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1、 中國人注重人與自然的和諧。在中國傳統思想中,“天人合一”是一個著名的話題。中國傳統思想更注重個人修養(yǎng)的提升,更關注“修身養(yǎng)性”;更為重視智慧的體悟而對邏輯推理不是特別在意??梢哉f,中國有一套完整的影響了中國幾千年的思想體系,而這套體系最重要的組成部分就是孔子(confucius)、孟子(mencius)開創(chuàng)的儒家思想(confucianism)和老子(laozi)、莊子(zhuangzi)開創(chuàng)的道家思想(taoism)以及中國特色的佛學思想(buddhism)。其中,對中國影響最大、最深遠的是儒家思想。the chinese people pay more attention to the
2、harmonious relation between human beings and nature.“nature and man are one” is a familiar statement in traditional chinese ideology. much emphasis is laid upon the moral cultivation and temper refinement as well as the spiritual enlightenment on the part of the individual rather than upon the logic
3、 reasoning.for thousands of years,china,so to speak ,has been under the influences of a holistic system of thoughts,which is largely composed of confucianism initiated by confucius and mencius,taoism initiated by laozi and zhuangzi,as well as buddhism with chinese characteristics,among which confuci
4、anism played a profound and fundamental role in shaping china.關漢卿是元代成就最高、影響最大的劇作家,他一聲寫了60多部雜?。▃aju),現存的還有18部,大多表現了下層婦女的苦難和斗爭。他的代表作竇娥冤(injustice to dou e)是雜劇中最著名的悲劇。劇中描寫了善良的女子竇娥,遭到壞人陷害,被官府關進監(jiān)獄,最終含冤被殺的故事。關漢卿的創(chuàng)作對后市戲曲的發(fā)展產生了巨大的影響。他不僅是中國偉大的戲劇家,也是世界文化名人。guan hanqing was the greatest and most productive pla
5、ywright/dramatist of the yuan dynasty.he created over 60 zaju plays,of which 18 are still extant,mostly about the misery and struggles of women at the bottom of the society .his representative work “injustice to dou e”is the best known of the zaju tragedies. it tells of a kind-hearted young woman fa
6、lsely accused and thrown into prison by the local authorities and finally murdered. guans plays had great influence on the development of drama of later generations.he is not only the greatest playwright/dramatist in china,but also one of the cultural celebrities of world.印刷術發(fā)明以前,讀書人要得到一本新書,只有一個字一個字
7、的抄寫。隋末唐初時,發(fā)明了雕版印刷術(block printing),提高了印書的速度。但是每印一本書都要雕大量的版,還是十分費事。到了900多年前的北宋時期,畢昇經過反復試驗,發(fā)明了活字印刷術(movable type printing)。他把字刻在一小塊一小塊的膠泥(clay)上,放進火里燒硬,做成一個個活字(movable character)?;钭钟∷⑿g的發(fā)明大大加快了世界各國文化發(fā)展、交流的速度。before printing was invented,a scholar had to copy a new book word for world if he wanted to wo
8、n it,in the sui and tang dynasties, the technology of block printing was invented ,and therefore the speed of printing was increased. but when a book was to be printed,many wooden blocks had to be engraved so it was rather troublesome.till the northern song dynasty more than 900 years ago.bi sheng i
9、nvented movable type printing after repeated experiments.he engraved words on pieces of clay which were hearted in fire until they became movable characters.the invention of the printing technique greatly sped up the international development of culture and exchanges.京劇是中國流行最廣、影響最大的一個劇種,有勁200年的歷史。京劇
10、在形成過程中,吸收了許多地方戲的精華,有收到北京方言和風俗習慣的影響。鯨魚雖然誕生在北京,但不僅僅是北京的地方戲,中國各地都有演出京劇的劇團。京劇作為中國民族戲曲的精華,在國內外都有很大的影響。許多外國人專門到中國來學唱京劇。許多京劇表演藝術家也曾到世界各地訪問演出,受到了各國人民的喜愛。peking opera is the most popular and influential opera in china with a history of almost 200 years,in the course of its formation,it absorbed the best from
11、 many other local operas and was affected by beijing local dialect and customs.though peking opera originated from beijing,it is not a localized opera exclusive to beijing only.peking opera troupes can be found in the regions of china. peking opera,as the national opera,enjoys a high reputation both
12、 inside and outside china .many foreigners have come to china to learn peking opera, while many beijing troupes and famous opera actors and actresses perform peking opera abroad and are appreciated by foreign audiences.漢字是世界上最古老的文字之一,也是世界上使用人數最多的漢字。漢字的數量很多,總數約60000個,其中最常用字約6000個。漢字歷史悠久,千百年來,中國人都是用繁體
13、字來書寫,但是,筆畫繁多的繁體字,難認、難記也難于書寫。1949年以后,為了普及教育的需要,中國政府統一對漢字進行了較大規(guī)模的簡化工作,先后有2000多個繁體字被簡化字取代?,F在,簡化字是聯合國的工作文字之一。the chinese characters constitute one of the worlds oldest systems of writing,and have the most users in the world.there are numerous chinese characters,totaling about 60000,with about 6000 basic
