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1、1 主語和謂語(wiy)的一致 主謂一致是指主語和謂語在人稱、數(shù)上要保持一致,它一般涉及三個原則:(1)語法一致原則從語法形式(xngsh)上取得一致,如主語為單數(shù)形式(xngsh),謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式(xngsh);主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式(xngsh),謂語動詞也用復(fù)數(shù)形式(xngsh)。如:The taboo against eating pork occurs in more than one culture. 不止一種文化有忌食豬肉的習(xí)俗。(2)意義一致原則從意義著眼來處理一致問題,如有時主語雖然形式(xngsh)上是單數(shù),但意義為復(fù)數(shù),此時謂語動詞須用復(fù)數(shù)形式(xngsh)。如:Th

2、e New York police are world-famous. 紐約警察舉世聞名。(3)鄰近一致原則謂語動詞的數(shù)往往和靠得最近的主語的數(shù)保持一致。如:Neither the players nor the coach was confident of victory. 球員們和教練都沒有取勝的信心。第1頁/共26頁第一頁,共26頁。1. 1 并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(zhy)的主謂一致(1) 以and連接兩個名詞作主語時,如果主語指的是兩個或兩個以上的人或物,謂語(wiy)動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:Mary and Linda are twin sisters. 瑪麗和琳達是雙胞胎姐妹。Both J

3、ack and Tom agree to come to the party. 杰克和湯姆都同意來參加聚會。War, famine and other calamities have brought heavy losses to the local people. 戰(zhàn)爭、饑荒、及其他災(zāi)難給當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣裨斐删薮蟮膿p失。(2)若and連接的兩個名詞指同一人或物,或視為一個整體時,則動詞用單數(shù)。例如:A clerk and secretary is needed in the office. 辦公室里需要一個做秘書的職員。The iron and steel industry is of great

4、importance to the national economy. 鋼鐵工業(yè)對國民經(jīng)濟至關(guān)重要。Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起使人健康、富裕、和聰慧。(看作一件事)第2頁/共26頁第二頁,共26頁。 (3)當(dāng)and連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)前有each, every, no, many a等修飾時,動詞用單數(shù)。例如: Every man, woman and child was given a present. 每個男人、女人和孩子都被贈予了禮物。 Many a student and

5、 teacher knows that the Internet is a good source of information. 許多師生都知道互聯(lián)網(wǎng)是很好的信息來源。 No sound and voice is heard for a long time. 很長時間聽不到聲響。 (4)由or, eitheror, neither nor, not only but also, not,but等連接的兩個或兩個以上的并列主語,一般按“鄰近一致”原則來確定其謂語動詞的形式。例如: Neither his training nor his experience as a railway engi

6、neer qualifies him for his job. 他所受過的訓(xùn)練和擁有(yngyu)的經(jīng)驗,都不能使他勝任當(dāng)火車司機的工作。 Either you or he is driving against traffic regulations. 不是你就是他違章駕駛。 Not just the students but even their teacher likes this novel. 不僅是學(xué)生,甚至他們的老師都很喜歡這本小說。第3頁/共26頁第三頁,共26頁。 (5)當(dāng)主語后跟有accompanied by, along with, as much as, as well a

7、s, besides, but, combined with, except, in addition to, including,instead of,like, no less than, plus, rather than, together with等引導(dǎo)的詞組時,其謂語(wiy)動詞仍按主語的單、復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如: No one but Mary and Jim was there then. 當(dāng)時除了瑪麗和杰姆外,沒有別人在場。 She no less than I is keen to visit Oxford University. 她比我更想?yún)⒂^牛津大學(xué)。 The Presid

8、ent, along with his wife and daughter, is paying a visit to China. 總統(tǒng)與妻子女兒正在中國訪問。 The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible. 應(yīng)負責(zé)的是父親,而不是兄弟。 All the team members, in addition to the captain, have left. 除了隊長,所有的隊員都離開了。第4頁/共26頁第四頁,共26頁。1. 2 集體名詞作主語(zhy)的主謂一致 (1)有些集體名詞(尤其是有生命的),如cattle, manki

