初中英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)講解8949895

1、初中英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)講解（一） 英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中的時(shí)態(tài)（tense）是一種動(dòng)詞形式，不同的時(shí)態(tài)用以表示不同的時(shí)間與方式。 是表示行為、動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)在各種時(shí)間條件下的動(dòng)詞形式。英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有16種時(shí)態(tài)，但是中考常考時(shí)態(tài)包括6種：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).下面分別介紹。 1、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法 1） 表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作；表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)、特征、客觀(guān)事實(shí)和真理。句中常用 often, usually, every day 等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如： a. i get up early every morning. （經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作）b. he is very upset

2、. （狀態(tài)）c.the earth moves around the sun. (客觀(guān)事實(shí)）d.knowledge is power(真理）（2013武漢）-what does toms uncle do?-he is a teacher. he ( )physics at a school now. a.will teach b.has taught c.teaches d.taught 2) 在由連詞if, unless, before, as soon as, when, once, however, until 等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中，主句用將來(lái)時(shí)，從句必須用現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。如： a.

3、if it rains tomorrow, well put off the game.b. when he comes, ill let you know.c.i will wait till he comes. when you ( ) at a restaurant, please order just enough food.（2013陜西）a .ate b.will eat c.eat d.have eatenhenry will give us a report as soon as he (arrives).(2013 河北）a.arrives b.arrived c.is ar

4、riving d.will arrive3) 有時(shí)這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)表示按計(jì)劃、規(guī)定要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作（句中都帶有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)），但限于少數(shù)動(dòng)詞，如：begin, come, leave, go ,arrive, start , stop, return, open, close等。例如： a. the meeting begins at seven. b. the rain starts at nine in the morning. 4) 表示狀態(tài)和感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞(be, like, hate, think, remember, find, sound 等)常用一般現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。 a. i like english

5、 very much. b. the story sounds very interesting. 5) 書(shū)報(bào)的標(biāo)題、小說(shuō)等情節(jié)介紹常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法 1） 表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。常和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用(常見(jiàn)的有：yesterday, last night , two days ago,in 1940,just now, then,the year before last, in the past, before,at that time等）。如：a. he saw mr. wang yesterday. b. he was born in 1960

6、. the school boy( ) to the blind man.on his way home yesterday afternoon.(2013 上海）a.apologizes b.apologized c.will apologize d.has apologized-thats a nice mobile phone.-so it is.my aunt( )it for my last birthday.(2013 武漢）a.buy b.will buy c.have bought d.bought2)在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。如：we often played t

7、ogether when we were children. 我們小時(shí)候常在一起玩。（2013 寧波）tony(played)football every weekend when he was young注：表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作還可用used to 和would。如：he used to smoke a lot, but he doesnt now. 他過(guò)去經(jīng)常抽煙，但現(xiàn)在不抽了。whenever we were in trouble, he would help us. 每當(dāng)我們遇到困難，他都會(huì)幫助我們。3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)的用法 一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。表達(dá)形式1）“will、sha

8、ll/am、be going to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示即將發(fā)生的或最近打算進(jìn)行的事,也用來(lái)表示自然現(xiàn)象。(常與一般將來(lái)時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： next time，tomorrow，tomorrow evening, the day after tomorrow, this afternoon, next year, before long, in the future.)a)i/we will/shall have a meeting .b）you/he/she/it/they will leave for tianjin.c )it is going to rain. d )we are going

9、 to have a meeting today. (2013北京）mr.green, a famous writer,(will visit) our school next week.2）“be to + 動(dòng)詞原形” 表示按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)，或按職責(zé)、義務(wù)和要求必須去做的事或即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 a )the boy is to go to school tomorrow. b) are we to go on with this work? 3) “be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形” 表示客觀(guān)就要發(fā)生的事，馬上就要發(fā)生。意為 be ready to do sth. 后面一般不跟具體

10、的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 we are about to leave. 4) go , come , start, move, sail, leave, arrive ,stay 等可用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。im leaving for beijing. 5) 某些動(dòng)詞(如come, go ,leave, arrive, start, get , stay 等)的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)也可表示將來(lái)。 a )the meeting starts at five oclock. b )he gets off at the next stop. 4.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 1） 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行尚未完成

11、的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，由“to be + 現(xiàn)在分詞” 構(gòu)成。另外， “系動(dòng)詞 + 介詞或副詞” 也表示進(jìn)行時(shí)的意義。a.what are you doing? b.the bridge is under construction. (2013 上海）look, so many passengers(are playing）with their smart phones on the underground.注：由 while(when）引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句，動(dòng)詞通常要用進(jìn)行式（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式，過(guò)去進(jìn)行式）。(2013 廣東）todays young people cant live without smart

