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1、高校英語(yǔ)三級(jí)統(tǒng)考之語(yǔ)法概要高校英語(yǔ)三級(jí)統(tǒng)考之語(yǔ)法概要高校英語(yǔ)三級(jí)統(tǒng)考之語(yǔ)法部分主要涉及到連接詞、動(dòng)詞形式與時(shí)態(tài)、主謂語(yǔ)一樣、虛擬語(yǔ)氣等內(nèi)容,為便利考生對(duì)語(yǔ)法學(xué)問(wèn)的復(fù)習(xí),現(xiàn)將考試當(dāng)中重點(diǎn)涉及的內(nèi)容總結(jié)如下:(一)名詞a. 學(xué)問(wèn)要點(diǎn)名詞可分為可數(shù)名詞和不行數(shù)名詞;可數(shù)名詞有單、復(fù)數(shù)之分; 1不行數(shù)名詞只用單數(shù)形式;假如要表示數(shù)量多少,需在其前面加量詞來(lái)表達(dá);如: a piece of news(一條新聞);two pieces of advice(兩條建議) 2名詞全部格的構(gòu)成是名詞加“s”,如: mary s room ;如原詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾 -s,就只加“ ”,如:the studentshal
2、l,通常用于有生命的存在物的名詞;名詞全部格也可以由介詞of 加名詞構(gòu)成,通常用于無(wú)生命的存在物的名詞 , 如: the window of the classroom.b. 例題講解what a beautiful house. especially there are many.a. furnitureb. furnituresc. pieces of furnitured.pieces of furnitures解析:此題考查名詞的單復(fù)數(shù);furniture為不行數(shù)名詞, 后面不能加43s;很多家具用many pieces of furniture ,因此答案為c;(二)冠詞a. 學(xué)問(wèn)要
3、點(diǎn)冠詞是一種虛詞,用在名詞前面,說(shuō)明名詞是特指仍是泛指;冠詞分不定冠詞和定冠詞;1. 不定冠詞 : a / an 表示“一”、“某一”概念,用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前;a用在輔音開(kāi)頭的詞前,an 用在元音開(kāi)頭的詞前;如:an english teacher/ a second year 一位老師 /又一年;2. 定冠詞: the 表示“特指的一個(gè)或一些” ;通常用在形容詞最高級(jí)及序數(shù)詞前,或世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物前;也用于樂(lè)器名詞前;如:the best season最好的季節(jié) /the first lady第一夫人 /the earth地球/play the piano彈鋼琴;3. 不使用冠詞的情形:
4、在三餐飯、球類(lèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)和消遣活動(dòng)的名稱(chēng)之前;在某些慣用詞中也不用冠詞,以詳細(xì)名詞表示抽象概念;如:have lunch 吃午飯/ play basketball 打籃球/ go to school 上學(xué)b. 例題講解1) girl dressedblack is her sister rose.(高校英語(yǔ)(b)test 2, 34)a. a; inb. a; onc. the; ond. the; in解析: d;介詞 in 可表示“穿(戴)”的意思;此外,特指“穿黑色衣服的女孩”,用定冠詞 the.2) he is fond of playingpiano while his brother i
5、s interested in listening tomusic. (高校英語(yǔ)(b)test 5, 36)a. /; theb. /; / c. the; /d. the; the解析: c;演奏的樂(lè)器名詞前 +the;music 為不行數(shù)名詞,其前不行用a/an,而題意“對(duì)音樂(lè)感愛(ài)好”并沒(méi)有特指哪種音樂(lè),也不行用 the. 3)he goes tochurch every sunday.church he usually goes to has seating for over a thousand.a. a, theb. /, thec. the, thed. /, a解析: b;go
6、to church “做禮拜”是慣用法,不用冠詞; “他常去的教堂”表特指,前加the;(三)代詞代詞用于指代;包括:人稱(chēng)、物主、反身、疑問(wèn)、不定代詞等;1many, few 和 a few 一般只能修飾或指代可數(shù)名詞,much, little 和 a little一般只能修飾或指代不行數(shù)名詞; a few 和 a little 表示“有一些”,具有確定意義, 而 few 和 little 表示“幾乎沒(méi)有”,具有否定意義; many和 much 表示“很多”;2. 表示“全部”:兩者用 both ,三者以上用all;表示“全無(wú)”:兩者用 neither ,三者以上用none 或 no one;
7、表示“任一”:兩者用 either ,三者以上用any;3. other, others, the other, the others, another的區(qū)分(1) other 作形容詞修飾名詞, 泛指“別的、其他的 ”;有時(shí)會(huì)放在 some,any, every, no 等詞之后; e.g. we study chinese, maths, english and other lessons.(2) others 是代詞,泛指 “其他人或物 ”;如: i'm glad to help others .(3) the other 特指范疇內(nèi)的另一個(gè)(范疇內(nèi)一共兩個(gè));e.g. i ha
8、ve two friends. one is from australia, the other is from japan.(4) the others 特指范疇內(nèi)的另一些(范疇總數(shù)通常多于兩個(gè));e.g. there are forty students in our class. twenty-eight of us are boys, the others are girls.(5) another 指同類(lèi)中(三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上)的“另一個(gè) ”,是指不確定的另一個(gè);e.g. would you like another cup of coffee.b. 例題講解1) the baby is
