自編名詞性從句之主語從句TheSubjectclause

1、名詞性從句Noun Clauses August 2nd , 2014 主語從句The Subject clause 主語從句的概念：復合句中的主語成分由句子充當。主語從句的結構：做主語成分的從句 +連詞（引導詞）+ 句子其他成分。一、主語從句的引導詞1, 連詞that引導。例如：That he is still alive is a wonder. 他還活著，真是奇跡。That we shall be late is certain. 我們要晚了，這是確定無疑的。That he should have ignored the working class was natural. 他忽視工人階

2、級是很自然的。That she is still alive is a consolation. 她還活著是使人感到寬慰的。That she became an artist may have been due to her fathers influence. 她成為畫家可能是受她父親的影響。That you are coming to London is the best news I have heard this long time. 你將來倫敦是好久以來我聽到的最好消息。That she was chosen made a tremendous stir in her village

3、. 她被挑選上，在她村子里引起很大轟動。That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明顯，她們確是親姐妹，她們的臉型很相似。2, 連詞if、whether引導Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否對我們有害還要看一看。Whether they would support us was

4、 a problem. 他們是否會支持我們還是一個問題。Whether hell come here isnt clear.他是否會來這里還不清楚。3，連接代詞who, whoever /whom /whose/ what whatever/ which whichever引導：What she did is not yet known.她干了什么尚不清楚。What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是這一點。What s done is done. 事已成定

5、局。What I am telling you is mere impressions. 我和你說的都不過是一些印象而已。What make the river more beautiful are the lotus plants growing in the water. 為河水增色的是水里的荷花。What I am afraid of is their taking him to Portugal. 我擔心的是他們把他帶到葡萄牙去。What struck me was that they have all suffered a lot. 令我很深印象的是他們都受過很多苦。What man

6、y scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and into the oceans and seas. 許多科學家認為水的持續(xù)存在讓地球將有害的氣體和酸溶解到海洋中去。Whoever is top from wins the game when two matched players meet. 兩強相爭勇者勝。Whichever (of you) comes in first will receive a prize. 無論(你

7、們)誰先到都可以得獎。Whichever you want is yours. 你要哪個哪個就是你的。Whoever comes is welcome.不論誰來都歡迎。4, 連接副詞when 、where 、how 、why引導，例如：How this happened is not clear to anyone. 這事怎樣發(fā)生的，誰也不清楚。 Wherever you are is my home  my onl

8、y home.你所在的任何地方就是我的家我唯一的家。When we arrive doesnt matter. 我們什么時候到沒有關系。How it was done was a mystery. 這是怎樣做的是一個謎。Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery. 他們?yōu)槭裁赐蝗幌匀皇莻€謎。How this happended is not clear to anyone. 這件事怎樣發(fā)生的，誰也不清楚。How many people we are to invite is still a question. 邀請多

9、少人還是一個問題。Where I spend my summer is no business of yours. 我在哪里過暑假不關你的事。二，主語從句與形式主語it以上從句都直接位于主語的位置，如果從句較長，為了考慮句子平衡，通常使用形式主語it，而將真正的主語從句移至句末。這分三種情況：1, 對于以連詞that引導的主語從句，通常用形式主語替代主語從句： It+be+名詞（no wonder，an honour，a good thing，a pity，no surprise）+that例如：It is a fact that 事

10、實是 It is an honor that 非常榮幸It is common knowledge that 是常識 It is a surprise that 令人驚奇的是Its a pity that we cant go. 很遺憾我們不能去。Its a pity that he didnt come. 很遺憾他沒來。Its no surprise that our team should have won the game.我們沒

11、贏這場比賽一點也不意外。 should have done 指的是本應該做某事但沒有做成某事，而have done直接就是做了某事。It is an honour that I was invited to attend the meeting. 能被邀請參加那個會議是一種榮譽。 It+be+形容詞（obvious，true，natural，surprising，good，wonderful，funny，possible，likely，certain，probable）+that從句如：It is natural that 很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是 It is a

12、 pity/shame that. 遺憾的是 It is possible that. 很可能 It is unlikely that. 不可能It is clear that you made a mistake again. 很顯然你又犯了一個錯誤。It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫無疑問她考試成績會很好。 It is probable that he told he