9、nd, militia (民兵), people, personnel, police, poultry(家禽),youth等作主語時,其謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如: As the thieves knew that the police were looking for them, they went off in different directions. 當(dāng)賊得知警察正在搜尋他們時,他們四處跑散。 Our personnel are very highly trained. 我們的人員訓(xùn)練有素。 (2)有些集體名詞(尤其是無生命的),如clothing, equipment, furn

10、iture, hardware(五金制品), information, jewelry, luggage, machinery, merchandise(商品), poetry, stationery(文具)等作主語時,其謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。例如: The merchandise has arrived undamaged. 商品完好無損地運到。 His luggage was entrusted to a fellow-student. 他的行李(xng li)已托付給了同學(xué)。第5頁/共26頁第五頁,共26頁。 (3)有些集體名詞,如army, audience, band, class,

11、committee, couple, crew, crowd, faculty(全體教員( jioyun)), family, government, group, jury(陪審團), public, school, staff(全體人員), team, troop, union, village等,若被視為整體時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式,若被視為組成集體的具體成員時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如: The company are mostly young people. 這家公司的成員大都是年輕人。 The government has ordered its troops to launch t

12、he biggest offensive against the armed rebellion. 政府已命令它的軍隊向武裝叛亂分子發(fā)動最大規(guī)模的進攻。 The government have discussed the issue for a long time but they have not reached an agreement. 政府對此事已討論了很久,但還沒有達成協(xié)議。第6頁/共26頁第六頁,共26頁。1. 3 單復(fù)數(shù)同形(tn xn)的名詞作主語的主謂一致 單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語時,要根據(jù)(gnj)意義一致的原則來確定謂語動詞的形式。常用的這類名詞有:aircraft, an

13、telope(羚羊), crossroads(十字路口), deer, fish, headquarters, means, series, species, sheep, works等。如: Every means has been tried. 每種方法都試過了。 The means of communication between here and outside are interrupted. 這里和外界的通訊工具都中斷了。 The species of fish are numerous. 魚的種類繁多。 This species of rose is very rare. 這種玫

14、瑰花很稀罕。 One aircraft was brought down by the enemy fire. 一架飛機被敵人的炮火擊落。 Three aircraft were damaged. 三架飛機被擊傷。第7頁/共26頁第七頁,共26頁。1. 4 帶數(shù)量詞的名詞(mng c)詞組作主語的主謂一致(1)表示數(shù)目、距離、金額、時間等的名詞作主語時,通常將它們當(dāng)作一個整體看待,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。例如:Fifteen years represents a long period of his life. 十五年在他一生中是一段很長的時間。Four thousand dollars is m

15、ore than she can afford. 四千美元超出了她所能承受的范圍。但當(dāng)強調(diào)這類詞組的復(fù)數(shù)(fsh)意義時,謂語動詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)(fsh)形式。例如:These twenty minutes of cross-questioning were the worst I ever spent. 這20分鐘的盤問是我有生以來最難熬的時刻。(2)主語為“分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)of名詞”時,謂語動詞的形式由of詞組中的名詞是單、復(fù)數(shù)(fsh)而定。例如:About two thirds of the students have passed the exam. 大約三分之二的學(xué)生通過了考試。More

16、than 90% of the watches on sale are made in China. 在售中的手表超過百分之九十是中國制造的。第8頁/共26頁第八頁,共26頁。 (3)主語為“many a + 名詞(單數(shù))”,“more than one +名詞(單數(shù))”或“one and a half+名詞(復(fù)數(shù))”時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如: Many a true word is spoken in jest. 笑談之中至理多。 Many an hour was spent in interviewing the applicants. 花了很多時間對申請人進行面試。 More than

17、one person is involved in this. 與此有牽連的人不止一個。 (4)帶有量詞詞組“a kind (portion, list, body, quantity, pair, species, series, sort) +of + 名詞”作主語時,謂語動詞往往用單數(shù)形式(xngsh)。如: A pair of scissors is needed in this work. 這一工作需要一把剪刀。 A series of debates between the students was scheduled for the next week.下周學(xué)生們將有一系列的辯論