9、 hungry, but theres milk in the bottle.(高校英語(yǔ)( b)test 2, 28)a. littleb. a littlec. fewd. a few解析: a;milk 是不行數(shù)名詞,所以只能用little/a little修飾,而依據(jù)題意“寶寶餓了,但瓶里幾乎沒(méi)有牛奶了”,只能選 little ;2) she has two best friends.of them is in the country.(高校英語(yǔ)( b)test 2, 44)a. allb. bothc. no oned. neither解析: d;代詞 all 表“全部”和both 表
10、“兩者都”,其后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需要用復(fù)數(shù); neither 表“兩者都不”,其后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);3) it s time to tidy your room, harry.(高校英語(yǔ)(b)test 5, 33)see the tidy room, mum.is where it should be. test 5a. somethingb. anythingc. everythingd. nothing解析: c;依據(jù)說(shuō)話(huà)人所說(shuō)內(nèi)容可以知道,房間里一切都很干凈,含有整體性,應(yīng)用everything ;anything主要用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句中;4)the red flower goes from
11、one toin the class. (高校英語(yǔ)(b)test 6, 27)a. the otherb. othersc. anotherd. other解析: c;依據(jù)句意傳花不是兩者之間(from one to the other ),而是三者以上( from one to another ),應(yīng)選 c;(四)數(shù)詞a. 學(xué)問(wèn)要點(diǎn)數(shù)詞分為兩大類(lèi):基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞;1. 基數(shù)次表示數(shù)量 (one, two, three),序數(shù)次表示次序(first, second, third );2. 數(shù)詞 hundred,thousand, million 不用復(fù)數(shù);其“復(fù)數(shù)+of”可表示數(shù)百、數(shù)千、數(shù)百
12、萬(wàn), 如:three thousand三千/ thousands of trees(數(shù)千棵樹(shù))3. 在表達(dá)年齡時(shí),留意以下表達(dá)法:he is six years old.(其中 year 須用其復(fù)數(shù))he is a six-year-old boy. (其中 year 不用復(fù)數(shù))“他 6 歲了;”b. 例題講解1)they have learned aboutin recent years. (高校英語(yǔ)(b) test 2, 37)a. several hundreds english wordsb.hundredsofenglish wordsc. hundred of english wo
13、rdsd.severalhundredenglish word解析: b;hundreds of 之類(lèi)的短語(yǔ)之前也可加many, several 之類(lèi)的詞修飾; a 項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤在于hundreds 后缺少 of;2)nancy isgirl.(高校英語(yǔ)( b) test 2, 29)a. a eighteen-year-oldb. an eighteen-years-oldc. a eighteen-years-oldd. an eighteen-year-old解析: d;eighteen-year-old 是一個(gè)由連字符連接的復(fù)合形容詞(其中year 不用復(fù)數(shù)),作 girl 的定語(yǔ);同時(shí),
14、由于 eighteen 是元音開(kāi)頭的詞, 前面的不定冠詞用an;(五)形容詞和副詞的原級(jí)、比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)a. 學(xué)問(wèn)要點(diǎn)1比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成形式(1) 絕大多數(shù)單音節(jié)和部分雙音節(jié)詞后加-er 構(gòu)成比較級(jí), 加-est 構(gòu)成最高級(jí);如:nice nicer nicest(2) 大部分雙音節(jié)詞和全部的多音節(jié)詞,前面加more 構(gòu)成比較級(jí), 加 the most 構(gòu)成最高級(jí);如: careful-more careful-most careful 2形容詞和副詞的應(yīng)用(1) 同等程度比較:as + 原級(jí)+ ase.g. tom is as brightas mark. 湯姆和亨利一樣聰慧;(2) 不
15、同程度的比較:比較級(jí)+ thane.g. tom is tallerthan mark. 湯姆比亨利高;not as/so + 原級(jí)+ ase.g. tom is not as/so bright as mark.湯姆不如亨利聰慧;(3) 對(duì)比與比較:the +比較級(jí) , the + 比較級(jí)e.g. the older i get, the happier i am.我越變老,越覺(jué)得幸福;比較級(jí) + and +比較級(jí)e.g. jane became more and morebeautiful. 珍妮越來(lái)越美麗了;(4) 當(dāng)幾個(gè)形容詞修飾一個(gè)名詞時(shí),其排列次序是:好壞、美丑+ 大小、新舊、顏色
16、+ 質(zhì)地、屬性+ 名詞e.g. a beautiful big blue wooden house(5) 當(dāng)被修飾的是以 -thing, -one, -body 結(jié)尾的不定代詞時(shí), 作定語(yǔ)的形容詞要后置;e.g. i read something interesting.我讀了一些好玩的東西;例題講解1) your box ismine.a. four times as big asb. four times as bigger asc. as four times bigd. as big as four times解析: a;在 as as 句型中,如有表示程度的狀語(yǔ)(如twice, th
