié)果狀語只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的結(jié)果，有時(shí)用only

4、加強(qiáng)語氣。常見的不定式動(dòng)詞有 find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make,produce 等。如:Greatly agitated , I rushed to the apartme nt and tried the door, only to fi nd it locked.(4)not/n ever tooto, too not to, but/only tooto, too ready/eager/ apt/inclined to表示肯定意義。如：I am only too pleased to hear from you further.能再聽

5、到你的消息，我太高興了。不定式做定語(1) 被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或next,last, only, not a, the, very等限定詞時(shí)，該名詞用不定式做定語。如：the first woma n to set foot o n the moo n第一個(gè)登上月球的女性。(2) 如果其動(dòng)詞要求不定式做賓語，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：tendency to do 宀 tend to do, decisiontodo decide to do(3)如果其形容詞形式要求接不定式做補(bǔ)語，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如:ambiti onto do干的雄心 t be amb

6、itiousto do有雄心干”curiosityto do對(duì)的好奇心 t be curious to do對(duì)好奇”ability to do做的能力 t able to do 有能力做 Accord ing to Darwi n,ran domcha nges thatenhance a species 'ability to survive aren aturally selected and passed on to succeedi ng gen eratio n.(4) 表示方式、原因、時(shí)間、機(jī)會(huì)、權(quán)利等名詞用不定式做定語，這些名詞包括：way, method, reas o

7、n, time, place, cha nee, occasi on,opport unity, evidenee , power, right,movement, drive ( 運(yùn)動(dòng))，effort 等。如：I worked so late in the office last ni ght that I hardly hadtime to catch the lastbus.We appreciate your efforts to bring about acomprehensive solution to the existi ngproblem.(5) 不定代詞 something

8、, nothing, little, much, a lot習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語。女口:Though we have made great progress, there is still much to be improved.倒裝固定語序主語+謂語后置1 句尾焦點(diǎn)和句尾重心 2 .關(guān)鍵詞語的后置前置與倒裝1) 不引起倒裝的前置不引起倒裝的前置成分通常是賓語、主語補(bǔ)語和賓語補(bǔ)語。2) 引起倒裝的前置：主語補(bǔ)語前置時(shí)，如主語較長(zhǎng)或結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，就會(huì)引起倒裝。前置賓語由not a + 名詞或not a single + 名詞，就會(huì)引起倒裝A horrible mess I have made of

9、 it.Books, I n eed.Happy in deed I amHappy in deed are those who got the tickets to Beiji ng.倒裝某些狀語的前置會(huì)引起倒裝：全部倒裝和部分倒裝a. 句首狀語為方位詞或擬聲詞，謂語動(dòng)詞為go, come 等表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，通常用全部倒裝，主語為代詞，不用倒裝。.Lower and lower he bent .b. 當(dāng)句首狀語為表地點(diǎn)的介詞詞組時(shí)，也會(huì)引起全部倒裝。From the wall comes the voice of the doctor.c. 當(dāng)句首狀語為否定詞或帶有否定意義的詞語

10、時(shí)，一般引起局部倒裝。Nowhere else could you find so cheap books.d. 當(dāng)句首狀語為only + 副詞，only + 介詞詞組，only +狀語分句構(gòu)成，也可引起局部倒 裝。Only through sheer luck did he man age to get some tickets.e. 以關(guān)聯(lián)連詞so ( -that)開頭的句子，引起局部倒裝。so+形容詞是主語補(bǔ)語的前置；so+ 副詞是狀語的前置。So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.f. 當(dāng)方式狀語、頻度狀語等移至句首時(shí)，有時(shí)也引

11、起局部倒裝。也可不用倒裝。Many a time has Mike give n me good advice.Slowly and impressively he rose from his seat. 存在句(There be )存在句的結(jié)構(gòu)特征存在句的結(jié)構(gòu)模式是：There + be + NP + Locative Expressi on (+ TemporalExpressi on)存在句的引導(dǎo)詞There在句中位于主語位置，實(shí)義主語是隨后的名詞詞組，There起形式主語的作用，在疑問句中，它和操作詞倒裝。注意存在句的引導(dǎo)詞There和句首狀語There的區(qū)別。存在句的實(shí)義主語實(shí)義主語