13、r everything. 很可能他把一切都告訴她了。It is important that he should know about this. 他必須知道此事。Its vital that we be present. 我們出席是至關重要的。It was intended that you be the candidate. 大家的意圖是讓你當候選人。It is important that this mission not fail. 這項使命不失敗至關重要。It is essential that a meeting be convened this week. 本周開一次

14、會非常重要。It is appropriate that this tax be abolished. 廢除這個稅是恰當的。Its unfair that so many people should lose their jobs. 竟有這么多人失業(yè)這是不公平的。Its amazing that she should have said nothing about it. 她竟未談及此事令人驚訝。Its unthinkable that they should deny my request. 真不可思議，他們竟然拒絕我的請求。It+be+過去分詞（said，reported，thought，

15、expected，decided，announced，arranged）+that從句此結構中的主語從句不可提前！如：It is said that. 據說 It is known to all that. 眾所周知It is reported that. 據報道 It is believed that. 據信;人們相信It is suggested that. 有人建議 It has been proved that 已證實It has been decided that 已經決定 It must be admitted that必須承認It cannot be denied that 不可

16、否認 It must be pointed out that需指出的是It has been proved that your theory is not practical. 事實已證明，你的理論是不切實際的。It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing. 據說格林先生已經到了北京。 It is reported that China has sent another man-made

17、 earth satellite into orbit. 據報道中國又成功地發(fā)射了一顆人造地球衛(wèi)星。It+seem，happen等不及物動詞及短語+that從句此結構中的主語從句不可提前！如：It seems that 似乎 好像 = It appears that 似乎好像It happened that 碰巧 It occurred to me that 我突然想起It seems that Alice is not coming to the party

18、60;at all. Alice似乎不來參加晚會。 It happened that I was out that day.碰巧我那天外出了。It+doesnt matter（makes no difference）+連接代詞或連接副詞引導的主語從句.此結構中的主語從句不可提前！ 如： It doesnt matter when you will come back. 你什么時候回來都沒關系。It doesnt matter whether sh

19、e will come or not. 她是否來這無關緊要。 It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我們在哪里開會毫無區(qū)別。It was a problem whether they would support us. 他們是否會支持我們還是一個問題。It remains to be seen whether it will do us harm or good. 它對我們是利是害，還得看看再

20、說2，含主語從句的復合句是疑問句，也必須用帶形式主語it的結構：此結構中的主語從句不可提前！Is it true that he is the girls father? 他是那女孩的父親，是真的嗎？How is it that you are late again? 你怎么又遲到了？Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? 看起來晚上要下雨，是嗎？Is it true that the scientist will give us a lec

21、ture next week？ 下周那位科學家將給我們作報告是真的嗎？ Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow？ 他們明天不來很要緊嗎？3，當主語從句出現(xiàn)在感嘆句中時，要以it作形式主語，而把主從句后置： How strange it is that the children are so quiet！ 

22、;孩子們這么安靜真奇怪！What a pity it is that you didnt arrive by daylight. 你沒在白天到達實在太遺憾了。三，主語從句使用時的注意事項1, 關于語序：主語從句和其它名詞性從句一樣，都必須與陳述句語序相同，即“主語謂語”。事實上，任何一種從句，其語序都必須與陳述句的語序相同。How he became a great scientist is known to us all. 他如何成為一名偉大的科學家眾所周知2, 關于時態(tài)：從句的時態(tài)不受主句時態(tài)的影響和限制。3, 關于語氣：在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應如此等,謂語動詞用虛擬語

23、氣"(should) +do",常用的句型有： It is necessary (important, natural, strange, impossible) that從句It is necessary that we should clean the room every day. 每天清理房間是必需的。It is important that we should finish the work on time.重要的是我們應該按時完成這項工作 It is a pity(a shame, no wonder) that從句It was a pity that you

24、should be so careless. 很遺憾你竟然如此粗心。It was a shame that you should be so careless. 你如此不小心真是一個恥辱。 It is suggested (requested要求, proposed提議, desired渴望/要求, advised建議, ordered命令, insisted堅持, required要求) that從句，例如：It is suggested that we should eat more vegetable and do more exercise. 有人建議我們應該多吃蔬菜和多做運動。It

25、will be requireded that she should finish her homework this afternoon. 她將被要求今天下午完成家庭作業(yè)。注意：如果說人對這種事實表現(xiàn)出驚奇的情感，就可用虛擬語氣。反之，如果不表示驚奇等情感，表示的是事實。that從句也可用陳述句語氣。如：It is pity that you cant swim.4，關于“主謂一致”：主語從句通常被看作一個整體，主句的謂語動詞用單數形式. That they will come is certain. 很確信他們會來的。Whatever he says is of no importance