17、ree times),就置于第一個(gè)as 之前,表示前者是后者的幾倍;2) todays weather is worse than yesterdays.(高校英語(yǔ)(b)test 2, 40)a. veryb. muchc. very muchd. much too解析: b;very 用來(lái)修飾形容詞的原級(jí)形式;much 修飾比較級(jí); very much 一般用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞;much too 常用來(lái)修飾形容詞的原級(jí)形式;3) did the medicine make you feel better.(高校英語(yǔ)(b)test 6, 43)no. the more,i feel.a. medici
18、ne i take; and the worseb.medicineitake;the worsec. i take medicine; the worsed. i take medicine; worse解析: b; 此題是“越越”句型,要用“the + 比較級(jí), the + 比較級(jí)”句型,前后分句都用陳述語(yǔ)氣;4) what will you buy for your boyfriends birthday.(高校英語(yǔ)(b)test 5, 34)i want to buy awallet for him.a. black leather smallb. small black leathe
19、rc. small leather blackd. black small leather解析: b;依據(jù)多個(gè)形容詞作定語(yǔ)次序排列規(guī)律,應(yīng)當(dāng)是small(大?。?black (顏色) +leather (質(zhì)地);(六)動(dòng)詞的基本時(shí)態(tài)理論基礎(chǔ):什么是動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)?動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài), 是指一種語(yǔ)言通過(guò)動(dòng)詞形式的變化來(lái)反映“動(dòng)作時(shí)間” 和“動(dòng)作狀態(tài)” -“時(shí)態(tài)”就是“動(dòng)作時(shí)間+動(dòng)作狀態(tài)”的合稱(chēng);英語(yǔ)有“現(xiàn)在時(shí)、過(guò)去時(shí)、將來(lái)時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)”這樣4 種動(dòng)作時(shí)間的區(qū)分,有“一般態(tài)、完成態(tài)、進(jìn)行態(tài)、完成進(jìn)行態(tài)”這樣4 種動(dòng)作狀態(tài)的區(qū)分;對(duì)“動(dòng)作時(shí)間”和“動(dòng)作狀態(tài)”進(jìn)行排列組合,我們可以得到下面的結(jié)果:時(shí)間 一般(態(tài)
20、)完成(態(tài)) 進(jìn)行(態(tài)) 完成進(jìn)行狀態(tài)(態(tài))現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般 現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在 完成現(xiàn)在 進(jìn)行現(xiàn) 在 完 成 進(jìn)時(shí)時(shí)時(shí)行時(shí)過(guò)去時(shí)一般 過(guò)去過(guò)去 完成過(guò)去 進(jìn)行過(guò) 去 完 成 進(jìn)將來(lái)時(shí)時(shí)一般 將來(lái)時(shí)將來(lái) 完成時(shí)將來(lái) 進(jìn)行行時(shí)將 來(lái) 完 成 進(jìn)時(shí)時(shí)時(shí)行時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)一 般 過(guò) 去將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去 將來(lái)完成時(shí)過(guò)去 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò) 去 將 來(lái) 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)通過(guò)排列組合,我們得知英語(yǔ)一共有16 種不同的時(shí)態(tài);這種排列組合就像化學(xué)元素周期表一樣嚴(yán)整,令人稱(chēng)贊;但是在日常生活中,這些時(shí)態(tài)使用的頻率有高有低,像“過(guò)去將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(態(tài))”是極少用到的;在日常生活中最常用的是以下8 種時(shí)態(tài),是考試的內(nèi)容,需要大家全部把握;a. 學(xué)問(wèn)要點(diǎn)
21、1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞形式為do 或 does (第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù));通常表示客觀事實(shí)或真理;或表示常常發(fā)生的、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài);e.g. the earth moves around the sun. 地球圍著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn);he always goes to school by bike. 他總是騎車(chē)去上學(xué);(特殊提示: .一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以代替將來(lái)時(shí),用于時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中;)e.g. please be sure to telephone me the next time you come.下次來(lái)之前請(qǐng)肯定給我來(lái)電話(huà);2. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞形式為 did. 表示過(guò)去時(shí)間所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或