18、。 A large portion of the reports is missing. 大部分的報告丟失了。第9頁/共26頁第九頁,共26頁。 (5)“a number of +名詞(復(fù)數(shù))”,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;“the number of + 名詞(復(fù)數(shù))”,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式;“the majority + 名詞(復(fù)數(shù))”,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如: A number of students are from mountainous districts. 許多學(xué)生(xu sheng)來自山區(qū)。 The number of pages in this book is three hund

19、red. 本書的頁數(shù)為300頁。 The majority of doctors believe that smoking is harmful to health. 大多數(shù)醫(yī)生都認為吸煙有害健康。 (6)當(dāng)主語為“half / most / rest / plenty + of + 名詞”時,隨后的動詞形式按名詞是單、復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如: Half of the work is done. 工作干完了一半。 Half of the books are novels. 有一半的書是小說。 Most of his money was spent on collecting antiques. 他大部

20、分的錢都花在收集古董上了。 Most of the students were absent. 大多數(shù)學(xué)生(xu sheng)缺課了。第10頁/共26頁第十頁,共26頁。1. 5 代詞作主語(zhy)的主謂一致 (1)all, none, some等代詞作主語時,要遵循意義一致的原則,其謂語單、復(fù)數(shù)形式根據(jù)它們所代替的詞的含義來確定。例如: All that glitters is not gold. 閃光的未必都是金子。 None of the children has/have ever heard of the story. 沒有一個孩子聽過這個故事。 (2)主語為each, eithe

21、r, neither等代詞時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。例如: Either of these young ladies is perfectly qualified to teach French. 這兩位女士都完全(wnqun)有資格教法語。 Each of you is responsible for the education of the child. 你們中每個人都對這個孩子的教育有責(zé)任。 Neither of the young men who had applied for this position was accepted. 申請這一職位的兩個年輕人都未被錄用。第11頁/共26頁

22、第十一頁,共26頁。 (3)代詞somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nobody, no one, everybody, everyone, something, anything, nothing, everything作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。例如: Nobody was seen on the road. 路上一個人也看不到。 Everything is ready for the party. 宴會的一切準(zhǔn)備(zhnbi)工作都已就緒。 (4)在“one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語從句”的結(jié)構(gòu)中,從句的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;但當(dāng)one之前有the o

23、nly,the very 修飾時,定語從句的謂語動詞形式與one一致,用單數(shù)形式。例如: Mr. Gilmore is one of those men who appear to be friendly, however, it is very hard to deal with him. 吉爾摩先生是那些表面看上去很友好,可實際很難對付的人之一。 She is the only one of the women who refuses to accept the offer. 她是那些女子中唯一一位拒絕接受幫助的人。第12頁/共26頁第十二頁,共26頁。1. 6 以-s結(jié)尾的名詞作主語(z

24、hy)的主謂一致 (1)以-ics 結(jié)尾的表示“學(xué)科”的名詞(如:mathematics, politics, statistics, economics, athletics等)作主語時,謂語動詞(dngc)用單數(shù)形式。例如: Mathematics is the study of numbers. 數(shù)學(xué)就是對數(shù)的研究。 Statistics is a branch of mathematics. 統(tǒng)計學(xué)是數(shù)學(xué)的一個分支。 (2)以-s 結(jié)尾的疾病名稱,如mumps(腮腺炎),diabetes(糖尿?。?,rickets(佝僂?。┑茸髦髡Z時,謂語動詞(dngc)常用單數(shù)形式。例如: Mumps

25、 is a kind of infectious disease. 腮腺炎是一種傳染病。 Diabetes is a disease of the pancreas. 糖尿病是胰臟的疾病。 (3)以-s 結(jié)尾的表示事件、國家、機構(gòu)、作品、報刊等名詞作主語時,謂語動詞(dngc)用單數(shù)形式。例如: The United States borders on Canada in the North. 美國北面與加拿大接壤。 The New York Times is published daily. 紐約時報每日出刊。第13頁/共26頁第十三頁,共26頁。 (4)以-s結(jié)尾表示衣物(yw)或工具的名