12、phones. they keep their hands on the phones wherever they go, even while they( are having)meals.2） 表示感覺(jué)、愿望和狀態(tài)的某些動(dòng)詞（如have, be , hear, see, like 等 ） 一般不用進(jìn)行。 5.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 1） 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻、某一階段正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，由 “ was (were) + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。 a .in 1980 he was studying in a university. b .he was reading a novel when i came

13、in. (2013天津）i saw him in the library yesterday. he( was reading)a book at that moment.(2013 杭州)sally took a photo of her friends while they(were playing)computer games.6.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由 “have + 過(guò)去分詞其使用有兩種情況： 1） 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作在說(shuō)話(huà)之前已完成，但對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響。句中沒(méi)有具體時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 i have just come back from the united states.（2013

14、 連云港）julies father went to london last month.he(has been) there three times.注：用法比較 have gone to 與have been to have gone to 表示的意思為“去而未歸”，而have been to 的意思是“去過(guò)”he has gone to fuzhou. he has been to fuzhou. 2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于過(guò)去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，也許還會(huì)持續(xù)下去常用 for 和since表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)或so far , now, today, this week (month,

15、year ) 等狀語(yǔ)。 a )he has studied english for 5 years. b ) he has studied english since 1985. c )now i have finished the work. (2013北京）miss lin (has done) a lot of work for the poor area since 2010注意：表示短暫時(shí)間動(dòng)作的詞（如come, go , die, marry, buy 等）的完成時(shí)不能與for, since 等 表示一般時(shí)間的詞連用。 3）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)還可用時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，表示將來(lái)某時(shí)完成

16、的動(dòng)作。 a )ill go o your home when i have finished my homework. b )if it has stopped snowing in the morning, well go to the park. （二） 動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài) 1 當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)， 謂語(yǔ)的形式叫主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。句子的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作承受者時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)的形式叫被動(dòng)作語(yǔ)態(tài)。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be + 過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成，時(shí)態(tài)通過(guò)be 表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。中考語(yǔ)態(tài)的考查側(cè)重于以下幾個(gè)方面：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的選擇，各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的動(dòng)詞形式，主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義的常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)。 1） 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

17、：you are required to do this. （2013 天津）-what languages(are spoken) in that country?2） 一般過(guò)去時(shí)：the story was told by her. (2013 北京）flowers(were planted) along the road last year.3） 一般將來(lái)時(shí)：the problem will be discussed tomorrow. (2013 南京）it is said that an asian culture village(will be built) inside the

18、ayg village in nanjing in the coming asia youth games period.4） 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：the road is being widened. 5） 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：the new tool was being made. 6） 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：the novel has been read. 7） 過(guò)去完成時(shí)：he said that the work had been finished. 8） 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：he said that the trees would be planted soon. 2. 一些特殊的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu) 1） 帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)

19、：the problem must be solved soon. (2013 黃岡）-how often do i need to feed the dog?-it(must be given) food every day, or it will be hungry.2） 帶不定式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：the room is going to be painted. the homework needs to be done with care. (2013 包頭）-nobody likes(to be laughed at), so we should to be kind to everyone

20、;-i agree with you.3) 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)： a.（不及物）動(dòng)詞+介詞：若這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是及物性的，則可用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，如：laugh at, look after, talk about, think of 等。若這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是不及物性的則不可用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，如：book up, look down. 等 b.（及物）動(dòng)詞+副詞：bring about, carry out, find out, make out, put away, put off, take up, turn down, turn out, wipe out等 (2013 茂名）the children w

21、ere hungry and the salad was quickly(eaten up)c. 動(dòng)詞+副詞 +介詞：do away with, face up to, give into ,look down upon, make up with等 d. 動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞：catch sight of, keep on eye on, make a fool of , pay attention to , put an end to , set fire/light to , take notice of 等 4) 帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞在改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，一般把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語(yǔ)改為主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

22、保留在謂語(yǔ)后面。we always keep the classroom clean. (比較：the classroom is always kept clean.) 5)主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義的詞。常見(jiàn)的有： a.主動(dòng)形式，這時(shí)動(dòng)名詞同句中的主語(yǔ)有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。 the children need looking after. the windows wants /requires repairing. this point deserves mentioning. b.有些及物動(dòng)詞后須加副詞 （如：well, easily等）， 有些可不加，如：act, clean, cut, draw, lock, open, play, read, sell, shut, strike, wash, write 等。 the cloth washes/ sells well. the door won