22、存在的狀態(tài),常與過(guò)去特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用;或表示過(guò)去某一段時(shí)間始終連續(xù)或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,可與表示頻度的時(shí)間副詞連用;e.g. i bought this computer five years ago.he often took a walk after supper when he was in shanghai.3. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞形式為 will do/ shall do /be going to do.表達(dá)在將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài);e.g. the telephone is ringing. i will answer it.電話(huà)在響,我去接;4. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞形式
23、為is/am/are+ doing ,表示此時(shí)此刻或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作;e.g. the police are looking for the two missing children.警察們正在查找兩個(gè)丟失的孩子;5. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞形式為was/were + doing ,表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作;(主語(yǔ)是 i ,she, he 時(shí)用 was)e.g. jane burnt her hand when she was cooking the dinner. 6現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞形式為have / has done,常與 already ,recently , never,ever,
24、 yet,since 連用;用來(lái)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響的動(dòng)作;e.g. the milk has already become undrinkable牛奶已經(jīng)不能喝了;或者表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間開(kāi)頭始終連續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作;e.g. he has lived here since 1949.自從 1949 年以來(lái),他始終住在這兒;7過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞形式為had done. 表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻以前已經(jīng)開(kāi)頭并始終連續(xù)到這一時(shí)刻、或是在此刻前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作;e.g. by the end of last term we had learned 1000 english words.到上學(xué)期末,我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了1
25、000 個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞;b. 例題講解1) when lilycame home at 5 p.m. yesterday, her mother dinner in the kitchen.(高校英語(yǔ)(b)test 1, 36)a. cookedb. was cookingc. cooksd. has cooked解析: b;此題意思為:當(dāng)lily昨天下午五點(diǎn)回家時(shí),媽媽正在廚房里做飯;用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí);2) john s father mathematicsin thisschool ever since hegraduated from harvard university.(高校英語(yǔ)(b)tes
26、t 1, 40)a. taughtb. teachesc. has taughtd. is teaching解析:c;此題意思為: 約翰的父親自從哈佛高校畢業(yè)后就始終在這所學(xué)校讀書(shū),這種狀態(tài)始終連續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,所以句子用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí);3)i was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk i to half a dozen other groups before.(高校英語(yǔ)(b)test 2, 45)a. was givingb. am givingc. had givend. have given解析:c;凡是表示過(guò)去動(dòng)作之前
27、的動(dòng)作要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)“ had done”;依據(jù)題意可知had given 的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在was giving 之前,所以用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài);(七)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在英語(yǔ)中,不作句子謂語(yǔ),而具有除謂語(yǔ)外其他語(yǔ)法功能的動(dòng)詞, 叫做非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包括動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞;有一般態(tài)、進(jìn)行態(tài)和完成態(tài)三種形式以及相應(yīng)的主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);a. 學(xué)問(wèn)要點(diǎn) 1動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞都可作主語(yǔ);e.g. seeing is believing. 眼見(jiàn)為實(shí);to refuse him is not easy this time.這次很難拒絕他;留意:常用 it 作形式主語(yǔ),而將動(dòng)詞不定式放在謂語(yǔ)后面;e