26、詞,如clothes, trousers, shoes, pants(短襯褲,褲子), shor ts(短褲), glasses, scissors, compasses, chopsticks, scales, headphones等作主語時,謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如: His glasses are broken, so he cant see well. 他的眼鏡砸碎了,因而看不清楚。 但如果這類名詞前用了a pair of, two pairs of等,謂語動詞的形式則取決于pair的數(shù)的形式。例如: A pair of trousers was found under the b

27、ed. 在床底下找到了一條褲子。 (5)以-ings 結(jié)尾的名詞(如belongings, clippings, earnings, fillings, lodgings, surroundings等)作主語時,通常作復(fù)數(shù)看待,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如: Their earnings come to 5000 dollars a month. 他們的收入每月達5000美元。 The surroundings of the house are remarkably picturesque. 那房屋周圍的環(huán)境景色如畫。第14頁/共26頁第十四頁,共26頁。 (6)以-s結(jié)尾的群島、瀑布、山脈等專用

28、名詞往往作復(fù)數(shù)用,謂語動詞也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如(lr): The West Indies are a large group of islands lying between North America and South America. 西印度群島是介乎北美和南美之間的一大群島。 Niagara Falls are perhaps the most famous waterfalls in the world. 尼亞加拉大瀑布或許是世界上最著名的瀑布。 (7)其他用-s結(jié)尾的名詞如contents, goods, stairs, wages等,通常作復(fù)數(shù)。例如(lr): The conten

29、ts of the book are fascinating indeed. 該書的內(nèi)容確實引人入勝。 The goods are to be exported to Canada. 這些貨物將出口到加拿大。 High wages often result in high prices. 高工資常引起高物價。第15頁/共26頁第十五頁,共26頁。1. 7 不定式短語、動名詞(短語)以及名詞性從句作主語(zhy)的主謂一致 (1)不定式短語、動名詞(短語)作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)(dnsh)形式。例如: Listening to music, along with reading to rel

30、ax, is very important to me. 聽音樂,加上用閱讀來放松自己對我來說很重要。 Making the beds, together with other light jobs, keeps Grandma busy until noon. 整理床鋪和干一些別的輕活使奶奶一直忙到中午。 (2)名詞性從句作主語時,謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)(dnsh)形式。例如: That we have made amazing achievements in our work is an undeniable fact. 我們的工作已取得驚人的成就是不可否認的事實。 When and wher

31、e we should hold the conference is yet to be discussed. 在何時何地開會還有待討論。 (3) 當(dāng)what引導(dǎo)的從句作主語表示復(fù)數(shù)的人或物時,謂語動詞可用單數(shù)(dnsh)或復(fù)數(shù)。例如: What we need is/are qualified teachers. 我們需要的是合格的教師。 What they want is/are some financial aids. 他們需要的是一些經(jīng)濟資助。第16頁/共26頁第十六頁,共26頁。1. 8 其他情況(qngkung)的主謂一致 (1)“The + 形容詞(過去分詞)”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時,如果

32、指一類人或事物,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;如果指某一個人或抽象概念,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。例如: Only the poor know what poverty means. 只有窮人才懂得貧窮的含義。 The aged are well taken care of in the nursing home. 那些老年人在養(yǎng)老院里正得到精心的照料。 The agreeable is not always the useful. 好看的不一定實用(shyng)。 (2)“兩個形容詞 + 名詞(單數(shù))”作主語并指兩件不同的事物時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如: The red and the white ros

33、e are both beautiful. 紅玫瑰與白玫瑰都很美。 The French and the English language have something in common. 法語和英語在某些方面很相似。第17頁/共26頁第十七頁,共26頁。 (3)在“there be”結(jié)構(gòu)中,be動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式通常按照鄰近一致原則來確定。例如: There is a tape recorder and some books on the desk. 桌子上有一臺錄音機和一些書。 There are four chairs and a small bed in the room. 房間里有

34、四張桌子和一張小床。 (4)如有兩個或更多的主語,且既有肯定又有否定(fudng)時,謂語動詞的形式與肯定的主語一致。例如: The university, not the individual colleges, grants degrees. 學(xué)位由大學(xué),而不是各個學(xué)院授予。 It is not his brothers but his father who has punished him. 不是他的兄弟們,而是他的父親懲罰了他。第18頁/共26頁第十八頁,共26頁。2 名詞和代詞(dic)的一致 代詞與其所指代或修飾的名詞(mng c)(或另一代詞)應(yīng)在人稱和性上保持一致。例如: Pe