12、的名詞詞組通常是非確定特指，即通常帶有不定冠詞、零冠詞及其他非確定意義的限定詞,some,a ny, many, much, a lot of, eno ugh, little基本句型凡帶有非確定特指的名詞詞組，一般都可用There存在句轉(zhuǎn)化。存在句的謂語動(dòng)詞存在句的謂語動(dòng)詞主要是動(dòng)詞be的某種形式，分限定形式和非限定形式。限定形式：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成體、過去完成體和情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞+不定式。除be夕卜， 某些表示存在意義的不及物動(dòng)詞如：exist, remain, occur, stand, lie.等，能用于there存在句。地點(diǎn)狀語前移，there可省。There can be

13、very little about hisguilt .There are many desks in the classroom.There used to be a hospital round the corner.There appears to be no doubt about it.There sta nds a house beh ind the tree.Beh ind the tree (there )sta nds a house.存在句的非限定形式1) 存在句的非限定形式there to be禾口 there being 結(jié)構(gòu)2 ) there to be 和there

14、 being結(jié)構(gòu)用法與區(qū)別there to be :作for介詞補(bǔ)語作動(dòng)詞(except , want, like, prefer, hate)的賓語They pla nned for there to be ano ther meet ingMembers like there to be ple nty of choice.there being :作除for外的介詞的補(bǔ)語作主語和狀語Joh n was relying on there being ano theropport unityThere being a bus stop so n ear the house is a good

15、adva ntage存在句的非限定形式與限定形式的轉(zhuǎn)化.For there to be so few people in the street wasunu sual .=It wasunu sualthat there wereso few people in the street.It句型1. Basic structure:There + be + subject + adverbial2. Non- fin ite structureThere to befor ; VerbThere beingin,on.;noun; adverbialThere being alaw n exte

16、 nds from the river to thehouse.There is a law n exte nding from the river to thehouse.There exte nds a law n from the house to the river.From the house to the river lies alaw nFrom the wall comes the voice of the doctor.It:1. Refere nee it:Beiji ng is a big city. It is the capital of China.2. Non-

17、reference itA. Empty itB. An ticipatory itC. Cleft itIt句型包括由 非指代性it ”作型式主語的三種句子：第一種是以it作形式主語的表示時(shí)間、 距離、天氣等意義的句子；第二種是以it作先行主語的句子；第三種是以it作引導(dǎo)詞的分裂句。Empty it虛義it是一種非指代性it，以區(qū)別于人稱代詞it，常用作沒有具體意義的主語，出現(xiàn)于表 示氣候、天氣、溫度、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、距離等意義的句子中。也用來表示一般的籠統(tǒng)的情況。也用于一些結(jié)構(gòu)及習(xí)慣語中。It ' fine today, is n'tit.It was dull whe n M

18、ary was away.It looks as if the college is very small.Hop it. (Go away)An ticipatory itit用來充當(dāng)形式主語或形式賓語，后面的真正主語或真正賓語通常是不定式結(jié)構(gòu)、動(dòng)名詞或名詞性分句。It的這種用法叫作先行it。It is quite importa nt for us to form a good study in ghabit.I think it important to finish the task in time.it用來充當(dāng)形式主語，后置的真正主語往往可以取代先行it的位置，出現(xiàn)在句首。.To f

19、orm a good study ing habit is quite importa nt for us并非所有先行it結(jié)構(gòu)都可轉(zhuǎn)化，下邊句子只能作如下轉(zhuǎn)化。It seems that Joh n is not coming after all.Joh n does n 'seem to be coming after all.Cleft it :Task1. 句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)2. 分裂句的本質(zhì)3 .分裂句的結(jié)構(gòu)4.假擬分裂句句子結(jié)構(gòu)主語+謂語已知信息新信息末端中心末端重心.I told him the n ews yesterday.分裂句的本質(zhì)I told him the n ew