28、.g. it is impossible for us to measure it in miles.讓我們用英里來(lái)運(yùn)算不太可能;(不定式前加一個(gè)for us 表示不定式的動(dòng)作是誰(shuí)做的)2. 動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞都可作賓語(yǔ);(1) 有些及物動(dòng)詞只能用不定式作賓語(yǔ),如:hope,want ,wish ,decide,manage 等:e.g. we all hope to see you. 我們都期望見(jiàn)到你;(2) 有些及物動(dòng)詞只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),如:finish, avoid, enjoy, mind, insist on 等:e.g. he has finished doing his wor
29、k. 他已經(jīng)干完了他的工作;(3) 有的及物動(dòng)詞既可用不定式,也可用動(dòng)名詞, 但其意義有所不同;如: remember, forget, regret, stop ,前者表示動(dòng)作仍沒(méi)有做,后者表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)做了;e.g. i forgot to take aspirin this morning.我上午忘了吃阿斯匹林了(但現(xiàn)在想起來(lái)了) ;e.g. i forgot taking aspirin and took it again a few minutes ago.我忘了吃過(guò)阿司匹林,幾分鐘以前又吃了一次;3. 動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ);(1) 一些表示感官詞或使役動(dòng)詞,如see, hear,
30、 have, make, let等后面用不帶 to 的不定式作賓補(bǔ);(2) 不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生了(即動(dòng)作的全部過(guò)程終止了);現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ),表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生(即處于發(fā)生的過(guò)程中),如:e.g. i saw the boy climb the wall.我觀察小孩爬墻了;(強(qiáng)調(diào)爬墻這件事)e.g. i saw the boy climbing the wall.我觀察小孩在爬墻;(強(qiáng)調(diào)爬墻的情形)(3) 現(xiàn)在分詞作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),它與被補(bǔ)足的詞之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系;過(guò)去分詞作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),它與被補(bǔ)足的詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系;如:e.g. i heard someone calling me.e.g. i h
31、ad my house painted.我讓人給房子刷了油漆; (直譯:我讓房子被刷了油漆) 4非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)時(shí),特殊是分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),要留意分詞所隱含的規(guī)律主語(yǔ)必需和句子的主語(yǔ)一樣;現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作和句子的主語(yǔ)之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,過(guò)去分詞表示的動(dòng)作和句子的主語(yǔ)間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系;分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作和它所修飾的詞之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,過(guò)去分詞表示的動(dòng)作和它修飾的詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān) 系;e.g. working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.在工廠工作時(shí),他是名先進(jìn)工人;e.g. seen from the hill, our school
32、 looks more beautiful.從小山上看,我們學(xué)校顯得更美麗;5非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也有否定結(jié)構(gòu)、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài);非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定結(jié)構(gòu)是在它們前面加not 來(lái)構(gòu)成;假如非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)在主要謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后或同時(shí),用一 般式,假如非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作在主要謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作 之前,就用完成式;e.g. they decide not to go.他們打算不去;e.g. toms not passing the exam made his father very angry. 湯姆考試沒(méi)有及格,這令他父親特別憤怒;e.g. having finished the work,he
33、went home.干完活后他回家了;(分詞 having finished 發(fā)生在 went 前)b. 例題講解1) bob said that it is easy.a. for him being on timeb. being on time for himc. for him to be on timed. on time for him解析:答案 c;此題 that 從句中,用 it 作形式主語(yǔ),而將不定式to beon time (準(zhǔn)時(shí))放在句子最終面;不定式前加一個(gè)for him 表示不定式的動(dòng)作是誰(shuí)做的;2) would you letto the park with my