26、. 他說的什么都不重要。When the meeting will be held hasnt been known yet. 會議什么時候舉行仍然不清楚。單個的主語從句作主語時，謂語動詞用單數形式。如果是兩個或兩個以上的主語從句作主語，謂語動詞則用復數形式。Where and when he was born has not been found. When the person was murdered and why he was murdered are still unknown.What 引導主語從句時，主句謂語動詞的單復數由表語的單復數決定.同步聯(lián)動！How he worked

27、it out is still a secret. 他是如何把它做出來的還是一個秘密。What they makes in this factory are TV sets. 他們在工廠里所做的東西就是電視機。What he wants is all here. 他所要的東西都在這里。What he wants are these books. What he wants is some water.5, 關于從屬連詞that:引導主語從句不可??！ that只起引導作用，本身無實義，在句中不充當任何成分。若that引導的從句位于句首，that不能??；若使用了形式主語it，造成that引導從句后

28、置，那么that可省略：That you didnt go to the talk was a pity. 很遺憾你沒去聽報告。(that不可省)It was a pity (that) you didnt go to the talk. 很遺憾你沒去聽報告。(that可省)6，關于從屬連詞：if和whether：whether 不作句子成分，意為“是否”。由whether引導的主語從句放在句首，句后都可。 Whether it will please them is not easy to say.= Its not easy to say whether it will please th

29、em. weather引導主語從句在句首或與or not 連用時只能用whether，不可用if。對：Whether the solid shape would last or not was not clear. 固體的形狀能否延續(xù)還不清楚。錯：If the solid shape would last or not was not clear.有it充當形式主語的句子中，后置的主語從句用if 和whether引導均可。對：It was not clear whether the solid shape would last or not. 對：It is uncertain if he w

30、ill leave for Beijing tomorrow. 7，whether與that引導主語從句的區(qū)別：whether和that，兩者都可引導主語從句，其區(qū)別主要應從句意來考慮：whether表示“是否”，由它引導的主語從句的意思通常是不確定的；that 引導主語從句時，本身沒有詞義(that在其他名詞性從句中也沒有詞義)，但是由that引導的整個主語從句的意思通常是確定的。試比較：a. That well hold a meeting is decided. 我們要召開一次會議，這已決定了。b. Whether well hold a meeting is not decided.

31、我們是否要開一個會，這還沒有決定。a. That he has left here is clear. 他已離開了這兒，這點很清楚。b. Whether he has left here is not clear. 他是否已離開這兒，這還不清楚。a. That he can finish it in two hours is clear. 他能在兩小時內完成它，這是顯然的。b. Whether he can finish it in two hours is a question. 他能否在兩小時內完成它還是問題例題：_ well go camping tomorrow depends on

32、the weather. A. If B. Whether C. That D. When 答案：B8，What與that引導主語從句的區(qū)別：（其他名詞性從句同理）what引導名詞從句時，它在從句中要充當句子成分：主語、賓語、表語，而that 則不然，而 that引導名詞從句時，它在從句中不能充當句子成分。 what引導名詞從句時，它有詞義 (表示：什么；所的東西 )；而 that 引導名詞從句時，它沒有詞義。what = the person that =the sth. that.what在結構上相當于一個名詞加一個定語從句，所以有人稱這樣用的what 為關系代詞型的what)把你買的東西

33、拿給我看Show me what you bought. Show me the thing that you bought. 這是他想要的東西。This is what he wants. This is the thing that he wants. 我們需要的是錢。What we need is money.The thing that we need is money.試比較：What he said at the meeting surprised us.That he spoke at the meeting surprised us.再比較：That she wants to

34、know is when the party will be held . (錯）What she wants to know is when the party will be held . (對）上面的主語從句缺少成分賓語，故用作成分的what來引導，而不用that。What we can't get seems better than what we have. （get what have what）再看幾道題目： （答案全部為C）I think _ he needs is more practice. Yes. _ he needs more practice is clea

35、r. A. what, What B. that, That C. what, That D. that, What_ you said is different from the thing _he told us. A. What, what B. That, that C. What, that D. That, whatI think _ he said is true.() But dont forget the fact _he is a cheat. A. what, what B. that, that C. what, that D. that, what_ surprise