14、 ones.the chinese characters have a long history. for thousands of years,chinese people had been writing in traditional chinese,however,the traditional chinese characters are difficult to identify,memorize and write due to their complicated strokes.from 1949,for the sake of the popularization of edu
15、cation,the chinese government simplified the chinese characters on a large scale,there were more than 2000traditional chinese characters that were simplified to todays appearance,nowadays simplified chinese is one of the working languages used by the un.春節(jié)在中國是一年中最重要的節(jié)日,既是舊的一年的結束,更是新的一年的開始。春節(jié)是在農歷每年的一
16、月一日,通常在公歷的一月下旬道兒月上旬這個階段。春節(jié)這種習俗,在中國已經傳承了幾千年。如今,每年春節(jié)之前,全中國的各大火車站長途汽車站、飛機場都會異常忙碌。人們想方設法,及時到達各自的家中,與家人團聚。in china,the spring festival is the most important festival in a year.it marks the end of the previous years and the beginning of the new year.it is the first day of the first lunar month each year,u
17、sually between the last ten days of january and the first ten days of february on the gregorian calender.the spring festival as a custom has been celebrated in china for thousands of years.nowadays,each year before the spring festival,all railway stations,long-distance bus stations and airports in c
18、hina are extremely busy.people try their best to come back to their homes in time for family reunion.中國地域廣闊,人口眾多,即使都使用漢語言,各地區(qū)說的話也不一樣,這就是方言。方言俗稱地方話,是漢語在不同地域的分支,只通過行于一定的地域。漢語方言十分復雜,相互之間存在語音、詞匯、語法三個方面的差異。為了方便各地區(qū)人民之間的交流,中國政府十分重視推廣普通話的工作,鼓勵大家都學普通話。china has a vast territory and a large population.even th
19、ough people all use the chinese language,they speak it differently in different areas.in other words,they speak different dialects,generally called local languages,dialects are branches of the chinese language only used in certain areas,they are complicated and differ from each other in three aspect
20、s:pronunciation,vocabulary and grammar.for the benefit of promoting cultural exchange among people in different areas,the chinese government attaches great importance to popularizing putonghua and encourages people to learn it.早在戰(zhàn)國時期,中國人舊時用磁石制成了指示方向的儀器司南。到了宋代,人們把磁針和方位盤結合起來制成了羅盤。羅盤進而演變?yōu)槲覀兘裉焖煜さ闹改厢?。指?/p>
21、針的發(fā)明,給航海事業(yè)帶來了劃時代的影響,世界航運史也由此翻開了新的一頁。明朝初期鄧和七下西洋,15世紀哥倫布發(fā)現大陸和麥哲倫環(huán)繞地球航行等壯舉,都是指南針用于航海事業(yè)的結果。as early as the warring states period,the chinese invented sinan,a direction-indicating instrument using a magnet.in the song dynasty,people created luopan by combining a magnet needle with an azimuth plate,which
22、evolved into what we today know as the compass.the invention of the compass had an epochmaking influence on navigation,thereby opening up a new era in the history of international navigation.the extraordinary achievements-zheng hes seven maritime voyages in the early ming dynasty,christopher columbu
23、s discovery of the new world and ferdinand magellans sail round the world in the 15th century-were made possible because of the application of the compass for navigation.中秋節(jié)在農歷八月十五,正好在秋分前后。農歷每月的十五日是月亮最圓的時候。中秋之夜,人們與家人一邊品嘗瓜果和月餅,一邊賞月。月餅最早用于祭祀的目的,逐漸變成了中秋節(jié)的特有食品。中國人對月亮又一種獨特的情感,他們認為中秋月圓是合家團圓的象征。分散在各地的家人會在這
24、一夜回家團聚,趕不回家的人也要打個電話回家問候父母和親人。the mid-autumn day,the august 15th of the calendar,falls during the autumn equinox,the fifteenth of each lunar month in the calendar is the day of the full moon .on the night of the festival,people enjoy fruits and moon cakes with their family members as they appreciate
25、the moons beauty,the moon cake,which was originally used for sacrifice,has gradually become a special fool of the festival.the chinese people have a special emotion for the moon.they believe that the full moon of the mid-autumn festival is a symbol of family reunion.it is for sure a time for family members to be reunited at home,those who can not make it home would make phone calls and send their best regards to their parents and relatives.在中國中部河南省安陽市,有一篇面積約24平方公里的都城廢墟,俗稱殷墟,這是個注定要被永遠載入世界文明史冊中的名字。自從1928年首次發(fā)掘以來,這里出土了包括甲骨、青銅器在內的大量文物
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