34、classmate, mum.(高校英語(yǔ)(b)test 4, 28)a. me gob. me goingc. i god. i going解析:答案 a;let 是使役動(dòng)詞,用不帶to 的不定式作賓補(bǔ),即let sb. do sth.這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu);3) you dont mind you xiao li, do you.(高校英語(yǔ)( b)test3, 31)a. callb. to callc. to callingd. my calling解析:答案 d;mind 后面只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ);4) charles regrettedthe tv set last year. the price h
35、as now come down. (高校英語(yǔ)( b) test 3, 33)a. buyingb. to buyc. ofd. from解析:答案a;regret 后既可用動(dòng)名詞,也可用不定式,前者表懊悔做了某事(動(dòng)作已做了),后者就表為要去做某事遺憾 (動(dòng)作仍沒(méi)有做);依據(jù)題意思,應(yīng)選a ;5) there was so much noise in the classroom that the teacher couldnt make himself. (高校英語(yǔ)(b)test 4, 41)a. heardb. hearingc. to heard. hear解析:答案 a ;賓語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)
36、足語(yǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,所以用過(guò)去分詞;6)do you know the manunder the apple tree.(高校英語(yǔ)(b)test 2, 31)a. layb. lainc. lyingd. laying解析:答案 c;lie(lay, lain, lying )“平躺, 位于”;lie(lied, lied, lying ) “撒謊”;lay(laid, laid, laying )“放置”;依據(jù)題意,應(yīng)當(dāng)用“平躺” 之意;分詞表示的動(dòng)作與其修飾的詞之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞,所以選 c;7) tomorrow s lessons, frank has no time to g
37、o out with his friends.(高校英語(yǔ)(b)test 5, 45)a. not preparingb. not having preparedc. not to prepared. being not prepared解析:答案 b;非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定形式都是在最前邊加 not,排除 d;由于“仍沒(méi)有完成對(duì)明天功課的預(yù)備” ,因此“不能跟伴侶外出玩?!?, 依據(jù)句意,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成性,用完成式;(八)主要情態(tài)動(dòng)詞a. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示才能、答應(yīng)、許諾、可能、必需、勸說(shuō)、意愿等概念或態(tài)度;情態(tài)動(dòng)詞無(wú)人稱(chēng)變化,在句子中和動(dòng)詞原形一起組成謂語(yǔ);常用的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有must ,can,be
38、 able to,need,shall, should(ought to), could,would ;留意: mustn t 的意思是“禁止”,neednt 的意思是“無(wú)須,不必” ;b. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后接完成時(shí)的用法1. must have done:這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示對(duì)過(guò)去一個(gè)動(dòng)作比較有把握的猜測(cè);e.g. the ground was very wet. it must have rained during the night.2. should ought to +have done:這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示原來(lái)應(yīng)當(dāng)做卻沒(méi)有做的事情;e.g. im sorry i am late, i should ha
39、ve gotten up earlier.我很愧疚我遲到了,我本應(yīng)早點(diǎn)兒起床的;3. could have done:這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示原來(lái)能做的事情而沒(méi)有做;e.g. catherine couldhave bought that coat, but she chose to lend the money to a needy friend.凱瑟琳原來(lái)可以買(mǎi)那件外套的,但是她把錢(qián)借給一個(gè)更急需的朋友了;4. need not + have done: 這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示原來(lái)沒(méi)有必要做的事情卻做了;e.g. you need not have done the job.你沒(méi)有必要做那種工作的;c. 例題講
40、解1) the young lady coming over to usour english teacher; the way she walks tells us that.(高校英語(yǔ)(b)test 1, 42)a. must beb. can bec. would bed. could be解析: a;從后面的進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明中我們可以看到說(shuō)話(huà)人語(yǔ)氣特別確定, 表示對(duì)很有把握的估計(jì);2) youbuy some reference books when you go to college. (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(b)test 3, 27)a. couldb. will have toc. mustd.