35、ople all over the world were tired not just of World War Two, but of war itself. 世人不僅討厭第二次世界大戰(zhàn),而且也討厭戰(zhàn)爭本身。 Each citizen of the country can express his/her opinion freely. 這個國家的每個公民都可以自由地表達觀點。 The jury reached their verdict although they disagreed on a number of points. 盡管陪審團在若干要點上意見不一,但還是作出了定論。 In sp

36、ite of their small size, these cameras can take very good pictures. 這些相機的體積雖小,但照的照片卻很好。第19頁/共26頁第十九頁,共26頁。3 主語與狀語邏輯(lu j)主語的一致 表示時間、條件、伴隨情況等狀語的邏輯主語必須同句子的主語保持一致,否則意義就會含混不清。例如: Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由于不知做些什么,他去父母那里求助。 Given more attention, the trees could have grown

37、better. 如果給予更多的照料,這些樹原本能夠長得更好。 The man was riding on a bicycle, followed by his white dog. 那個男子騎著自行車,他的白狗跟在后面。 After finishing her speech, she invited the audience to ask questions. 她演講(ynjing)結(jié)束時,邀請聽眾提問題。第20頁/共26頁第二十頁,共26頁。4 平行結(jié)構(gòu)中成分(chng fn)的一致 (1)為使同一句子前后保持平衡和協(xié)調(diào),句中的并列成分應(yīng)在結(jié)構(gòu)上保持一致。例如: Swift was the

38、last to leave the classroom, but the first to get to the dormitory. 斯威夫特是最后一個離開(l ki)教室,但卻是第一個到達宿舍的人。(都是名詞加動詞不定式短語) It is easy to enter the shop looking for a book on ancient coins and come out carrying a book about modern weapons. 很容易發(fā)生的情況是進書店時要找的是古幣書,而結(jié)果出店時卻拿著現(xiàn)代武器的書。(都是動賓結(jié)構(gòu)加分詞短語) (2)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中,被比較的事物應(yīng)

39、是同等成分。在比較從句中,常用that代替前面的單數(shù)名詞,而用those代替前面的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。例如: My seat was next to that of the chairman. 我的座位就在主席座位旁。 The engines of the red cars are much better than those of the black ones. 紅車的引擎比黑車強得多。第21頁/共26頁第二十一頁,共26頁。練習(xí)答案(d n)與解析 1.C 由notbut等連接的兩個或兩個以上的并列主語,一般按“鄰近一致”原則來確定其謂語動詞的形式。此句中,謂語靠近(kojn)you,故而選are。

40、 2.A 單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語時,要根據(jù)意義一致的原則來確定謂語動詞的形式。本句的意思是“每種方法都試過了”,在這里強調(diào)“每種”,單數(shù)意義。 3.B 主語為each, either, neither等代詞時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。且食物是被吃,應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)。 4.D 這個句子真正的謂語是rained,整個句子的主語It與ruin之間是非謂語關(guān)系。但邏輯上 It ruined our holiday 是成立的。所以,It 只是 ruin 的邏輯主語,呈主動關(guān)系,用-ing 形式。 5.A 名詞和代詞的一致。 the human race表示人類整體。 6.A 有些集體名詞,如committee,

41、若被視為整體時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式,若被視為組成集體的具體成員時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。這里是第二種情況,所以謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。 7.A 表示金錢,時間,價格或者度量衡的復(fù)合名詞作主語時,通常把這些名詞看做一個整體,謂語一般用單數(shù)。且此句為被動句,所以只能選is。 8.D 以-s結(jié)尾的表示事件、國家、機構(gòu)、作品、報刊等名詞作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。第22頁/共26頁第二十二頁,共26頁。 9.C 兩個以上的主語用 and 連起來表示一個單純的目的或觀念時,動詞要用單數(shù)才對。 10.A 由or等連接的兩個或兩個以上的并列主語,一般按“鄰近一致”原則來確定其謂語動詞的形式。所以應(yīng)no scientist來確定謂語,而由代詞no等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式,

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