36、d us most is _he spoke English so well. A. What, what B. That, that C. What, that D. That, what9，whichever、whoever、whatever引導主語從句的用法：whatever, whichever , whoever, whomever等可用于引導名詞性從句。這類引導詞均相當于“先行詞關系代詞”，沒有疑問語氣，但沒有ever的引導詞which, who, what等卻明顯地含有疑問意味。 whichever引導主語從句的用法：whichever引導主語從句時：意義相當于any that,

37、 anyone who，anyone of you who通常譯為“無論哪個都”“無論誰都”。如：Whichever you want is yours. 你要哪一個，哪一個就是你的。Whichever comes in first will receive a prize. 誰先到就會獲獎。whichever有時還可以修飾名詞或后接表示范圍的of短語。如：Whichever team gains the most points wins. 哪個隊得分最多，哪個隊就贏。Whichever of them gains the most points wins. 他們

38、中哪一個得分最多，哪一個就贏。注意，不要與whichever引導讓步狀語從句（=no matter which）時的用法相混淆。如：Whichever side wins, I shall be happy. 不管哪邊贏，我都會高興。Whichever he chooses, he is damned. 無論他挑選哪一個都會倒霉。Whichever method you use, the result is much the same. 不論你用哪一種方法，結果都多。 whoever引導主語從句的用法：whoever引導主語從句時，意義相當于anyone who，the person who即

39、表示“任何人都”“誰誰就（都）”“不管是誰那都”。如：Whoever comes will be welcome. 誰來都歡迎。Whoever wants the book may have it. 任何人想要這書都可以拿去。Whoever told you that was lying. 不管這話是誰對你說的，都是撒謊。Whoever gets home first starts cooking the supper. 誰先到家，誰就開始做晚飯。Whoever gains the most points wins the competition. 誰得分最多，誰就贏得比賽。注意，不要與who

40、ever引導讓步狀語從句（=no matter who）時的用法相混淆。如：Whoever comes, tell them to go away. 不管誰來，都叫他走。Im not opening the door, whoever you are. 不管你是誰，我不會開門的。Whoever you are, you cant pass this way. 不管你是誰，你都不能從這里通過。whatever引導主語從句的用法:whatever引導主語從句時，意義相當于anything that，the thing that通常譯為“任何東西（一切事情）”“所的一切（所有）”“無論什么都”。如：

41、Whatever she says goes. 一切她說了算。Whatever I have is yours. 我的東西都是你的。Whatever she did was right. 她做的一切都是對的。Whatever I have is at your service. 我所有的一切都供你使用。Whatever you want is fine with me. 無論你要什么對我都合適。注意，不要與whatever引導讓步狀語從句（=no matter what）時的用法相混淆。如：Whatever happens, I must be calm. 不管發(fā)生什么事我都要鎮(zhèn)靜。Whate

42、ver you do, Ill always love you. 不管你干什么，我永遠愛你。Whatever you say, I wont believe you. 不管你說什么，我決不相信你的話。綜上所述：whoever, whatever, whichever 即可以引導名詞性從句，又可以引導讓步狀語從句；而no matter who , no matter what, no matter which只能引導讓步狀語從句。Whichever team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships .Ill t

43、reasure whatever you give me.Whatever/ No matter what season it is , the man always wears his funny-looking hat.10，It 作形式主語和it引導強調句的比較：It 作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結構，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導的強調句則是對句子某一部分進行強調，無論強調的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強調部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：It is in the morning that the murder took place. It is Joh

44、n that broke the window.主語從句常用it作形式主語，一般常用句型為It is+名詞/形容詞/過去分詞+主語從句。而強調句則不同，它的結構是：It+be+被強調部分+that+從句強調主語：It is the times that produce their heroes.時勢造英雄 強調賓語：It is English that Prof.Lin teaches us. 林教授教我們的是英語。強調狀語：It was in shanghai that I saw the film. 我是在上?？吹哪遣侩娪啊?判斷是否是強調句有一個方法，就是將that以后的“句子的其余部分