41、might解析: b;could 與 might 與題意不符; must 表示“主觀要求必需做某事”,have to 就表示“客觀情形要求不得不做某事”;依據(jù)題意,選b最恰當(dāng);3) he didn t pass the final examination. he it. (高校英語(yǔ)(b) test 3, 28)a. must have prepared forb. ought to prepare forc. ought to have prepared ford. ought to prepare for解析: c;此題考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+完成式;“ ought to+完成式”表示過(guò)去本應(yīng)當(dāng)做卻沒(méi)
42、有做;(九)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)a. 學(xué)問(wèn)要點(diǎn) 1動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系;英語(yǔ)有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài):主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的承擔(dān)者;被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式:be+過(guò)去分詞;e.g. such stories are published for children.e.g. the tv was turned on and everybody sat there, watching it.2. 英語(yǔ)中的一些感官動(dòng)詞如see, watch, notice, hear 和使役動(dòng)詞make,have, let +不帶 to 的不定式 do sth., 但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中to 就不能少
43、;e.g. isaw himentertheclassroom. / he was seen toenterthe classroom.3. 在 need, want, require 等及物動(dòng)詞后面接動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式可以表示被動(dòng)含義;e.g. my hair needs cutting. 我該理發(fā)了;留意: the book is worth reading.這本書(shū)值得一讀;b. 例題講解1) every year thousands of livesin road accidents because of careless driving.(高校英語(yǔ)(b)test 1, 41)a. los
44、eb. lostc. have lostd. are lost解析: d;由于是每一年,所以句子用現(xiàn)在時(shí);生命被奪走,所以用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);2) after the minister of education had finished speaking at the press conference, he was madeall sorts of awkward questions.(高校英語(yǔ)(b)test 3, 40)a. answerb. answeringc. answeredd. to answer解析: d;題項(xiàng)中將 make sb. do sth.(讓某人干某事)轉(zhuǎn)換成了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) sb
45、. was made to do sth.(某人被讓干某時(shí)) ,因此 to 不能少;3)my watch has been losing time for the past week. it probably needs .a. cleaningb. to cleanc. cleanedd. to be cleaning解析: a;need+動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式( cleaning)可以表被動(dòng)含義;(十)虛擬語(yǔ)氣a. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣是動(dòng)詞的一種特殊形式,用來(lái)表達(dá)說(shuō)話(huà)人的主觀愿望和假想虛擬的情形,考試中以虛擬語(yǔ)氣為考點(diǎn)的試題也不算少,大家應(yīng)當(dāng) 盡量把握;b. 學(xué)問(wèn)要點(diǎn)1. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從
46、句表示對(duì)不行能發(fā)生的事實(shí)的一種假設(shè);或?qū)σ呀?jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)的事實(shí)進(jìn)行一種相反情形的假設(shè);時(shí)間從句謂語(yǔ)形式主句謂語(yǔ)形式虛擬現(xiàn)在時(shí)(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式( be 一般用wereshould would, could,might + 動(dòng)詞原形虛擬過(guò)去時(shí)(與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反)had doneshould would, could,might +havedone虛擬將來(lái)時(shí)(與將來(lái)事實(shí)可能相反)動(dòng) 詞 過(guò)去式should+動(dòng)詞原形were to+動(dòng)詞原形should would, could,might + 動(dòng)詞原形2. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣用在表示要求、命令、建議語(yǔ)氣的詞引導(dǎo)的從句中:(1) 用在動(dòng)詞 sugges(t
47、 建議) , order(命令) , insist(堅(jiān)持) , require(需要) , demand(要求),propose(提議)等引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中,以及它們相應(yīng)的名詞suggestion, order, insistence, demand, proposal后面的表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)從句中,這個(gè)從句的謂語(yǔ)要用“(should )+動(dòng)詞原形”e.g. we suggested that he(should )start now. 我們建議他現(xiàn)在就開(kāi)頭;e.g. my suggestion is that we (should)send a few people to help the othe