20、s yesterday.It is I that told him the n ews yesterday分裂it分裂句是以it為引導(dǎo)詞的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。它的結(jié)構(gòu)形式是：It +be 的一定形式+中心成分+that /who分句。通過這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以強(qiáng)調(diào)除謂語動(dòng)詞以外的大多數(shù)句子成分。說話人通過分裂句分別強(qiáng)調(diào)主語、間接賓語、直接賓語、狀語，使之成為信息中心。分裂句中的謂語可 以采取復(fù)雜形It is I who am to blame .It may have bee n at Christmas that Joh n gave Mary a han dbag.It was in Shan ghai th

21、at I got my Master' Degree.主語補(bǔ)語通常不作分裂句的中心成分。賓語補(bǔ)語可以這樣用。*It is beautiful that she is.It is Chairman of the committee that they elected him.并列結(jié)構(gòu)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上意義相關(guān)、層次相同、句法功能也相同、并由并列連詞或其他并列手段連接起來的語法結(jié)構(gòu)序列叫做并列結(jié)構(gòu)。1. 并列結(jié)構(gòu)的各種形式1) 詞與詞的并列you and me2) 詞組與詞組的并列 a teacher and a stude nt3) 分句與分句的并歹Uyou can go or you ca

22、n stay withus.2. 并列結(jié)構(gòu)的連接手段1) 并列連詞2) 標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)3 并列結(jié)構(gòu)的插入語在最后一個(gè)項(xiàng)目之前插入一個(gè)詞語，使這個(gè)項(xiàng)目處于更加突出的地位。4并列結(jié)構(gòu)的對(duì)稱組合成對(duì)組合的辦法使整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)更加緊湊。3. 并列連詞的意義和用法1.以and為代表的表示語義引申的并列連詞and, botha nd, not only but also, notnor, n eithernor 等。這一類并歹U連詞在語義上表示其連接的成分是對(duì)前項(xiàng)的補(bǔ)充和引申，包括肯定和否定兩種意義的引申。And除表示語義增補(bǔ)外還有其他意義還有一些and連接的語法結(jié)構(gòu)形似并列結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)際并非并列結(jié)構(gòu).This room

23、is nice and warm. = ( nicely warm.) I'lgo and see my friend.=(go to see)2 .以or為代表的表示選擇的并列連詞這類連詞包括or和eitheror3 .以but為代表的表示語義轉(zhuǎn)折和對(duì)比的并列連詞這類連詞包括 but, not but, while, whereas, only, yet.4. 補(bǔ)充說明：1) botha nd只連結(jié)成分不連接句子；只連對(duì)等結(jié)構(gòu).Both the stude nt and the teacher are pleased to hear the n ews.2) not only-but

24、 also 連結(jié)成分和連接句子；只連對(duì)等結(jié)構(gòu)Not only I but also he will take part in the meeti ng.Not only did he help me, but also he sent me home.3) eitheror連結(jié)成分和連接句子；連對(duì)等結(jié)構(gòu)或不對(duì)等結(jié)構(gòu)Either you or I am going to sha nghai.He can either stay at home or leave.He has either gone to the movies or ( gone to ) the theatre.4) neith

25、ernor連結(jié)成分和連接句子；連對(duì)等結(jié)構(gòu)或不對(duì)等結(jié)構(gòu)He n either likesficti onnor (likes) poetry.并列連詞與連接性狀語And 與 moreover;furthermore what' more He is a good teacher and a good friend.He is a good teacher. Moreover, he is a good friend.but 與 howeveror 與 otherwiseSo 與 as a result ,consequently.比較等級(jí)的含義英語中形容詞與副詞有三個(gè)比較等級(jí)，即原級(jí)，比