45、”拿出來單獨看，看有沒有缺成分，缺的是什么成分，再把謂語動詞后面，that前面的那部分（夾中間的），帶到你認為缺成分的地方，如果放進去是一句完整的句子了，那就說明是強調句。簡單來說：把It's 和 that 去掉后，剩下的部分能構成完整的句子，則就是強調句，否則就是主語從句。另外強調句的引導詞只有that和who，而主語從句則很多。 四，簡單概要 陳述語氣；任何從句都要如此。 形式主語引導下，三種類型句子需用虛擬語氣；表驚奇、不信、惋惜、應如此謂語動詞根據情況作出調整；基本為單；雙主從用復；注意表語部分同步聯(lián)動。that引導從句在句首不可??；有形式主語，that置后可省。句首表是否或o

46、r not只用whether；有形式主語， 置后從句if whether都可用 whether引導表不確定，that引導只是標志，表確定； what除表示什么，還表示所的東西，形同一個名詞加一個定語從句； 不含ever的引導詞which, who, what 是疑問語氣；whatever, whichever , whoever, whomever無疑問語氣。讓步，主從句都可引導；而no matter who , no matter what, no matter which只引導讓步； 形式主語it和強調句it要分清。把It's 和 that 去掉，能說通是強調句，反之主從句。五，易

47、錯題、陷阱題下面這道題是考查主語從句嗎？ 1. _ with the right knowledge can give first aid.A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever【分析】此題容易誤選B，主要受以下這類句子的影響而形成思維定勢：Whoever says that is lying. 誰那樣說，誰就是在說謊。Whoever breaks this law deserves a fine. 違反本法者應予以罰款。Whoever comes first can get a ticket free. 誰先來誰就可以免費得到一張票。以上各例中的 wh

48、oever 引導的均為主語從句，它們均可換成 anyone who，但不能換成 anyone。上面的試題從表面上看，與以上各例很相似，其實有本質的不同，即 _ with the right knowledge 中沒有謂語動詞，不可能是一個從句，所以我們不能選 whoever。此題的正確答案為C，anyone 為句子主語，with the right knowledge 為修飾 anyone 的定語，通過介詞with，the right knowledge為定語后置。請再做以下試題：2. _ with a good education can apply for the job.A. Who B

49、. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever3. _ has a good education can apply for the job.A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever4. _ having a good education can apply for the job. A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever5. _ seen smoking here will be fined.A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever6. _ is seen sm

50、oking here will be fined.A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever7. _ smoking here will be fined.A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever8. _ smokes here will be fined.A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever答案：第(2)題選C，介詞短語with a good education 為修飾 anyone 的定語；第(3)題選B，whoever has a good education 為主語從句；

51、第(4)題選C，現(xiàn)在分詞短語having a good education 為修飾 anyone 的定語；第(5)題選C，過去分詞短語seen smoking here 為修飾 anyone 的定語(可視為 anyone who is seen smoking here 之省略)；第(6)題選B，whoever is seen smoking here 為主語從句(from )；第(7)題選C，現(xiàn)在分詞短語smoking here 為修飾anyone 的定語；第(8)題B，whoever smokes here 為主語從句。9. “When _ leave for Japan？” “When

52、_ leave for Japan is kept secret.”    A. they will, will they         B. will they, they will    C. they will, they will          D. will they, will they【陷阱】可能誤選D，認為 when 后應用疑問句詞序?！痉治觥孔罴汛鸢高x

53、B.第一個when引出的是一個特殊疑問句，故用疑問詞序；第二個 when 引出的是主語從句，故其后用陳述句詞序。請做以下試題（答案選C）： None knows if _ that boy, but if _ him, her parents will be disappointed.    A. she will marry, she will marry         B. she marries, she marries    C. sh

54、e will marry, she marries             D. she marries, she will marry   “Where _ go to work？” “Where _ go to work is not known.”    A. we shall, we shall           &#

55、160;        B. shall we, shall we    C. shall we, we shall                     D. we shall, shall we 10. They lost their way in the forest, and _ made matt

56、ers worse was that night began to fall.     A. it                  B. which C. that                D. what11. It has come to

57、my notice _ some of you have missed classes.     A. what               B. which C. that               D. when12. It is pretty well understood _ controls th

58、e flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today.    A. that               B. when C. what              D. how13. _ she was invited to the ball mad

59、e her very happy.    A. What               B. That C. When         D. Because14. _ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.     A. Who B. The one C. Anyone  D. Whoever15. _ medicine works in a human body is a question _ not everyone can understand fully.    A. How; that B. That; which C. That; which D. What; that【解析】10. 選D.what made matters worse 是主語從句（注