48、r groups. 我的建議是我們派幾個(gè)人去幫忙別的小組;(2) 用在“it +be+ natural (necessary,strange,important ,essential以及 insisted ,suggested,ordered )+that ”結(jié)構(gòu)中的 that 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句以及它們相應(yīng)的名詞(引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)從句中;從句的謂語(yǔ)用“(should )+動(dòng)詞原形”e.g. it s necessary that you should be present at the meeting.你有必要參與會(huì)議;3. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣運(yùn)用其他從句中:(1)運(yùn)用在 wish 后面的從句中表示 “
49、愿望”,運(yùn)用在 as if 從句中表示“似乎”,謂語(yǔ)形式:用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式虛擬現(xiàn)在的情形;用過(guò)去完成式虛擬過(guò)去的情形;用 would (或 might )+動(dòng)詞原形虛擬將來(lái)的情形;i wish i knew the answer.但愿我知道答案;it is wished that he had not made the mistake.他要沒(méi)犯此錯(cuò)誤該多好;the old lady is quarrelling with others as if she were mad.那位年老的女士正在和其他人爭(zhēng)執(zhí),就似乎她瘋了一樣;(3) 運(yùn)用在 would rather后面的從句中表示“期望”,用動(dòng)詞的
50、過(guò)去式虛擬現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的情形,用過(guò)去完成式虛擬過(guò)去的情形;e.g. id rather i had seen the film.我真期望我看過(guò)這部電影;(4) 運(yùn)用在 it is high time后邊的從句中表示“該干的時(shí)間到了” ,用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式或should+ 動(dòng)詞原形;e.g. it is time that we had/should have a rest.該是我們休息的時(shí)間了;c. 例題講解1) hadyoucome fiveminutesearlier,you thetraintobirmingham. but now you missed it.(高校英語(yǔ)(b)test 1,
51、43)a. would catchb. would have caught c. could catchd. should catch解析: b;虛擬語(yǔ)氣用法,這里是對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情虛擬,用“if 從句+had come,主句+would have caught ”;此題前面的從句省略了if ,所以依據(jù)句法要求倒裝,將had 提前到句首;2) the dean of the philosophy department requested that the visiting scholara lecture on the philosopher sartre.(高校英語(yǔ)( b) test 3,
52、39)a. gaveb. givec. would gived. had given解析: b;request(要求)后面的賓語(yǔ)從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”;3)i wish everybodythe meeting tomorrow.(高校英語(yǔ)(b) test 4, 36)a. will attendb. would attendc. had attended d. is going to attend解析: b;wish 后的從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣;當(dāng)表示與將來(lái)期望相反時(shí),從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“would+ 動(dòng)詞原形”;4)i would rathertwo wee
53、ks earlier.(高校英語(yǔ)(b)test 4, 45)a. you should come hereb. you come herec. you came hered. you had come here解析: d;would rather后的從句用過(guò)去完成式虛擬過(guò)去的情形;5) it s time we the lecture because everybody has arrived.(高校英語(yǔ)(b) test 4, 26)a. will startb. shall startc. startd. started解析: d;“it is high time+ 從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中,從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去式表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣;(十一)主謂一樣a. 學(xué)問(wèn)要點(diǎn)主謂一樣就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必需在數(shù)和人稱(chēng)上與主語(yǔ)取得一樣;主謂一樣 的關(guān)系依據(jù)“語(yǔ)法一樣” 、“意義一樣”、和“就近一樣”三項(xiàng)原就來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn);1. 語(yǔ)法一樣(1) 由 and 連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)(指的是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上不同的人或事物)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);e.g. the woman and her husband work in the same office.那婦女和她丈夫在同一個(gè)單位工作;(2) 做主語(yǔ)的名詞后面有 as well as, with, together with, except, bu
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