26、較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。一般來說，表示等于時(shí)用原級(jí)。I'm just as busy today as I was yesterday.表示二者的比較時(shí)用比較級(jí).I m much busier today than I was yesterday.表示最"時(shí)用最高級(jí)That was the busiest day of my life.存在句形容詞與副詞比較等級(jí)的構(gòu)成構(gòu)成原級(jí)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)單音節(jié)詞尾力口 er, est great greater greatest單音節(jié)詞尾 e,力口 r, st fine finer finest閉音節(jié)單音節(jié)詞尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，雙寫big bigger

27、 biggest輔音字母加er,est少數(shù)以y,er,ow, ble 結(jié)尾雙音節(jié)詞尾力口 er,est happy happier happiest(y 前為輔音字母去 y 力口 clever cleverer cleverester,est )其它雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞，前力口 more, difficult more difficult most difficultmost不規(guī)則變化副詞比較等級(jí)的構(gòu)成more副詞比較等級(jí)的構(gòu)成大致與形容詞比較等級(jí)的構(gòu)成相同，但以后綴ly結(jié)尾的副詞用禾口 most。hard hardest hardestearly earlier earliestquickly

28、 more quickly most quickly不規(guī)則變化形容詞與副詞比較等級(jí)的基本用法A.基本形式as +原級(jí)+as ”結(jié)構(gòu).He 'as tall as I.B .否定的同級(jí)比較常用not asas或not so as.He does not smoke so heavily as his brother.C .變體1) as + much/ma ny +名詞 + as2) as + 形原級(jí) + a + 名詞+as3) as + 形+ 不可數(shù)名詞+ as4) 名詞復(fù)數(shù)+as + 形+ as5) the same as/ be similar to比較級(jí)A.基本結(jié)構(gòu)比較級(jí)+tha

29、n ”結(jié)構(gòu)He is taller than I .She sees me more ofte n tha n she sees her brother.B .變體1 )形比較級(jí)+名+ than2 )名+形比較級(jí) + than3) the + 形比較級(jí) + of + the two4) superior / inferiorto最高級(jí)A. 常用“he + 最高級(jí)+比較范圍”This is the best picture in the hall.He sings the best in the class.B. 變體1) more tha n any other2) Not +比較等級(jí)關(guān)于比較

30、結(jié)構(gòu)用法的補(bǔ)充說明1 ) more -than是而不是，與其說是 不如說是She is more bee n tha n wise.He is more a writer tha n an artist.2 ) not so much as與其說是 不如說是'ti nterested.eg. It was n'so much that I disliked her as that I just was n3) not more/er tha n與 no more/er tha nHe is no richer tha n 1= as poor asHe is not riche

31、r tha n I4) more and more. He is becoming fatter and fatter.5) . The more the more .The harder she worked, the more progress she made.6) more than多于.More than 1000 people attended the meeting.7) more than不止，超過.She is more tha n pretty.8) more tha n簡(jiǎn)直不My trip to Beiji ng is more tha n sightsee ing.形容

32、詞副詞1前置修飾語的排列順序可以置于冠詞前的形容詞(all both such) -冠詞，指示形容詞，所有格形容詞，不定形容詞(a an the this yourhis any some) 基數(shù)詞(one ) 序數(shù)詞(first) 表示性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)，質(zhì)量的形容詞(gooduseful) 表示大小，長(zhǎng)短，形狀的形容詞 表示年齡，新舊，溫度的形容詞 表示顏色的形容詞 表示國(guó)籍，產(chǎn)地，區(qū)域的形容詞 表示材料，用做形容詞的名詞 動(dòng)名詞，分詞2 后置修飾語由前綴a-構(gòu)成的形容詞3 .形容詞修飾由 some-,any-,every-,no-,-body,-one,-thing等組成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)，必須后置4 . enough作形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)既可放前又可放后，但當(dāng)它作副詞修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)，必須后置5 有些形容詞本身就有比年長(zhǎng)'比優(yōu)等的意思 這些形容詞后面用介詞to而不用tha n6 . much too作為副詞短語修飾形容詞或副詞，不修飾名詞7 . more 不能用來修飾比較級(jí)8 .與名詞連用的 more of a . ./ as much of